Abstract
With rising interior air pollution, health, and food shortage concerns, wood adhesives derived from non-food sustainable materials have therefore attracted considerable attention. Here we developed an eco-friendly cottonseed-lignin adhesive consisting of non-food defatted cottonseed flour (DCF), alkali lignin (AL), and graphene oxide (GO). The cation-π interaction, and hydrogen and covalent bonds between AL@GO and DCF collectively enhanced the cross-linking structure of the cured cottonseed-lignin adhesive, based on the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and sol-gel tests. The high performance of the developed cottonseed-lignin adhesive was evidenced by its increased wet/dry shear strength and decreased rheological properties before curing and improved thermal stability and decreased soluble substances after curing. Particularly, the highest wet shear strength of poplar plywood bonded with cottonseed-lignin adhesive was 1.08 MPa, which increased by 74.2 and 54.3% as compared to the control and requirement of the Chinese standard GB/T 9846-2015 for interior plywood (≥0.7 MPa), respectively. The technology and resultant adhesives showed great potential in the preparation of green woody composites for many applications.
Highlights
Introduction for Woody Composites ApplicationFormaldehyde-based wood adhesives are currently widely used for making woody composites, which dominate most of the furniture consumption all over the world
In order to further study the possible interaction of defatted cottonseed flour (DCF), alkali lignin (AL), and graphene oxide (GO) in cottonseedbased adhesives, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was performed
In order to further study the possible interaction of DCF, AL, and GO in cottonseedIn order to further study the possible interaction of DCF, AL, and GO in cottonseedbased adhesives, FTIR spectroscopy analysis was performed
Summary
Formaldehyde-based wood adhesives are currently widely used for making woody composites, which dominate most of the furniture consumption all over the world. Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen and non-renewable material [1]. The development of eco-friendly adhesives from sustainable biomass has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Many studies have been made on the use of soybean-based eco-friendly wood adhesives, and quite a number of positive results were obtained [2,3,4]. Soybean is a kind of important food for humans and animals, and the industrial application of soybean-based adhesives might threaten the food supply. It is necessary to develop a formaldehyde-free wood adhesive using non-food biomass as a promising alternative to soybean-based adhesives or formaldehyde-based adhesives
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