Cottonseed Flour Research Articles

Infertility in Male Rats Induced by Diets Containing Whole Cottonseed Flour

It has recently been shown that gossypol, a component of the cottonseed, has clear antifertility properties. The present study was planned to determine whether diets containing cottonseed in different proportions and in nontoxic amounts, could produce infertility in male rats. Diets were formulated with different concentrations of whole cottonseed flour and stock diet (Purina Chow). After 4 weeks of feeding these diets, the male rats were mated with virgin female rats in order to test male fertility rate. Thereafter, the male rats went into a recovery period during which they were fed stock diet for 6 weeks and were again mated after 3 and 6 weeks on this diet. The results show that: 1) infertility was produced by cottonseed flour diets even with a low concentration of gossypol (defatted cottonseed flour); 2) this effect was reversible at least after 6 weeks off gossypol-containing diets, even in the groups fed diets with a high gossypol concentration. The gossypol present in the diets decreases the number and motility of spermatozoa, even when present in concentrations below its toxic level, which may have an important deleterious effect on animal reproduction, since cottonseed is frequently used in the preparation of balanced diets mainly for animal consumption.cottonseed male infertility gossypol

Bio-rafiniranje sačme pamučnog semena iz naftne industrije za izolaciju ekološki prihvatljivog prirodnog proteinskog polimera

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of the oil industry. Globulins (salt soluble, vicilin, and legumin families) are the major dominant storage proteins in cottonseed and account for 60%-70% of seed proteins. However, these are unsuitable for human consumption due to their gossypol content. In this work, protein was extracted from defatted cottonseed flour with alkaline solution and its precipitation at different pH value was investigated. The crude protein was quantified using standard micro-Kjeldahl nitrogen method. Central composite design expert was conducted and the effect of variables in the extraction of protein were studied, namely, extraction solvent concentration, temperature and time. The optimum scheme of extraction was obtained at 0.1M NaOH with material to liquor ratio (MLR) 1:20 at pH 12 using temperature of 67℃ and a time of 90 min. Under these conditions, the response gives a flour dissolution percentage of 80.52% and protein purity percentage 80.40%. In addition, protein solubility and water absorption capacity were also determined and the chemical structure of protein was characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

Graphene Oxide Functionalized Cottonseed-Lignin Resin with Enhanced Wet Adhesion for Woody Composites Application.

With rising interior air pollution, health, and food shortage concerns, wood adhesives derived from non-food sustainable materials have therefore attracted considerable attention. Here we developed an eco-friendly cottonseed-lignin adhesive consisting of non-food defatted cottonseed flour (DCF), alkali lignin (AL), and graphene oxide (GO). The cation-π interaction, and hydrogen and covalent bonds between AL@GO and DCF collectively enhanced the cross-linking structure of the cured cottonseed-lignin adhesive, based on the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and sol-gel tests. The high performance of the developed cottonseed-lignin adhesive was evidenced by its increased wet/dry shear strength and decreased rheological properties before curing and improved thermal stability and decreased soluble substances after curing. Particularly, the highest wet shear strength of poplar plywood bonded with cottonseed-lignin adhesive was 1.08 MPa, which increased by 74.2 and 54.3% as compared to the control and requirement of the Chinese standard GB/T 9846-2015 for interior plywood (≥0.7 MPa), respectively. The technology and resultant adhesives showed great potential in the preparation of green woody composites for many applications.

Isolation, fermentation, and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi virulent against adults of Diaphorina citri.

Mycopesticides are important for integrated management of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. However, there are few reports on the fermentation and formulation for mycopesticides with high virulence against D. citri. From four different locations in South China, 12 fungal strains were isolated and classified into Beauveria bassiana (two isolates), Fusarium fujikuroi (five isolates), and Cordyceps javanica (five isolates) based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4 and morphology of colonies and conidia. Based on the highest initial virulence (86.52 ± 2.35%) and best growth characteristics, F-HY002-ACPHali was further optimized for biphasic fermentation (7.85 ± 2.62 × 109 g-1 dry substrate) with soybean meal + cottonseed flour (1:1) as the solid substrate and full light as the light/dark cycle. Furthermore, the oil-based conidial formulation was optimized with sesame oil as an effective carrier, which significantly enhanced conidial shelf life up to 16 weeks at 26 °C and 4°C, thermo-stress (50 °C) and UV-B stress resistance, and virulence against adults of D. citri with increased mortalities and decreased LT50 in comparison to that of unformulated conidia. Our results not only provide a valuable native strain with high virulence against adults of D. citri, but also imply the soybean meal + cottonseed flour as valuable solid substrate, full-light exposure as environmental stimuli for solid-state fermentation, and the sesame oil as an effective carrier for the formulation of the C. javanica. These findings will facilitate the development of a potential mycopesticide for the biological control of Asian citrus psyllid.

