Cottonseed Meal Research Articles

Evaluating the Use of Crude and Synthetic Gossypol as Reproduction Bio-control Agents in Coptodon zillii and Oreochromis niloticus

Select this text, right click and click Merge Formatting (B) from the paste options. Two hundred (200) Coptodon zillii and Oreochromis niloticus (10g ±0.13) were subjected to an investigation to uncover the efficiency of crude and synthetic gossypol as reproduction bio-control agents. The treatment groups were five (5) altogether with twenty (20) fish per treatment (male and female 1:1). Each treatment was replicated twice and subjected to the same condition. The fish were fed with five isoproteic experimental diets of 37.5% crude protein for 90 days. In the diets, cottonseed meal (CSM) and synthetic gossypol (GSP) were used to replace soyabean meal (SBM) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively. Histological sections of testes in O. niloticus and C. zillii showed a decline in spermatozoa with increasing inclusion of crude CSM and synthetic gossypol. Diets four and five which has the highest inclusion of both crude and synthetic gossypol (327g CSM/Kg diet, 436g CSM/Kg diet) exhibited spent and empty seminiferous lumina. Ovarian section in C. zillii and O. niloticus showed distortion with increasing inclusion rates of crude CSM and synthetic gossypol; to the point that most of the eggs were still in their early phases of embryonic formation after 90 days trial with prominent vitellogenic stages for 0% 0g (CSM/kg diet) and 25% (109 CSM/kg diet); atretic oocytes for 75% (327g CSM/Kg diet) and 100% (436g CSM/Kg diet). Milt and egg production of both O. niloticus and C. zillii all declined as the dietary inclusion of crude and synthetic gossypol increased. Overall results showed that dietary crude and synthetic gossypol destroyed the spermatocytes and oocytes; lumina was devoid of spermatozoa, subsequent reproduction was inhibited; the eggs were unable to finish their cytological cycles which would have led to fertilization. There were fewer offspring in crude gossypol-based diet treatments and there was no reproduction at all in all the synthetic gossypol-based diet treatments.

83 Effects of cottonseed meal supplementation on growth performance of heifers grazing mature summer forage

Abstract As perennial warm-season grasses mature in late summer, dry matter intake (DMI) of growing heifers may be limited due to low protein (7.2 ± 2.5 %) and increased NDF content (67.5 ± 2.7%), which may compromise growth potential. Cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation may improve forage digestibility by increasing rumen degradable protein offered, but research regarding the specific effects of CSM supplementation on gain performance and composition of gain in heifers is limited. It was hypothesized that supplementation of CSM to heifers grazing mature forage would have greater growth performance compared with heifers not receiving CSM. Objectives for this experiment were to compare the effects of two CSM supplementation strategies on the growth performance of heifers grazing mature summer forage. In two consecutive summers, commercial Angus cross heifers (n = 63) weighing 266.08 ± 32.74 kg were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy) and allocated to 9 paddocks (1.64 ha) of WW-B. Dahl Bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) for 67 to 70 d. This was a RCBD with a factorial arrangement of 3 treatments by 3 BW blocks, with paddock and year as random effects. Heifers received one of three supplementation strategies: no cottonseed meal (CON), 454 g/animal of CSM daily (CSM1), or 908 g/animal of CSM every other day (CSM2). Initial and final shrunk BW were measured; ADG and percent of BW gained were calculated. Ultrasound of initial and final longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat (BF), and intramuscular fat (IMF) were measured; percent gained was calculated, respectively. There were no treatment by block interactions for any measured variable. Heifers receiving CSM1 and CSM2 had greater final BW than heifers receiving CON (317 and 320.8 vs 302.6 kg, respectively; (P = 0.01). Likewise, percent of BW gained was greater (P = 0.02) for CSM1 and CSM2 supplemented heifers compared with CON heifers (19.4 and 20.2 vs 14.6%, respectively). The ADG of CSM1 and CSM2 supplemented heifers was greater (P = 0.01) than CON (0.74 and 0.78 vs 0.54 kg/d, respectively). Treatment did not affect the percent of BF (P = 0.24) or IMF gained (P = 0.39). Heifers receiving CSM1 and CSM2 tended to gain proportionally more LMA than heifers receiving CON (13.58 and 13.77 % vs 7.24%, respectively; P = 0.07). As anticipated, BW block affected final BW (P < 0.001) and percent BW gained (P = 0.02), as well as percent LMA gained (P = 0.02). In conclusion, CSM supplementation significantly affected growth performance of heifers grazing late summer WW-B. Dahl Bluestem forage versus no supplementation. In addition, there was no difference in growth performance between heifers receiving 454 g/d of CSM supplementation or 908 g/animal every other day, indicating flexibility for feeding strategy.

