Repulsive Coulomb Force Research Articles

The additionally charged forces in the Sun-Earth and Earth-Moon systems

We build a model to describe the net charges existing in the Sun and Earth. According to statistical mechanics, electrons on average move much faster than protons and neutrons at the same temperature. Electrons escape the Sun more easily than protons and neutrons, so the Sun becomes a charged star. We estimate the maximal net charges in the Sun by using statistical mechanics first. Then, we analyze the dynamical cycles between the positive and negative charged states. At a distance far away from the Sun, the effective net charges including the leaving protons and electrons are about 6.3×109C with energies of 1 GeV initially. We also use another way based on the observations of the Earth's perihelion precession to estimate the minimum and maximum net charges between 1.15×108C and 2.80×1010C in space from the Sun to Earth. The most charged particles from the Sun to the Earth are electrons, so both the Moon and Earth are impacted by them and very possibly have the same electricity. Next, we propose new physical mechanisms causing the slowdown of the Earth's spin and propose Coulomb's repulsive force resulting in the increasing distance between the Moon and Earth. As a result, it gives the net charges of 1.11×106C surrounding the Earth and 8.29×103C surrounding the Moon. Our estimations also correspond to early works. The charges surrounding the Sun and Earth cause the Earth to be long-term accelerated in the radial direction by Coulomb's force. Finally, using the effective net charges of the Sun and Earth, we calculate the increasing distance between 11.4 m and 19.4 m on average per century if the initial radial velocities of the Earth are in between 3.59×10−9m/s and 6.12×10−9m/s, which satisfies the observed reports.

Extensive study of droplet dynamics with end-grafted polymer chains in Pickering emulsions: Molecular Dynamics simulation and a generic model derived from the generalized Langevin equation

This paper investigates Pickering emulsions (PEs), formed by suspending oil droplets as the dispersed phase in water as the continuous phase using uncharged particles at their interface. To prevent coalescence, the particles are grafted with polymer chains, as emulsifier, not only to provide steric repulsion forces through the excluded volume between monomers floating in water, compensating for the absence of Coulombic repulsive forces but also control emulsion stabilization/destabilization. We combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a generalized Langevin equation (GLE) model to study the dynamics of hairy-droplets using two dynamic quantities: mean square displacement (MSD) and velocity autocorrelation function (VACF). The number of grafted-polymer-chains, f, was the main parameter of interest, while the other parameters of the system were kept constant. A statistical approach was used to estimate theoretical GLE-based model parameters along with their uncertainties, providing insight into the diffusion behavior of these hairy-droplets and specifically addressing the transition between different observed regimes. we capture three specific values of grafted-polymer-chains as, fb=47 and ft=185 describe the transitions of mushroom-brush conformation of grafted-polymer-chains and viscous-viscoelastic behavior of hairy-droplets, respectively, and fg=257 representing the gel-like state number.

Evidence that Femto-H2 Exists Leads to the Correct Mechanism of Cold Fusion (Cold Fusion is Caused by Femto-D2)

Femto-H2 is generated by compression of H- H bond of H2 confined at expandable T site, and authors’ mechanism of Cold fusion is that femto-D2 created at expandable T site cause fusion of D+D due to the shielding of coulomb repulsive force because femto- D2 has so dense electron between d-d that coulomb repulsive force is shielded to cause Fusion. One of the controversial heat generation reactors is QHe (Quantum Hydrogen Energy) developed by clean-planet, who explains that QHe is a heat-generating technology with hydrogen quantum diffusion. The diffusion is induced by heating a small amount of hydrogen saturated in nano-sized nickel-based composite material. Although they did not describe it cold fusion, it is commonly understood to be cold fusion. Therefore, this kind of Cold fusion debate is so confusing that no common standard theory has been established. Therefore, I would like to explain the mechanism of QHe based on author’s Mechanism of Cold Fusion. with H2 loading into multi-stacked Ni/Cu which has large number of reaction site of grain-boundary, where the hydrogen segregates to enhance the reaction of femto- H2 generation. And femto-H2 can fuse to Cu or Ni to be mainly Ze to generate 15~17MeV, which is comparable of energy by D+D=4He+24MeV.Because femto-H2 is so small to fuse to the metal nucleus at room temperature, and at high temperature, the nucleus vibrates at high speed and femto-H2 can fuse with the metal nucleus and once the heat generation start transmutation continues. Author also discovered phenomena that seems to be related to femto-H2, which are transmutation reactor by Dr. Ohmasa and car on H2O (Water Fuel CELL) by Stanly A Meyer. Ohmasa’s transmutation reactor uses Pd coating plate and loaded hydrogen by electrolysis generate femto-H2 which enter into H2O to transmute H2O to be helium-3 and oxygen-18 clusters. Water Fuel Cell can generate huge heat by the transmutation of metal with femto-H2. Therefore, author would like to request clean-planet to study the transmutation with femto-H2 in QHe reactor to prove author’s mechanism hypo, and Cold fusion community to start the discussion on the standard theory of Cold Fusion because author’s mechanism is inconsistent with nucleus model.