Investigation of a formaldehyde-free cottonseed flour-based adhesive for interior plywood

A new formaldehyde-free wood adhesive, primarily composed of defatted cottonseed flour (CF) and polyamine-epichlorohydrin (K736) resin, was investigated for the preparation of interior plywood. Sodium hydroxide was an essential component of the adhesive. The effects of pH values of the CF-K736 adhesive, the CF/K736 weight ratio on the pot life of the adhesive, and the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels were investigated in detail. The hot-pressing temperature and time were optimized in terms of the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels. The resulting 5-ply plywood panels met the industrial water resistance requirements for interior application under the following conditions: pH > 11, CF/K736 weight ratio in the range of 8/1 to 5/1, hot-press temperature ≥ 120 °C, and hot-pressing time > 4 min. The pot life of the adhesive was approximately 3 h when the pH was 12 and the CF/K736 weight ratio was 8/1. The curing mechanism of the adhesive is discussed.

Effects of replacing menhaden fishmeal with cottonseed flour on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Low-gossypol cottonseed flour (CSF) is a promising plant protein feedstuff to partially replace fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds. In the present study, two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus fed diets with FM substituted by CSF. In feeding trial 1, the Reference diet was formulated to contain 43% crude protein equally contributed by menhaden FM and soy protein concentrate. Five experimental diets were prepared with, 0 (Reference), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the dietary protein from FM replaced by CSF with lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and taurine (Tau) supplemented to established requirement levels. In trial 2, the diet with 75% of FM protein replaced with CSF was supplemented with potential palatability enhancers such as glycine, fish solubles, krill meal, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and citric acid. In trials 1 and 2, diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish with average initial weights (±SEM) of 3.4 ± 0.1 and 23.3 ± 0.3 g/fish for 8 and 6 weeks, respectively. In feeding trial 1, fish responses including percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were gradually reduced with increasing levels of CSF substitution, resulting in significant (P < .05) negative linear trends. However, growth responses were not appreciably reduced until more than 50% of the FM protein was replaced with CSF. Condition factor (CF) and intraperitoneal fat ratio also significantly decreased with increasing dietary CSF levels, as did whole-body protein composition. In feeding trial 2, the WG, FE and PER tended to be improved by citric acid and IMP supplementation of the basal diet in which 75% of FM protein was replaced with CSF (CSF75), although the differences did not reach significance (P > .05). The whole-body protein of fish fed CSF75 + IMP diet was significantly (P < .05) higher than fish fed the un-supplemented CSF75 diet. In conclusion, CSF with Lys, Met and Tau supplementation was able to replace up to 50% of crude protein provided by menhaden FM in the diet without drastically affecting growth performance or body composition of red drum. Additionally, supplementation of IMP and citric acid to a diet containing higher levels of CSF tended to improve growth performance of red drum due to enhanced feed utilization.

Evaluation of various cottonseed products on the growth and digestibility performance in Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus

Two 10-week growth trials and digestibility trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of various cottonseed products in practical diets for the Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus. In trial 1, a basal diet containing 150g/kg of fishmeal (FM150) was modified by the iso-nitrogenous replacement of fishmeal (FM) with cold pressed cottonseed flour (CSF) resulting in diets containing 100g/kg (FM100), 50g/kg (FM50) and 0g/kg (FM0) of fishmeal. To determine if lysine was limiting in the FM0 diet, two additional diets were developed using a high lysine corn protein concentrate (FM0-LCPC) or a crystalline source of lysine (FM0-CL). In trial 2, the basal diet was formulated to contain 457.0g/kg of soybean meal (SBM) and 150g/kg of poultry by-product meal (PBM), the other three diets were made by replacing SBM on an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic basis with varying cottonseed flours (CSF) which included cottonseed flour (CSF), gossypol-extracted cottonseed flour (ECSF), and glandless cottonseed flour (GCSF). In trial 1, results showed that the use of up to 196g/kg of CSF with a lysine supplement does not inhibit growth performance of the fish. In trial 2, no significant differences were observed in growth performance of the fish maintained on the various diets. Although gossypol was detected in the livers of fish offered diets with gossypol, no differences were observed in the cells of the liver samples or organization of the liver cells amongst any of the treatments. After each growth trial, apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADMD), energy (AED), and protein (APD) were determined for primary ingredients. In the first digestibility trial, no significant differences were observed with regard to digestibility coefficients for FM, CSF, and corn protein concentrate (CPC). In the second digestibility trial, no significant differences were observed on ADMD and AED for the ingredients GCSF, CSF, and ECSF. However, the APD values for ECSF were found to be significantly lower than those values of GCSF and CSF. Results of this study provide support that cottonseed products are acceptable for use in practical diets for Florida pompano. Statement of relevanceIn this study, we assessed the efficacy of various cottonseed products in practical diets for the Florida pompano. These findings will be useful because the feed producers need the growth and digestibility data of the cottonseed products as an alternative ingredient to use in the diet formulation. The conclusions in this manuscript provide valuable information which researchers and feed producers need to use the cottonseed products in diets of this species.

Alkaline Extraction Method of Cottonseed Protein Isolate

Cottonseed protein was extracted from defatted cottonseed flour with alkaline solvent and its precipitation property in different pH value was investigated. Orthogonal experiments design was introduced and factors influencing protein extraction were studied, namely, extraction solvent type, solvent-to-flour ratio, extraction pH value, extraction temperature and time. The optimum scheme of extraction was obtained: 0.1N KOH as extraction solvent, solvent-to-flour ratio=12,pH=12.5, temperature=60℃ and time=40min.Under this condition, the cotton protein extractability is above 70%and the protein extraction can be directly applied to further chemical modification.

Repeated-batch culture of immobilizedGibberella fujikuroi B9 for gibberellic acid production: An optimization study

The performance of immobilized fungal cells on celite beads for the production of gibberrelic acid was investigated in flasks and 7-L stirred-tank reactor. Repeated incubations of immobilized fungal cells increased cell concentrations and volumetric productivity. The maximum volumetric productivity obtained in the immobilized-cell culture was 3-fold greater than that in suspended-cell culture. The concentration of cotton seed flour (CSF), amont the various nutrients supplied, most significantly influenced productivity and operational stability. Notably, insoluble components in CSF were found to be essential for production. CSF at 6 g/L with 60 g/L glucose was found to be optimal for gibberellic acid production and stable operation by preventing excessive cell growth.

Characterisation of optimum cultural environmental conditions for the production of high numbers of Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores with enhanced ecological fitness

The aim of this study was the production of high numbers of M. anisopliae blastospores with enhanced germination efficiency under conditions of water-stress (ecological fitness). Different nitrogen sources and concentrations were screened for their ability to induce blastospore production while keeping pH and water activity (a w) at fixed levels (6.8, and 0.98 a w, respectively). After optimum nitrogen status was determined (cornsteep solid (CS) + yeast extract (YE); or cottonseed flour (CF) + YE), the effect of interaction of nitrogen source, pH (3.5, 5, 6.8, 8, 9 and 10) and solutes for a w adjustment (KCl, NaCl, PEG 200) on blastospore production, endogenous polyol content (glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol) and total protein, were determined. For both ionic (NaCl, KCl) and non-ionic solutes (PEG 200), optimum blastospore production (between 4×107 and 2×108 blastospores ml−1) and growth occurred in the pH range 6.8–8, with the CF + YE nitrogen profile giving higher yields than CS + YE. Optimum conditions for high erythritol and total protein endogenous concentrations (40.37–73.44 and 14.33–18.90 mg g−1 fresh weight, respectively) occurred between pH 6.8 and 8 by ionic aw modification (KCl, NaCl) and with the CF + YE nitrogen profile. Germination of blastospores produced under these cultural conditions was between 62 and 89% under conditions of water-stress (0.96 a w). On the other hand, blastospores with lower amounts of erythritol and total protein content had decreased germination (8–67%). These results could have significant implications for developing a liquid fermentation medium for the production of high numbers of fungal propagules with enhanced efficacy under non-optimum environmental conditions.