149 Using respiratory gas flux and backward dietary energy partitioning to estimate energy intake by beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet

Abstract Twelve Charolais steers (BW = 498 ± 47.4 kg) were used in a 73-d feeding experiment. Our objective was to determine if CH4 and CO2 emissions, and O2 consumption could be used as biomarkers to estimate energy intake in growing beef cattle when integrated with backward dietary energy partitioning calculations when fed a high concentrate diet. Steers were housed in a pen equipped with individual feed bunks with access to an automated head chamber system (AHCS; GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD). Steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments according to DMI as multiple of maintenance, which are 1.1 (1.1 M, n = 4), 1.4 (1.4 M, n = 4), and 1.8 (1.8 M, n = 4). The diet fed was 35% chopped sorghum hay (CP = 6.39% of DM; in vitro OM digestibility = 57.77%) and 65% concentrate (CP = 19.10% of DM; in vitro OM digestibility = 91.84%). The concentrate consisted of 41.75% flaked corn, 8.5% cottonseed meal, 13% distillers’ grain and 1.75% limestone. Steers were supplemented daily with 0.85 kg of alfalfa pellets (Medicago sativa; CP= 16.55%; in vitro OM digestibility = 87.01%) that were fed through the AHCS as bait. Methane tended (P = 0.09) and CO2 emissions and O2 consumption (P < 0.01) increased with the increasing feeding rates. Measured gross energy (GE; 21.9, 24.8, 29.5 Mcal/d, respectively), digestible energy (DE; 19.7, 22.0, 25.8 Mcal/d, respectively), and metabolizable energy (ME; 17.2, 19.2, 22.7 Mcal/d, respectively) intake levels increased with the increases in energy retention and heat production. The predicted values for GE (17.4, 23.6, 28.2 Mcal/d), DE (15.1, 20.8, 24.4 Mcal/d), and ME (12.6, 17.9, 21.3 Mcal/d) intake rates increased with the increase from 1.1 M to 1.8 M. Comparison of measured and predicted GE, DE, and ME intake rates agreed closely (r = 0.95, 0.93, 0.92 Pearson correlation, respectively). This experiment shows that together with multiple short-term breath measurements from an AHCS, BW, and an estimate of average daily gain, GE, DE, and ME intakes by cattle consuming a high concentrate diet can be predicted.

Growth performance and reproductive qualities of breeder snails (Archachatina marginata) fed different sources of protein

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different protein sources on the growth and reproductive performances of breeder snails, as protein sources are the main requirement for fast growth and development of cells for reproduction. Soya bean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and groundnut cake (GNC) were fed to the breeder snails. The snails were eight (8) months old with an initial average weight of 98.93g, and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Sixty (60) Archachatina marginata breeder snails were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of fifteen (15) snails per treatment which were replicated three (3) times in each of the groups. The parameters examined were growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and reproductive characteristics. Data collected were analyzed by the use of a one-way analysis of variance and significant means were separated with the Duncan Multiple Ranged Test at a 5% level of probability using SAS, 2011 [10]. The study revealed that soya bean meal (SBM) supports higher final body weight, body weight gain, and percentage fertility, while soya bean meal and cottonseed meal had higher percentage hatchability. However, no significant (P>0.05) differences were recorded in the final shell circumference, shell circumference gain, final shell length, and shell length gain. It was concluded that compounded feed with soya bean meal as the main protein source abetted fast growth and better productive performance.

An investigation into the influence of fermented cottonseed meal on the productive performance, egg quality, and gut health in laying hens

The present study investigates the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with either cottonseed meal (CSM) or fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) on the productive performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry parameters, gut bacterial population, and small intestinal morphology of laying hens. A total of 648 Hy-Line W36 laying hens aged 40 weeks were randomly assigned to 9 treatments, with 6 replicates each and 12 birds per replicate. The feeding trial lasted 12 weeks. The treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn and SBM, as well as 8 experimental diets in which 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% of the SBM in the control diet was replaced with either CSM or FCSM. Laying hens fed diets with different levels of FCSM had higher egg production and egg mass than those fed with CSM diets at weeks 46 to 51 (P < 0.05). Diets containing FCSM also significantly improved the feed conversion ratio at weeks 40 to 45 and 46 to 51 (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength was significantly greater in birds fed diets containing FCSM than those fed other dietary treatments at 51 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Hens fed diets containing FCSM had higher calcium and lower cholesterol in serum than those on other diets (P < 0.05). Replacing SBM with FCSM decreased the egg yolk cholesterol content (P < 0.05). Additionally, feeding diets containing different levels of FCSM increased villus height and villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Diets containing FCSM also reduced pH and coliform population in the ileum, and ceca and increased lactic acid bacteria count in the crop and ceca (P < 0.05). Overall, the present data showed that including FCSM in the diet of laying hens can positively affect productive performance compared to CSM. Moreover, substituting SBM with FCSM, can improve eggshell quality, promote gut health, and reduce egg yolk cholesterol concentration.

