Cotton Wick Research Articles

Below-ground nitrogen transfer from oak seedlings facilitates Molinia growth: 15N pulse-chase labelling

Belowground carbon transfer from plant to plant has been extensively described, but such transfer for nitrogen has been less thoroughly investigated when the donor is a non-N2-fixing species. This study, applied to forest regeneration, aimed to determine whether tree seedlings facilitated neighbouring grass growth through nitrogen transfer at an early stage of development, thus facilitating nitrogen acquisition by understory species. Quercus petraea seedlings were planted in pots either sole-grown or mixed-grown with Molinia caerulea tufts or another oak seedling. 15N-urea pulse-chase labelling (cotton wick method) was performed in oak shoots and the fate of 15N in each soil and plant compartment was tracked for one year. N transfer pathways were investigated using two degrees of physical separation between root systems. Molinia dry weight was higher when mixed-grown with oak seedlings than when sole-grown. Increase in grass dry weight correlated with N transfer from donor oak to receiver Molinia. Interestingly, the presence of Molinia increased N rhizodeposition of oak. N allocation in donor oak towards root in winter and shoot in spring was enhanced. Oak seedlings facilitated Molinia growth through rapid N transfer, underlining the ability of non-N2-fixing species to supply N to neighbours. 15N allocation within donor oak and its rhizodeposition depended on neighbour identity.

Some aspects of social life of haryana from 16th TO 17th Centuary

Social history of a region generally endeavors to present the varied aspects of daily life of the inhabitants of villages, towns and cities in the medieval period. The dwelling houses were congregated together usually at a central site, with the land of the cultivators spreading around. The roofs of the houses were flat. The house of the poorer classes had a small courtyard and one room or two. The most common plan of the house of the well to do classes was that the courtyard was surrounded by a wall. The entrance served as a temporary cattle-shed and the men of the family frequented it to smoke and gossip. Usually, there was a detached sitting room, variously called diwan-khana or baithak. Female apartments were separate. The rooms were dark, damp and badly ventilated. The houses were of bricks and in lanes near to each other for the sake of shade. The sanitary condition was not proper but the inside of the houses were kept very clean. In the houses of the common people very little furniture was kept in the rooms. For lighting in the houses of the nobles and the rich men, other appliances and devices were in vogue. Ordinarily, the earthen pots (diya) filled with mustard oil with cotton wicks were used for light. The people of Haryana in general were vegetarian but in common high class people and the Muslims were non-vegetarian and used to drinking. Rrice, millet and pulses, milk and milk products were chiefly consumed in general in the rural areas. Khicheri was relished both by the gentry and commonalty. In the matter of diet, the Muslims were notoriously extravagant and fastidious. However, the diet of the peasants was much cheaper and they used pulses and vegetables. The imported fruits dry and fresh were costly and were used only by the rich. Common people used to eat seasonal fruits which grew wild in the jungles and were easily available and gathered for sustenance by the poor. Ice fetched a high price and used by the rich people. Indian dress varied from place to place and clan to clan and according to their social status and financial conditions. Indian dresses were chiefly determined by the geographical factors, climatic conditions and the changing needs and customs of the different areas. Clothes were generally woven by the village weavers with yarn spun by the peasant women folk. These garments except turban were made of ‘khaddar’, the rough cotton. The upper classes spent lavishly on their dresses and used silk, brocade and fine muslin according to their social status and financial conditions. Children used to remain naked till four to five years age. The peasants and the poorer classes tried their best to cut their dress requirements to the minimum. The love of ornaments was inherent in the human races. The love of jewellery was not confined to the people of any religion, sect or class. Various kinds of ornaments of gold and silver were worn according to their financial and social position. The Hindu women, except widows, were generally loaded with as much jewellery as their husbands could afford. Beside ornaments, the women decorated themselves by various kinds of ‘tawizees’ (amulets).

Biology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize (Zea mays L.)

The biology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) was studied during July-December, 2019 under laboratory conditions at 26 ± 2°C temperature and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. The freshly laid eggs from nucleus culture were taken to study the biology of fall armyworm. After hatching, newly emerged 40 larvae were individually reared on fresh small bits of maize leaves, these leaves were changed daily as food. After the completion of larval period, the pupae were transferred gently into egg laying chambers for the emergence of the adults. In each chamber, pair of male and female adults was released and chambers were provided with 10% honey solution soaked cotton wicks placed separately in small petri plates. The female was observed laying eggs with the average fecundity of 1082 eggs. The incubation, total larval (I to VI instar), pupal, pre oviposition, oviposition and post ovipositon period were recorded to be from 2-3, 13-20, 8-12, 3-4, 2-3 and 4-5 days, respectively. The male and female longevity were 7-10 and 10-12 days, respectively. The total life cycle of male and female was observed to be 32-44 and 35-47 days, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was 1:1.30.