Digestion and Absorption Rates of [3H]-Oleic Acid and [14C]-Triolein Do Not Differ in Rats Fed Heated (−) and (+) Gossypol Cottonseed and Soybean Flours

This study was conducted to compare in vivo the acute effects of heated (+) and (−) gossypol cottonseed flours with those of soybean flour on lipid digestion and absorption in growing rats. Rats were fed by gastric intubation mixed [3H]-oleic acid and [14C]-triolein with heated flours or without flour (control). Lipid digestion and absorption were determined for 6 h after meal intubation. Both radioactivities recovered in gastrointestinal tract were significantly higher in rats fed (+) gossypol cottonseed flour than in all other groups. The majority of both recovered radioactivities was found in stomach contents, then in stomach wall and finally in intestinal wall. The distribution of both radioactivities at different gastrointestinal levels was similar. In stomach contents and wall, [14C]-radioactivity was primarily in triacylglycerols, but was also recovered in free fatty acids and diacylglycerols. In intestinal wall (mucosa + tunica) [3H]-radioactivity was found at greatest levels in free fatty acids, then in triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. Greatest [14C]-radioactivity was found in triacylglycerols, then in free fatty acids, in diacylglycerols and last in phospholipids in rats fed the three flours. Therefore no quantitative differences in lipid digestion and absorption were observed among the rats fed the three flours. In conclusion, both cottonseed flours slowed lipid digestion and absorption compared with soybean flour and this delay was greater in the rats fed (+) gossypol cottonseed flour than in those fed (−) gossypol cottonseed flour. However, this inhibiting effect was probably too low to induce physiologically important effects on lipid digestion or absorption.

How to monitor the protein cross-linking by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or glyoxal in cotton-seed protein protein-based films? (short communication)

Cotton-seed protein-based films can be formed from an aqueous solution by a casting process. Chemical cross-linking treatments of cotton-seed proteins by dialdehyde increased maximum puncture force and decreased solubility of films in water. Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and glyoxal are cross-linking agents capable of reacting with amino acid side chains, particularly with the lysine ENH2 group, to form Schiff bases. As a first approach, simple criteria (maximum puncture force, puncture deformation, and film solubility) were used to assess the efficiency of chemical treatments. In the present study the amount of lysine that did not react with cross-linking agents (reactive lysine) during cotton-seed protein film formation was used to assess the degree of protein cross-linking. We have used a new procedure that provide a quantitative determination of reactive lysine in films made from cotton-seed flour. Subsequently, this methodology was used to investigate the cross-linking of cotton-seed proteins by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or glyoxal in films and to analyse the relation between protein cross-linking and film maximum puncture force

Milk, Curd, and Yoghurt from Glandless and Degossypolized Glanded Cottonseed Protein

The use of defatted glandless and defatted, degossypolized glanded cottonseed flour for the preparation of different types of dairy products was studied. It was found that acceptable products could be obtained by mixing cottonseed milk, particularly that from glandless flour, with a reconstituted commercial/powdered fullcream cow's milk in proportions ranging from 1:3 to 1:1. These mixed milks were comparable in their physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics with the 100% reconstituted powdered cow's milk.

Enhancement of Frying Oil Stability by a Natural Antioxidative Ingredient in the Coating System of Fried Meat Nuggets

ABSTRACTCottonseed oil containing commercial antioxidants was used for continuous (a 2‐day time period; &lt; 24 hr) frying of beef nuggets that were batter‐breaded with either 100% commercial coating mix or a coating system containing defatted glandless cottonseed flour (GCF). Analyses of oil samples revealed that oil used for frying the nuggets with the GCF‐containing coating was less susceptible to lipid hydrolysis and oxidation and color‐darkening. GCF in the coating also minimized lipid oxidation in beef nuggets fried in the oil at various stages of heating time during the 2‐day frying operation. Results indicated that GCF in the coating not only could enhance the oxidative stability of fried nuggets but also could decrease the breakdown of the frying oil.