Effective Degradation of Free Gossypol in Defatted Cottonseed Meal by Bacterial Laccases: Performance and Toxicity Analysis.

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is the major by-product of the cottonseed oil extraction process with high protein content. However, the presence of free gossypol (FG) in CSM severely restricts its utilization in the food and animal feed industries. The development of a biological strategy for the effective removal of FG in CSM has become an urgent need. In this study, three bacterial laccases including CotA from Bacillus licheniformis, CueO from Escherichia coli, and LcLac from Loigolactobacillus coryniformis were heterologously expressed and investigated for their FG degradation ability. The results showed that CotA laccase displayed the highest FG-degrading capacity among the three laccases, achieving 100% FG degradation at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in 1 h without the addition of a redox mediator. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the hepatotoxicity of FG was effectively eliminated after oxidative degradation by CotA laccase. Furthermore, the addition of CotA laccase could achieve 87% to 98% FG degradation in defatted CSM within 2 h. In conclusion, CotA laccase can be developed as an effective biocatalyst for the detoxification of FG in CSM.

Dietary Fishmeal Replacement by Methanol-Extracted Cottonseed Meal with Amino Acid Supplementation for Juvenile Cobia Rachycentron canadum

The present study aims to evaluate methanol-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as a potential replacement for fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Five isonitrogenous (41% crude protein) and isolipidic (11% crude lipid) diets were formulated with 0 (i.e., the full fishmeal diet, as Control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the dietary protein from FM replaced by methanol-extracted CSM with L-lysine (L-Lys) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) and supplemented to the established requirement levels for cobia. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish with an average initial weight (±SEM) of 11.35 ± 0.23 g/fish for 9 weeks. Percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed diets with 25% and 50% of FM protein replaced by methanol-extracted CSM were higher or comparable to those of fish fed the Control diet. Those responses were gradually reduced with increasing levels of CSM substitution, resulting in significant (p &lt; 0.05) negative linear trends. Condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values significantly decreased with increasing dietary CSM inclusion, as did whole-body protein and lipid composition. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of fish fed CSM diets were not significantly different compared to that of fish fed the Control diet. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities from fish fed diets with 50% or greater of CSM were lower than those of fish fed the Control and CSM25 diets. These results indicated that the inclusion of CSM did not induce any apparent stress on juvenile cobia. Additionally, methanol-extracted CSM with Lys and Met supplementation was able to replace up to 20~30% of crude protein provided by FM in the diet of cobia without drastically affecting the growth performance or body composition.

Endogenous Enzyme Activities, Digestibility of Nutrients and Digestive Physiology as Affected by High Inclusion of Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets

A 3 × 3 factorial study examined the performance, endogenous enzyme activities and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, including energy, protein, starch, dry matter, amino acids and minerals of birds fed diets containing graded levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) with or without microbial enzymes. Nine iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated mainly from wheat/sorghum/soybean meal. Three levels of CSM none (0%), low (5%, 10%, and 15%) or high (6%, 12%, and 18%) in the starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively, were included. The diets were supplemented with three levels of a composite xylanase and beta-glucanase product at 0, 100 or 150 mg/kg diet. Each of the nine dietary treatments was randomly assigned to 6 replicates, with 10 birds per replicate. Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were recorded on day 10, 24 and 35, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained from the data, while enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility were measured on samples collected on day 10 and 24, and day 24 only, respectively. Feed intake up to day 35 decreased (P &lt; 0.05) significantly with increasing enzyme supplementation. On the CSM-containing diets, enzyme supplementation at 100 or 150 mg/kg improved WG up to day 24, with the heaviest birds (1514 g/b) observed in the low CSM with 100 mg/kg enzyme group. Enzyme supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.01) FCR all through the growth phases and also improved (P &lt; 0.05) ileal crude protein and starch digestibility. High levels of CSM decreased the digestibility of starch, but this was improved (P &lt; 0.05) by enzyme supplementation, showing an interaction between CSM and microbial enzyme on starch digestibility. The digestibility of arginine, glutamic acid and threonine improved with increased CSM inclusion, and that of methionine improved with increased enzyme supplementation. There was an interaction effect (P &lt; 0.01) between CSM and enzyme on magnesium digestibility. Cottonseed meal inclusion improved the digestibility of copper and potassium and reduced the digestibility of phosphorus, while that of calcium and manganese was increased (P &lt; 0.01) with enzyme supplementation. At day 10, lipase activity was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by higher CSM levels, while on day 24, general proteolytic activity was highest (P &lt; 0.05) when 100 mg enzyme was supplemented in the diet. These results indicate that relatively high levels of CSM in diet have no negative effects on the growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens when supplemented with xylanase and β–glucanase.