Research on Electric Field Homogenization in Radial Multi-Nozzle Electrospinning.

Electrospinning is an effective method to prepare nanofibers at present. Aiming at problems such as low spinnable viscosity and the low productivity of the traditional multi-needle, a radial nozzle was proposed in this paper. In order to solve the problem of end effects in multi-nozzle electrospinning, COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 software was used to simulate the electric field in electrospinning with seven radial nozzles. And the influence on the electric field intensity and distribution of the structural parameters of the radial nozzle, including the number, length, tip-shape, and tip-pointing direction of the vanes, were studied. Then, the electric field intensity of any point on the central axis of a radial nozzle was obtained based on the principle of electric field superposition, and then the rotation angle of the vanes corresponding to the minimum Coulomb repulsion force on the target point was deduced. At last, the method of electric field homogenization of a rotating vane arrangement was obtained. In the simulation, the strength and homogenization of the electric field were taken as the research objective, and the optimum structure parameters of the radial nozzle were obtained; the uniform theory of the electric field based on the orientation of the vanes was verified. Then, electrospinning with seven radial nozzles was performed, and it was found that each radial nozzle can produce multiple jets during electrospinning, and the prepared electrospun membranes have even thickness and high porosity. What is more, the fibers are relatively finer and more uniform.

Demethylation C–C coupling reaction facilitated by the repulsive Coulomb force between two cations

Carbon chain elongation (CCE) is normally carried out using either chemical catalysts or bioenzymes. Herein we demonstrate a catalyst-free approach to promote demethylation C–C coupling reactions for advanced CCE constructed with functional groups under ambient conditions. Accelerated by the electric field, two organic cations containing a methyl group (e.g., ketones, acids, and aldehydes) approach each other with such proximity that the energy of the repulsive Coulomb interaction between these two cations exceeds the bond energy of the methyl group. This results in the elimination of a methyl cation and the coupling of the residual carbonyl carbon groups. As confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and isotope-labeling experiments, the C–C coupling reactions (yields up to 76.5%) were commonly observed in the gas phase or liquid phase, for which the mechanism was further studied using molecular dynamics simulations and stationary-point calculations, revealing deep insights and perspectives of chemistry.

Conceptualized Fusion Reactor based on Gas Turbine with High Temperature CO2

Author discovered the mechanism of Cold fusion that covalent bond compression of D-D transition electron to deep orbit which distance is a few femto- meters from the nucleus, which electron density between d-d is so dense that it shields the coulomb repulsive force to cause Fusion, and discovered that nucleus is constituted only by proton and internal electron and neutron is a pair of proton and electron in deep orbit. Dr. Ohmasa claims that his transmutation reactor produce produces precious metal from base metal, which shows experimentally and author discovered that femto-H2 fusion to metal cause transmutation, which proves the existence of femto-H2, and femto-D2 therefore current nucleus model is probed to be incorrect. Dr. Ohmasa also claims that CO2 can be reduced by burning with fossil gas fuel mixed with H2 and O2, and author hypothesized the cause that compression of C-O bond cause fusion between C and O to be P and Si based on the correct nucleus model and based on author’s Cold fusion mechanism of bond compression. Developing this mechanism and hypothesis, I would like to propose the conceptualized fusion reactor based on gas turbine with high temperature CO2. D-D bond can be compressed by high temperature CO2 and by the collision of high-speed blades in gas turbine to cause D+D fusion and C+O fusion, which reduce the CO2 emission. Reactor needs to be cooling to generate power by steam turbine and high- speed blade rotation produce power and causes fusions.