Minimization of Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Refrigerated, Batter‐Breaded Restructured Pork Nuggets by Glandless Cottonseed Flour in the Meat or Coating

ABSTRACTPork shoulders were restructured into nuggets with 0.5% NaCl, 0.25% polyphosphate and 3.0% water or with the three additives plus 1.5% defatted glandless cottonseed flour (GCF). Restructured nuggets were batter‐breaded with either commercial coating ingredients or commercial ingredients plus GCF. The coated nuggets were prefried in vegetable oil and stored at 4°C for 0 or 9 days before reheating when needed. Thiobarbituric acid values and sensory warmed‐over flavor scores of products showed that oxidative flavor deterioration in batter‐breaded pork nuggets can be minimized by incorporating GCF into either the meat or the coating system. The GCF additions did not have adverse effects on coating pick‐up and palatability.

Aqueous protein and gossypol extraction from glanded cottonseed flour: Factors affecting protein extraction

Factors affecting protein extraction from both heated and unheated cottonseed flours were studied. Unheated flour was extracted with NaCl and CaCl 2 at five levels of concentration and three levels of solvent to flour ratio. The effect of salt concentration beyond 0·4 m was more pronounced for CaCl 2 than for NaCl. Protein extraction with NaCl was more efficient than with CaCl 2 with much of the protein extracted at lower concentrations compared to CaCl 2. Heat treatment of the flour resulted in a drop in protein extraction from 74·5 to 55·2 and from 78·7 to 55·0% for CaCl 2 and NaCl, respectively. The nature of the salt seemed to have no effect on protein extraction from heated flour. A two step extraction procedure involving successive extraction with water and CaCl 2 resulted in improved protein extraction from heated cottonseed flour.

Aqueous protein and gossypol extraction from glanded cottonseed flour: Factors affecting protein coagulation and gossypol content

Protein extracted from cold- and hot-defatted cottonseed flour was recovered by isoelectric coagulation, dialysis, isoelectric coagulation after dialysis and isoelectric coagulation followed by dialysis of the whey. Isoelectric precipitation resulted in poor protein recovery, but dialysis caused considerable improvement in protein recovery. Isoelectric precipitation followed by coagulation of the remaining protein in the whey by dialysis resulted in the highest protein recovery. Isoelectric coagulation, after dialysis of the extract, gave a low protein recovery compared to that obtained by dialysis, but higher than that obtained by isoelectric coagulation alone. The protein and gossypol contents of protein isolates obtained from hot-defatted cottonseed flour were determined. The protein content of isolates obtained by dialysis was markedly high (above 90%) and their free gossypol content was low compared to isolates obtained by isoelectric coagulation. Increase of solvent to flour ratio decreased both total and free gossypol contents of protein isolates obtained by both methods.

Reduction of Mutagen Formation in Fried Ground Beef by Glandless Cottonseed Flour

Pan-frying ground beef patties at 200°C to an extremely well-done state produced mutagens detectable by Salmonella strain TA98 with metabolic activation. Defatted glandless cottonseed flour (GCF) added at the 5% level of meat weight significantly reduced mutagen formation in fried beef patties. The magnitude of mutagenicity reduction by GCF tended to be much greater than the meat dilution effect by the non-meat additive.

Feeding Preferences and Utilization Studies as Tools in Developing an Optimum Diet for Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

Feeding tests with combinations of casein, cottonseed flour (CSF), soybean protein, and wheat germ were used to determine the preference of Heliothis zea (Boddie) for diets with either casein or CSF added to a protein mixture of 6%soybean protein/wheat germ (1:1). Of four diets with added casein or one of three types of CSF, the casein diet was least preferred in choice tests. Utilization tests showed that the diet containing casein was best utilized, followed closely by the most preferred CSF diet. Protein scores of the diets relative to a carcass analysis standard showed the casein diet to have the best balance of amino acids. CSF diets were lower in lysine than the casein diet.

Microbiological and Shelf‐Life Properties of Ground Beef Containing Glandless Cottonseed Flour

ABSTRACTGround beef with or without 3% added glandless cottonseed flour (GCF) was over‐wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film and displayed up to 6 days in a retail case. Aerobic plate counts were slightly higher (P &lt; 0.05) for ground beef with GCF at day 0, with no difference (P &gt; 0.05) found at days 3 and 6. At day 6, a combination of Pseudomonas and heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp. made up a major part of the microflora of ground beef without GCF whereas heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp. constituted a dominant part of the microflora of ground beef with GCF. Discoloration and lipid oxidation in ground beef during display were markedly reduced by addition of 3% GCF.