Fractionation and Lability of Phosphorus Species in Cottonseed Meal-Derived Biochars as Influenced by Pyrolysis Temperature.

Defatted cottonseed meal (CSM), the residue of cottonseeds after oil extraction, is a major byproduct of the cotton industry. Converting CSM to biochar and utilizing the goods in agricultural and environmental applications may be a value-added, sustainable approach to recycling this byproduct. In this study, raw CSM was transformed into biochar via complete batch slow pyrolysis at 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. Thermochemical transformation of phosphorus (P) in CSM during pyrolysis was explored. Fractionation, lability, and potential bioavailability of total P (TP) in CSM-derived biochars were evaluated using sequential and batch chemical extraction techniques. The recovery of feed P in biochar was nearly 100% at ≤550 °C and was reduced to <88% at 600 °C. During pyrolysis, the organic P (OP) molecules predominant in CSM were transformed into inorganic P (IP) forms, first to polyphosphates and subsequently to orthophosphates as promoted by a higher pyrolysis temperature. Conversion to biochar greatly reduced the mobility, lability, and bioavailability of TP in CSM. The biochar TP consisted of 9.3-17.9% of readily labile (water-extractable) P, 10.3-24.1% of generally labile (sequentially NaHCO3-extractable) P, 0.5-2.8% of moderately labile (sequentially NaOH-extractable) P, 17.0-53.8% of low labile (sequentially HCl-extractable) P, and 17.8-47.5% of residual (unextractable) P. Mehlich-3 and 1 M HCl were effective batch extraction reagents for estimating the "readily to mid-term" available and the "overall" available P pools of CSM-derived biochars, respectively. The biochar generated at 450 °C exhibited the lowest proportions of readily labile P and residual P compounds, suggesting 450 °C as the optimal pyrolysis temperature to convert CSM to biochar with maximal P bioavailability and minimal runoff risk.

The rumen-derived Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 exhibited greater free gossypol degradation capacity during solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal and probiotic potential

BackgroundThis study aimed to isolate the rumen-derived bacteria with the ability to degrade free gossypol (FG), and to evaluate the probiotic potential in vitro for ensuring safe utilization.MethodsThe strains were anaerobically isolated from fresh rumen fluid of sheep with long-term fed cottonseed meal (CSM) with the screening agar medium containing gossypol as the sole carbon source. Afterwards, the isolated strain incubated with CSM was subjected to the determination of the FG degradation and in vitro evaluation of probiotic characteristics.ResultsThe target strain labeled Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 [Accession number: OQ652016.1] was obtained, and its growth on MRS Liquid medium exhibited degradation efficiency of FG up to 69.5% which was significantly greater than its growth on Man-Rogosa-Sharpe medium with glucose free for 24 h (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, LLK-XR1 showed 40.652% degradation rate of FG for unautoclaved, non-pulverized, and no additional nutrients supplementation CSM. Furthermore, LLK-XR1 presented good survivability at pH 3.0 (above 88.6%), and 0.3% bile (78.5%). LLK-XR1 showed sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics except Sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin and significantly inhibited E. coli CICC 10,899, Staph. aureus CICC 21,600, and Salmonella. Typhimurium CICC 21,483. LLK-XR1 demonstrated good cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation ability.ConclusionsTaken together, this study for the first time noted that rumen-originated Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 with probiotic properties exhibited substantial FG degradation capacity when it was applied to the solid-state fermentation of CSM.