Effect of Organic Coating Variation on the Electric and Magnetic Behavior of Ferrite Nanoparticles.

Organic ligand coatings can modify the surface properties of nanoparticles. With the proper choice of the type of nanoparticles and of the ligand, a targeted modification can be achieved that is suitable for specific applications. In the present work, we employ density functional theory calculations with Hubbard corrections (DFT + U) to treat localized states in order to investigate the magnetic and electrostatic properties of ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 and Fe2O3) covered with COOH-terminated [oleic acid (OA)] and OH-terminated [diethylene glycol (DEG)] ligands by varying the ligands coverage. OA results in a decrease of the mean magnetic moment for both particles as the coating coverage increases. The magnetic anisotropy (MAE) significantly decreases for CoFe2O4, whereas for Fe2O3 a significant increase of MAE is found as the OA coverage percentage increases. For DEG, the variation of both types of nanoparticles in the magnetic moment and the magnetic anisotropy is not significant since DEG shows a weaker attachment on the surface. As COOH shows a larger percentage of covalent bonding than OH, a larger amount of charge is transferred to both particles when OA is attached on their surface. In this case, the particles possess a higher charge, and thus they can produce a larger electrostatic potential in the neighborhood independently of the screening by the coating. Thus, the repulsive Coulombic forces are enhanced mainly in the OA coating case, resulting in an enhancement of their colloidal stability.

THz-range cyclotron super-radiance from photoinjector-formed dense bunch of rotating electrons

We study the possibility of terahertz pulse generation based on cyclotron super-radiance (SR) of an extended (in the scale of the wavelength) bunch of rotating electrons, which moves in a cylindrical waveguide with a translational velocity close to the wave's group velocity. In the rest frame, this group synchronism regime corresponds to radiation of an unmoving bunch of excited cyclotron oscillators at a quasi-cutoff frequency of a waveguide mode. We develop the generalized self-consistent model of cyclotron SR in the group synchronism regime describing both the azimuthal self-bunching of rotating electrons and their longitudinal displacements under the action of Coulomb repulsive forces and recoil effects caused by high-frequency magnetic fields of the generated SR pulse. Within the framework of the developed analytical model and based on direct PIC simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility of generating picosecond SR pulses with a central frequency of 1 THz and a peak power of 90 MW by photoinjector-formed electron bunches guided in a strong magnetic field of 10.5 T. Simulations show that in the group synchronism regime, the SR pulse is less affected by longitudinal forces, as compared to the case of mismatched velocities. In addition, the Lorentz force can provide partial self-compression of the electron bunch with the formation of electron density filaments.

Study of bound states for diatomic molecules by resolution of Schrödinger equation with pseudo-harmonic and Mie potentials via Nikiforov–Uvarov (NU) method

Atomic physicists have faced the challenge of solving the Schrödinger equation for a system composed of [Formula: see text] electrons that experience both the attractive Coulomb force from the nucleus and the repulsive Coulomb force between each pair of electrons. The resolution of the Schrödinger equation and finding the bound states and the eigenfunctions of the mentioned equation are resolved by using many different methods, both analytically and numerically, with generalized pseudo-harmonics and the Mie potential. The eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation with pseudo-harmonics and the Mie potential are obtained with the Nikiforov–Uvarov method. The two potentials are a combination of at least two terms. In this work, the method of approximation that is used for solving secular equations is that of Nikiforov and Uvarov, which is mentioned above, and we applied it to the Schrödinger equation to obtain some of the first eigenvalues of the quantum mechanical system. After comparing the eigenvalues results with other earlier works, the method gave satisfactory solutions, as expected.

Quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions generation from a double-layer target driven by extreme laser pulses

High quality energetic carbon ions produced via laser-plasma have many applications in tumor therapy, fast ignition and warm dense matter generation. However, the beam achieved in current experiments is still limited by either a large energy spread or a low peak energy. In this paper, a hybrid scheme for the generation of quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions is proposed by an ultra-intense laser pulse irradiating a double-layer target. Multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations show that the carbon ions are first accelerated via laser piston mechanism in the former carbon layer and then further accelerated by Coulomb repulsion force in the attached neon target. Since electrons are bunched synchronously in longitudinal and transverse direction by radiation reaction during the whole acceleration process, a quasi-monoenergetic carbon ion beam is eventually produced. In the following stage, the neon target provides the Coulomb field required for the continuous acceleration of the carbon ions which helps to prevent the carbon ion layer from diffusion. It is demonstrated that quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions with peak energy of 465 MeV u−1, energy spread of ∼13%, a divergence of ∼15∘, and laser-to-ion energy conversion of 20% can be achieved by using a laser pulse with intensity of 1.23 × 1023 W cm−2. An analytical model is also proposed to interpret the carbon ion acceleration, which is fairly consistent with the PIC simulations.

Role of Hydrogen Bond Defects for Cluster Formation and Distribution in Ionic Liquids by Means of Neutron Diffraction and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Defects fundamentally govern the properties of all real materials. Correlating molecular defects to macroscopic quantities remains a challenge, particularly in the liquid phase. Herein, we report the influence of hydrogen bonds (HB) acting as defects in mixtures of non-hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) with an increasing concentration of hydroxyl-functionalized ILs. We observed two types of HB defects: The conventional HBs between cation and anion (c-a), and the elusive HBs between cations (c-c) despite the repulsive Coulomb forces. We use neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution in combination with molecular dynamics simulations for measuring the geometry, strength, and distribution of mobile OH defects in the IL mixtures. In principle, this procedure allows relating the number and stability of defects to macroscopic properties such as diffusion, viscosity, and conductivity, which are of utmost importance for the performance of electrolytes in batteries and other electrical devices.

Density-functional quantum computations on bandgap engineering and tuning of optoelectronic properties of MgH2 via Mo doping: Prospects and potential for clean energy hydrogen-storage fuel and optoelectronic applications

With the increasing depletion of conventional energy sources and their detrimental environmental hazards, it is imperative to search for sustainable alternative clean energy sources. In the recent decades, hydrogen has emerged as potential source of clean energy. One of the potential alternatives to achieve the objective is the designing and characterization of materials for hydrogen-storage energy applications. In this regard, metal-bearing hydrides are the most promising candidates. For instance, magnesium-bearing hydrides are the focus of current research work owing to high hydrogen capacity of 7.6 wt%. In this paper, we first time report density functional-based quantum theoretical analysis to explore the potential of Mo-doped magnesium hydrides MgH2:Mo for optoelectronic and hydrogen-storage applications. For the quantum computations of the required optoelectronics and energy storage properties, we employed all-electron methods within generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Besides applying GGA approximation to account for the electronic correlated effects, we employed the Hubbard potential U (= 4 eV) for onsite repulsive Coulomb force. We predict that 10% doping by weight of Mo into MgH2 suppresses its insulating band gap of 4.9 eV to semiconducting band gap of order 3.15 eV for spin up and 0.15 eV for spin down. As such the doping of Mo can tune the the bandgap, structural, electronic and optoelectronic properties of MgH2 considerably for potential applications.

Electron transfer in strong-field three-body fragmentation of ArKr2 trimers.

We experimentally studied the three-body fragmentation dynamics of a noble gas cluster (ArKr2) upon its multiple ionization by an intense femtosecond laser pulse. The three-dimensional momentum vectors of correlated fragmental ions were measured in coincidence for each fragmentation event. A novel comet-like structure was observed in the Newton diagram of the quadruple-ionization-induced breakup channel of ArKr2 4+→ Ar+ + Kr+ + Kr2+. The concentrated head part of the structure mainly originates from the direct Coulomb explosion process, while the broader tail part of the structure stems from a three-body fragmentation process involving electron transfer between the distant Kr+ and Kr2+ ion fragments. Due to the field-driven electron transfer, the Coulomb repulsive force of the Kr2+ and Kr+ ions with respect to the Ar+ ion undergoes exchange, leading to changes in the ion emission geometry in the Newton plot. An energy sharing among the separating Kr2+ and Kr+ entities was observed. Our study indicates a promising approach for investigating the strong-field-driven intersystem electron transfer dynamics by using the Coulomb explosion imaging of an isosceles triangle van der Waals cluster system.