Supplementation of crossbred boer goats with cottonseed meal and/or urea enhances estimated metabolizable protein intake, crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention

This study aimed to determine feed intake, apparent digestibility, and nitrogen retention of crossbred Boer bucks supplemented with urea or cottonseed meal (CSM)when fed tropical Rhodes (Chloris gayana) grass hay (RGH) as a basal diet. Twelve eight-month-old bucks (23.9±1.1 kg live weight) were allocated to one of the four dietary treatments in a randomised block design. The treatments were 1) maize supplement (Control); or maize plus 2) urea supplement (M+U), 3) urea and CSM (M+UCSM); and (4) CSM (M+CSM). All bucks were held in individual metabolism crates for 21 days (11 days of adaptation and 10 days collection period) with ad libitum access to RGH and fresh drinking water in addition to the supplements. A one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to test for differences between means at a significance level of P &lt; 0.05. Results indicated higher feed intake, apparent digestibility of crude protein and digestible nutrient intake in goats supplemented with M+CSM and M+UCSM, but not M+U alone. Supplementation with M+CSM increased nitrogen retention by 300%. Supplementation with M+UCSM and M+CSM increased the total feed intake of Boer goats on tropical grass hay by 13 and 20%, respectively. Supplementation with M+U, M+UCSM, and M+CSM improved the apparent digestibility of crude protein by 9.7, 15.7 and 15.1%, respectively. It can be concluded that total feed intake and nutrient digestibility was increased on growing Boer goats fed RGH as a basal diet supplemented with true protein from CSM or a mixture of true protein and rumen degradable protein from urea.

Cottonseed meal derived porous carbon prepared via the protease pretreatment and reduced activator dosage carbonization for supercapacitor.

The high catalytic activity and specificity of enzymes can be used to pretreat biomass. Herein, the resourceful, reproducible, cheap, and crude protein-rich cottonseed meal (CM) is selected as a precursor and the protease in the K2CO3-KHCO3 buffer solution is used as the enzyme degradation substance to pretreat CM. The crude protein content is significantly reduced by the protease degradation, and, meanwhile, it results in a looser and porous structure of CM. What is more, it significantly reduces the amount of activator. In the subsequent carbonization process, the K2CO3-KHCO3 in the buffer solution is also used as an activating agent (the mass ratio of CM to activator is 2:1), and after carbonization, the O, S, and N doped porous carbon is obtained. The optimized PCM-800-4 exhibits high heteroatom contents and a hierarchical porous structure. The specific capacitance of the prepared porous carbon reaches up to 233 F g-1 in 6M KOH even when 10 mg of active material is loaded. In addition, a K2CO3-KHCO3/EG based gel electrolyte is prepared and the fabricated flexible capacitor exhibits an energy density of 15.6 Wh kg-1 and a wide temperature range (-25 to 100 °C). This study presents a simple enzymatic degradation and reduced activator dosage strategy to prepare a cottonseed meal derived carbon material and looks forward to preparing porous carbon using other biomass.

Biochemical and protein nutritional potential of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf: partial substitution improves the nutrition of conventional protein.

With the requirements of environmental, cost and economic sustainability, new sources of alternative proteins in the livestock industry are receiving increasing attention. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves are a unique feed resource because of their high protein content and large availability. Therefore, mining sustainable protein suitable for the animal husbandry industry in sericulture resources could achieve a win-win situation. The protein content in mulberry leaves is 232.10-386.16 g kg-1 , and the mean value of crude fat content is 43.76 ± 8.48 g kg-1 , which has the advantages of protein content and energy. In addition, the average content of phytic acid in mulberry leaves is only 1.88 ± 0.56 g kg-1 , which means that it is not inhibited in terms of nutrient absorption. Meanwhile, the digestibility of protein was Bean pulp > Sample 8 ≈ Alfalfa ≈ Sample 13 ≈ Cottonseed meal > Fish meal, and the β-turn and particle size of mulberry leaf protein are more conducive to digestion in vitro. Furthermore, the protein of Sample 13 had the richest essential amino acids (252.00 g kg-1 ) and the highest essential amino acid index (EAAI), which was superior to conventional feed protein. In addition, the partial substitution of mulberry leaf protein (15%) significantly increased the EAAI value of conventional feed protein. However, to balance nutrition, it is necessary to combine mulberry leaf protein with other proteins to further broaden its application field. Mulberry leaves are a new source of feed protein, which helps to alleviate the two major problems of mulberry resource surplus and feed protein resource shortage. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Miscellaneous Meal Replacements for Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Gut Microbiota of 50-75 kg Growing Pigs.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of miscellaneous meal (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower seed meal) as a replacement for soybean meal on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters, serum free amino acid contents, and gut microbiota of 50-75 kg growing pigs. A total of 54 healthy growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with initial body weights (BWs) of 50.64 ± 2.09 kg were randomly divided into three treatment groups, which included the corn-soybean meal group (CON), corn-soybean-miscellaneous meal group (CSM), and corn-miscellaneous meal group (CM). Each treatment included six replicates with three pigs in each replicate. Dietary protein levels were maintained at 15% in all three treatment groups. Additional rapeseed meals, cottonseed meals, and sunflower seed meals were added to the CSM group's meals to partially replace the 10.99% soybean meal in the CON group in a 1:1:1 ratio. Pigs in the CM group were fed a diet with a mixture of miscellaneous meals (7.69% rapeseed meal, 7.69% cottonseed meal, and 7.68% sunflower seed meal) to totally replace soybean meal. Our findings revealed that there was no significant impact of replacing soybean meal with miscellaneous meal on the ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake), or F/G (feed-to-gain ratio) (p > 0.05) of growing pigs weighing 50-75 kg, nor on the crude protein, crude fat, or gross energy (p > 0.05) of the diet. On the other hand, compared to the CON group, the CM group exhibited significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and triglyceride (TG) levels (p < 0.05), while urea levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). No significant effect was observed on the serum free amino acid contents (p > 0.05) following the substitution of soybean meal with miscellaneous meal. A t-test analysis indicated that compared with the CON group, the CM group exhibited a significantly diminished abundance of Euryachaeota at the phylum level and augmented abundance of Desulfobacterota at the genus level. This study demonstrated that the miscellaneous meals (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower seed meal) as a substitute for soybean meal in the diet had no significant negative effects on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, serum amino acid content, or diversity of fecal microbiota in 50-75 kg growing pigs. These results can be helpful in developing further miscellaneous meals (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower seed meal) as functional alternative feed ingredients to soybean meal in pig diets.

Effect of Tannin Inclusion on the Enhancement of Rumen Undegradable Protein of Different Protein Sources

Tannins can be utilized to increase rumen undegradable protein (RUP) by their capacity to form complexes with diverse nutrients present in the feed. In that regard, high-performance ruminants demand elevated RUP levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying levels of tannin into three protein sources (cottonseed, peanut, and soybean meals) on ruminal kinetic parameters, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. Thus, three in situ experiments were conducted to investigate the ruminal degradation kinetics, where Fraction A represents the soluble portion, Fraction B relates to the portion potentially degraded in the rumen, and kd denotes the degradation rate of Fraction B, for both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen. Additionally, the study assessed dry matter effective degradability (ED), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and intestinal digestibility (ID). These experiments utilized three cannulated animals for the in situ incubations. Regarding cottonseed meal in terms of DM degradation kinetics, tannin inclusion had a quadratic effect on fraction A (p &lt; 0.01), B (p = 0.10, trend), kd (p = 0.03), and ED (p &lt; 0.01). Fraction A of CP had a cubic effect (p = 0.03), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments. The inclusion of tannin linearly increased RUP (p &lt; 0.01). The RUP proportion increased 29, 33, and 45% when 20, 40, and 60 g/kg tannin were used, respectively, compared to the control. For peanut meal, the A fraction of protein and RUP responded quadratically as tannin was included in peanut meal (p &lt; 0.01). However, tannin levels did not affect fraction B of protein and ID. Regarding soybean meal, fractions A and B of DM and ED had cubic effects (p &lt; 0.01), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments, and responded quadratically as tannin increased. Also, tannin inclusion had a cubic effect on fractions A and B of protein, RUP, and ID (p &lt; 0.01). The cubic behavior showed greater B fraction and ID and lower A fraction and RUP for the control compared other treatments (p &lt; 0.01). Tannins offer a promising avenue for elevating RUP levels in diets featuring cottonseed and peanut meals. Nevertheless, no advantages were observed when treating soybean meal with tannin.