Two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrloe-based coating enable superior corrosion protection and photothermal-induced in-situ internal environmental regulation

Realizing regulation of internal environment for metal products while ensuring the anti-corrosion performance, especially in severe environment, has always been a challenge in the field of metal materials. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole-polydimethylsiloxane oligomer (rGOPPO) coating is prepared by combining in-situ epitaxial polymerization and interlayer in-situ crosslinking. The coating exhibits an ultrahigh anti-corrosion efficiency of 99.9 % in neutral and oxidizing environment, and showing an approving internal environment regulation ability. The excellent anti-corrosion ability of rGOPPO coating could be attributed to barrier performance (physical barrier, ion selectivity caused by the repulsive coulomb force) and the enhanced anodic protection. The outstanding ability of internal environment temperature (and other parameters induced by heat) regulation is owing to the photothermal performance of rGOPPO coating and the inherent high thermal conductivity of metals (reaches 260.9 °C in the power density of 1.6 W cm−2). Therefore, the coating could be applied to unclog pipes at low temperatures, dehydration of allochroic silicagel in metal container and selective thermal-crosslinking reaction, showing the ability of rapid and dynamic heat regulation for the metal internal environment. Combined with the advantages of low cost, simple preparation and operation, the coating is expected to broaden the use form of metal products and application scenarios, showing great application potential in the manufacturing industry.

Simultaneous electrostatic trapping of merged cation & anion beams.

Simultaneous trapping of merged cation and anion beams in the hybrid electrostatic ion beam trap (HEIBT) opens new opportunities for the study of the interactions of isolated atomic molecular or cluster ions with oppositely charged ionic species. Application of the trapped merged beams requires a detailed understanding of the trapping dynamics and the effect of the Coulombic attractive and repulsive forces between the ions on their motion in the trap. The simultaneous trapping regime is explored experimentally for SF6- anion and SF5+ cation beams and compared to realistic ion trajectory simulations. The respective stability of the simultaneously trapped cation and anion beams is experimentally tracked by nondestructive and mass sensitive image charge monitoring. An approximate analytical potential model is presented for modeling the dynamics of trapped ions, providing insight into the role of ion-ion interactions, and suggesting a simplified mirror design.

Electrostatic nature of covalent bond

Based on the toroidal structure of the electron shells of some atoms, discovered by scanning probe microscopy, a classical model for the formation of a covalent bond of homonuclear molecules, such as H2, O2 and similar, is proposed. When there is no spherical symmetry in the charge distribution on the electron shell in an atom, then outside it, in some spatial directions, an electric field is formed, leading to the appearance of Coulomb repulsive forces. Previously developed by Gillespie, the electron pair repulsion model relatively accurately described the interactions of atoms only in compounds of non-transitional elements, since the repulsive forces should increase with decreasing distance between atoms to a degree greater than the second, characteristic of the Coulomb forces. The structure of an atom of a homogeneous molecule is considered in the form of a planetary model, in which the electron shell is presented in the form of a uniformly charged ring, and the nucleus - in the form of a point charge in the center of the ring. Calculation of Coulomb fields between two homogeneous atoms is made. The results of calculating the differences between the fields of the nucleus and the electron shell, obtained by discrete division of the ring charge into 16 elements, are presented. The point charge in the simulation was set positive, and the ring charge was negative. At distances commensurate with the radius of the ring (from 2 to 4 radii), the intensity of the difference field along the axis increases by a factor of 2.3, and in the plane of the ring - by a factor of 1.7. When two "point-ring" systems are oriented in space at 90 degrees to each other, they must be attracted under the influence of not only gravitational, but also Coulomb forces. However, when such systems approach each other, the interaction of the two systems becomes more complex, and the attractive forces are balanced by the repulsive forces of like charges, forming a potential well and creating a stable spatial structure. The distances between point charges (nuclei) in such a system slightly exceed the radii of rings (electron shells), which corresponds to experimental data on the distances between atoms in two-atomic gas molecules.