PSX-12 Effects of Cottonseed Meal Supplementation on Calf Performance and Forage Utilization Grazing Late Season Summer Forage

Abstract Nutritive quality of perennial warm-season grasses during summer may limit the DMI of growing calves due to low protein and increased NDF content. Cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation may improve forage utilization by increasing rumen degradable protein, but research in calves is limited. It was hypothesized that supplementation of CSM to heifers grazing mature forage would have improved performance due to greater forage DMI and fiber digestibility. Objectives were to compare the effects of CSM supplementation on calf gain performance, estimated forage intake, and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and neutral detergent digestibility (IVNDFD) of low-quality, warm-season forage. Angus heifers (n = 18) weighing 232.7 ± 12.6 kg were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy) and allocated to 6 paddocks (1.64 ha) of W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) for 67 d. Heifers were supplemented daily with a mineral mix and either no cottonseed meal (CON) or 454 g/animal of CSM (CSM1) in a RCBD with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments and BW blocks, respectively. Initial and final shrunk BW was measured to calculate total gain, ADG, and percent of BW gained. Forage samples were collected weekly and composited into 3 periods for chemical analysis and in vitro incubations. Forage DMI was estimated using a double sampling technique for each paddock within period. Forage IVTD and IVNDFD were analyzed using batch fermentation with and without CSM in a CRD (2 treatments by 3 periods). Mean forage CP during periods 1 and 2 were 5.75% and increased to 10.3% in period 3 (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Forage NDF content increased over time (64.1 vs. 69.3%; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and estimated forage DMI of heifers tended (P = 0.07) to decrease from 2.9 to 2.1% of BW. Treatment did not affect estimated forage DMI (P = 0.40). Heifers receiving CSM1 gained 28.3% more BW than heifers receiving CON (47.27 vs. 36.82 kg, respectively; P = 0.02). Percent of BW gained was greater for heifers receiving CSM1 than CON (16.9 vs. 13.8% of initial BW, respectively, P = 0.029). There were no treatment by period interactions on IVTD or IVNDFD. The IVTD of forage from period 1 was greater than periods 2 and 3 (49.9 vs. 47.1 and 46.6%, respectively; P = 0.005). The IVTD of forage incubated with CSM tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than forage without CSM (52.1% vs. 47.8%, respectively). The IVNDFD was not affected by period but tended to be greater with CSM inclusion (P = 0.09) relative to CON (24.83% vs. 18.95%, respectively). In conclusion, 454 g/d of CSM supplemented to heifers grazing late-summer W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem forage likely provided sufficient protein to alter ruminal fiber digestibility, without affecting forage intake, and had measurable effects on gain.

PSIII-21 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet

Abstract The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in a backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (CS), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (BCM10) or 20 % (BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CSM). Protein sources were mixed with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for final body weight (BW), average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio, where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; kg/d) was greatest (P = 0.01) for BCM10 compared with CS, yet BCM20 and CSM did not differ from CS or BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed on DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.35) or residual feed intake (P = 0.94). Heifers receiving CSM had the greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of crude protein (CP; P &amp;lt; 0.01) was least for CS and greatest for BCM20 and CSM, with BCM10 intermediate. Digestibility of all nutrients was least (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for CS, and greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for BCM20 in CP and NDF, only, where BCM10 and CSM did not differ. Digestibility of DM, OM, and ADF was less (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in BCM10, greater in BCM20, while CSM did not differ between BCM10 and BCM20. Carinata supplemented at 10% diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.

365 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Sensory Attributes in Beef Steers Consuming a Finish Diet

Abstract The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Thirty-two Angus crossbred steers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat sensory attributes in a finishing diet. Treatments included: either 90% basal diet + 10% inclusion of Brassica carinata meal (BCM) or 90% basal diet + 10% inclusion of cottonseed meal (CSM), on a dry matter (DM) basis. The basal diet consisted of 40% cracked corn, 35% soyhull pellets, 5% gin trash, 5% bermudagrass hay, and 5% vitamin-mineral supplement. Treatments were premixed before delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. Protein source did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, or residual feed intake. Protein supplementation did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) initial or final evaluations of longissimus muscle area (LMA), rib fat thickness (RF), and intramuscular fat performed via ultrasound during the performance portion of the experiment. Hot carcass weight (P = 0.10) dressing percentage (P = 0.61), LMA (P = 0.33), RF (P = 0.42), yield grade (P = 0.47), and marbling score (P = 0.89) were not affected by protein source. No effect of protein source was observed (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on slice shear force, juiciness, beef flavor, tenderness, connective tissue, off-flavor, crude fat, thaw loss, cook loss, lightness, redness, or yellowness. The frequency of Prime (P = 0.76), upper 2/3 Choice (P = 0.71), low Choice (P = 0.46), and Select (P = 0.34) USDA quality grades did not differ with protein source. carinata meal inclusion at 10% of the diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in steers fed a finishing diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.

Ferrous Ion Alleviates Lipid Deposition and Inflammatory Responses Caused by a High Cottonseed Meal Diet by Modulating Hepatic Iron Transport Homeostasis and Controlling Ferroptosis in Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus.

To investigate the mechanisms through which ferrous ion (Fe2+) addition improves the utilization of a cottonseed meal (CSM) diet, two experimental diets with equal nitrogen and energy content (low-cottonseed meal (LCM) and high-cottonseed meal (HCM) diets, respectively) containing 16.31% and 38.46% CSM were prepared. Additionally, the HCM diet was supplemented with graded levels of FeSO4·7H2O to establish two different Fe2+ supplementation groups (HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+). Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus (grass carps) (5.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed one of these four diets (HCM, LCM, HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ diets) for eight weeks. Our findings revealed that the HCM diet significantly increased lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration and the expression of lipogenic genes, e.g., sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (srebp1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd), leading to excessive lipid droplet deposition in the liver (p < 0.05). However, these effects were significantly reduced in the HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ groups (p < 0.05). Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was also significantly lower in the HCM and HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ groups compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05), whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration was significantly higher in the HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ groups than in the LCM group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the plasma levels of liver functional indices, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose (GLU), were significantly lower in the HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ group (p < 0.05). Regarding the expression of genes related to iron transport regulation, transferrin 2 (tfr2) expression in the HCM group and Fe2+ supplementation groups were significantly suppressed compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05). The addition of 0.4% Fe2+ in the HCM diet activated hepcidin expression and suppressed ferroportin-1 (fpn1) expression (p < 0.05). Compared to the LCM group, the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis and inflammation, including acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4b (acsl4b), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (lpcat3), cyclooxygenase (cox), interleukin 1β (il-1β), and nuclear factor kappa b (nfκb), were significantly increased in the HCM group (p < 0.05), whereas Fe2+ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly inhibited their expression (p < 0.05) and significantly suppressed lipoxygenase (lox) expression (p < 0.05). Compared with the HCM group without Fe2+ supplementation, Fe2+ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis, such as heat shock protein beta-associated protein1 (hspbap1), glutamate cysteine ligase (gcl), and glutathione peroxidase 4a (gpx4a) (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the expression of the inflammation-related genes interleukin 15/10 (il-15/il-10) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FeSO4·7H2O supplementation in the HCM diet maintained iron transport and homeostasis in the liver of juvenile grass carps, thus reducing the occurrence of ferroptosis and alleviating hepatic lipid deposition and inflammatory responses caused by high dietary CSM contents.

208 Impact of Feeding a Novel Probiotic on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Production, and Nutrient Utilization in Beef Cattle

Abstract The search for alternatives to mitigate enteric methane emissions remains a top priority to ensure the continued sustainability of the livestock industry. Exploration of new direct-fed microbials with potential in ruminant nutrition is an active and promising area of research. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding a novel probiotic on ruminal fermentation parameters, in vitro methane production, and nutrient utilization in beef steers. A total of 12 ruminally cannulated American Aberdeen steers (348 ± 37 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with each period lasting for 35 d. The steers were fed a basal diet comprised of 82% corn silage, 12% cotton gin trash, 5% cottonseed meal, and 1% vitamin and mineral supplement on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four treatments were used in this study: CTL (no additive), B2 (probiotic at a dosage of 2 × 109 CFU/animal/d), B10 (probiotic at a dosage of 10 × 109 CFU/animal/d), and B30 (probiotic at a dosage of 30 × 109 CFU/animal/d). Steers were housed in two pens and were sorted daily to receive the treatments individually in a carrier of corn silage (250 g/d). The experiment consisted of 4 periods, with 21 d of adaptation to the treatments, 7 d of measurements, and 7 d of washout between periods. During the study, two in vitro batch culture incubations were performed in each period collecting ruminal fluid from each animal individually (experimental unit): one on d 0 before steers received the treatments, and one after 21 d of adaptation. The incubations on day 0 were used as a baseline. The use of this probiotic did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in vitro ruminal fluid pH, volatile fatty acids, or acetate to propionate ratio. However, there was a cubic effect (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on in vitro organic matter digestibility with the inclusion of probiotic, and the greatest digestibility was observed in the B2 treatment. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with the inclusion of probiotic with CTL and B2 treatments showing the least values. While there was no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on total gas production among treatments, methane production (CH4) was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05), showing a quadratic effect where the B2 treatment showed the least values. These results suggest that adding this novel probiotic to beef steers fed a corn silage-based diet at a dose of 2× 109 CFU per day (B2) may have positive results in reducing CH4 and improving digestibility. However, confirmation of these results will be required by in vivo methane emissions data.