The physiсal processes determining the properties of ball lightning

The aim of this work is to prove that the main properties of Ball Lightning (BL) may be explained by the action of the following physical processes. (1) Coulomb repulsive force between like charges constituting BL; (2) the pseudomagnetic force between like charges constituting BL, the character of pseudomagnetic force (attractive or repulsive) being dependent on the mutual orientation of spins of their charges; (3) the spin supercurrent emerging both between spins of charges constituting BL and between these spins and spins of the quantum objects of neighboring bodies, it transfers the angular momentum associated with spins. The investigations of spin supercurrent were conducted by M. Vuorio, A. Borovic-Romanov and other scientists from 1976.For the achievement of the above mentioned aim in this work the following properties of BL are analyzed: the formation in the streak of lightning channel; the placing of the electric charge on BL surface; the possibility of its “clinging” to electric wires; radiation of light; spherical, ellipsoidal, or ring-like forms; the possibility of recovering the spherical form of BL from significant deformations; the magnetizing of metallic bodies; the emergence of force interaction between BL and magnetized bodies; the evaporation from BL of a substance exhibiting the properties of ferrites; the disappearance of BL as a result of its explosions both in external electric pulse and in the absence of the pulse.

Fast Electron Detachment Dissociation of Oligonucleotides in Electron-Nitrogen Plasma Stored in Magneto Radio-Frequency Ion Traps.

We report "plasma" electron detachment dissociation (EDD), a novel electron-activated dissociation (EAD) method for the fast sequencing of oligonucleotides with a high sequence coverage. To reduce the repulsive Coulombic force between the deprotonated oligonucleotides and the electron beam, we performed EDD in a neutral electron-nitrogen (N2+) plasma stored in a magneto radio-frequency ion trap. We confirmed that plasma EDD accomplished a high sequence coverage (100%) of RNA with 40 mers in the reaction time of 10 ms using the electron beam kinetic energy of 35 eV. This new technique was applied to various modifications in oligonucleotide therapeutics (ONTs). Phosphorothioate (PS) positions showed an extremely high dissociation efficiency, i.e., 100 times higher than the standard phosphate (PO) in DNA. Locked nucleotides did not show intensive dissociation in EDD; however, collision-induced dissociation (CID) helped sequence these portions. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a ZenoTOF mass spectrometer equipped with the plasma EDD technique successfully identified impurities in degraded samples.

Dissecting Noncovalent Interactions in Carboxyl-Functionalized Ionic Liquids Exhibiting Double and Single Hydrogens Bonds Between Ions of Like Charge.

We show that the carboxyl‐functionalized ionic liquid 1‐(carboxymethyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [HOOC‐CH2‐py][NTf2] exhibits three types of hydrogen bonding: the expected single hydrogen bonds between cation and anion, and, surprisingly, single and double hydrogen bonds between the cations, despite the repulsive Coulomb forces between the ions of like charge. Combining X‐ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry, IR spectroscopy, thermodynamic methods and DFT calculations allows the analysis and characterization of all types of hydrogen bonding present in the solid, liquid and gaseous states of the ionic liquid (IL). We find doubly hydrogen bonded cationic dimers (c+=c+) in the crystalline phase. With increasing temperature, this binding motif opens in the liquid and is replaced by (c+−c+−a− species, with a remaining single cationic hydrogen bond and an additional hydrogen bond between cation and anion. We provide clear evidence that the IL evaporates as hydrogen‐bonded ion pairs (c+−a−) into the gas phase. The measured transition enthalpies allow the noncovalent interactions to be dissected and the hydrogen bond strength between ions of like charge to be determined.

Mass-area equivalence in classical physics and aspects of mutual shielding of objects

The physical and mathematical aspects of the mutual spatial shielding of interacting elements in the framework of classical physics are considered. The mass-area equivalence is introduced for the formal unification of the Newtonian theory of gravity with the kinetic theories of Descartes-Fatio-Le Sage. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of the mutual shielding of objects on their size, number and relative location is proposed. Spatial mutual shielding is considered for mass-forming elements—nucleons in the atomic nucleus and atomic nuclei in ordinary substances. The close shielding is distinguished when the distance between the shielding elements is commensurate with their size, which is typical for nucleons in atomic nuclei and the far shielding, when the distance between the elements is much larger than their size, which is typical for atomic nuclei in ordinary substances. An analytical expression for the binding energy of nucleons in atomic nucleus is obtained. It allows us to estimate the distance between nucleons in the nucleus and consider stability of nuclei as a function of the distance between nucleons, which increases due to an increase in the Coulomb repulsion force with an increase in the number of protons. One of the three ideas of Dirac, presented by him for the further development of the physical theory, is implemented: taking into account the sizes of elementary particles—nucleons.