Influence of lithium salts on the combustion characteristics of dimethyl carbonate-based electrolytes using a wick combustion method

Flammability studies of electrolytes are required for screening safer materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Besides the thermal stability, the effects of lithium salts on electrolyte combustion are important as well for fire safety of electrolytes. To clarify the influence of lithium salts on the electrolyte flammability, experimental analyses were conducted using a unique wick combustion system in conjunction with the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) test, called wick-LOC method. The dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-based electrolytes with 1M addition of different lithium salts (LiPF6, LiBF4, and LiTFSI) were studied comparing with pure DMC and trimethyl phosphate (TMP)-added solvents. The three lithium salts gave unique and distinct flame behaviors including flame shapes, colors and the changes of wick surface until self-extinguishing. The wick-LOC results indicated a considerable flame-retardant effect of LiPF6, while other salts have minor effects on the flame extinction. Utilizing the flame spectrum and combustion residue analyses, the roles of salts during combustion were characterized. The PF6 anion played a similar role with the TMP additive in the gas phase flame inhibition. In the cases of LiPF6 and LiBF4, the solid products (LiF) accumulation blocked the fuel supply from the wick to the flame region. In the case of LiTFSI, the serious charring of the cotton wick was considered as a potential hazard on solid combustibles in the real fire scenarios.

A new synthetic lure for management of the invasive giant African snail, Lissachatina fulica.

Synthetic chemical lures mimicking pheromones or food attractants are essential tools in eradication programs for invasive species. However, their uses in programs aiming to control or eradicate terrestrial gastropods are largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to find a synthetic attractant that could aid in the eradication or management of the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica). Field studies in Hawaii showed that a commercial papaya-flavored oil attracted snails. Analysis of the odor profile of the oil identified a total of 22 chemicals, which comprised > 98% of the volatile compounds emitted by the oil. A synthetic blend was reconstructed that mirrored the release rates of the papaya oil odors. In laboratory and field bioassays, the reconstructed blend, applied to cotton wicks as water and canola oil or water and mineral emulsions, attracted more snails than the water and oil emulsion control wicks. Field studies in Hawaii and Florida showed that the reconstructed blend in an oil emulsion was not attractive to non-target species such as butterflies or bees. The snails were attracted from distances > 1 m and entered traps baited with the attractant emulsion. When tested in the South Florida giant African snail eradication program, direct ground application of the reconstructed papaya-flavored oil emulsion increased the number of snails killed by over 87% compared to water emulsion controls. Integrating tactics using the synthetic papaya oil attractant into control measures should increase the effectiveness of eradication and management programs.

Improving the Lifetime Efficiency of Trimedlure-Dispensing System in Trapping the Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Using Polyethylene Matrix.

Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is highly reliant on traps loaded with trimedlure (TML), a male-specific attractant. The successful application of attractants requires that constituents are placed in a suitable dispensing system to reduce volatilization and increase the effective field longevity of the attractant. A series of trials were conducted in different fruit orchards to test 1) the efficiency of a polyethylene-matrix plug in regulating the emission rate of TML 2) and the lifetime attractiveness of the plug compared to the cotton wick dispenser. Cotton dispensers containing the recommended dose of TML (0.75 cm3) and with a double dose (1.5 cm3) remained active for 6 and 8 wk, respectively. The increase in TML dose from 0.75 cm3 to 1.5 cm3 led to an increase in the longevity of the cotton dispenser, but there was no significant difference between the doses in biological activity. In all trials, TML-polyethylene matrix dispensers were more efficient under field conditions as they attracted more males for up to 12 wk and prolonged the release of TML more than the cotton wick dispensers. The TML-loaded polyethylene matrix dispensers might be useful in 1) minimizing the losses of the liquid TML from cotton wicks, 2) avoiding the damage that occurs when using other dispensers, 3) prolonging the TML lifetime in the field through regulating its release rates, 4) potentially minimizing the adverse effect of high temperatures on release rate, and, finally, 5) minimizing the costs of using large amounts of expensive TML solutions.

Effect of water flow in a solar still using novel materials

The effects of novel materials, viz. phase-change material and nanoparticles, and water flowing over a glass cover on the performance of a single-slope single-basin solar still for use in solar thermal applications are presented and discussed. The results obtained with and without PCM and nanoparticles are compared with those for a conventional solar still on summer days. Numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to provide solutions for the temperatures of the flowing water, glass cover, novel materials [i.e., fin with cotton wick (FWCW), fin with jute wick (FWJW), and PCM], and nanoparticle basin liner. The daily production rate of distillate from pure saline water by the solar still was enhanced by using a drip button due to the absorptive capability of FWCW of 70.02%, resulting in daily (24 h) distillate production of 9.429 kg m−2 day−1, while the effect of water flowing over the glass cover was 13.37%, being 25% higher than without PCM and nanoparticles, respectively. The enhanced performance of the solar still was investigated using Fourier analysis with harmonics from 6 to −6, revealing good agreement with the observations, validating the theoretical and experimental analysis of the system.

Microbial Toxins in E-Liquid: A Potential New Vaping-Related Exposure to Explore.

Microbial Toxins in E-Liquid: A Potential New Vaping-Related Exposure to Explore.

Optimum conditions for high distillation partition performance: Comparative studies

This work proposes a new configuration of solar still system and includes three experimental comparative studies on a 17 cm high longitudinal distillation unit with one distillation partition. The study targets to figure out the optimum conditions that maximize the productivity of the distillation partition. Also, the work includes determining the amount of the rejected waste energy from the unit with respect to the input energy for the optimum case obtained in the study. The investigated comparative cases include gravitational effect vs. Capillary effect of brackish water flow in the distillation partition wick, the performance when the unit is insulated vs. uninsulated, and using single wick vs. double wick layer inside the distillation partition. The work was conducted indoor, and electrical power (30 W, 50 W, 70 W, 90 W, and 110 W) was supplied to the unit separately. The results show that the gravitational brackish water flow, insulating the unit with 1″ thickness styrofoam, and using double cotton wick layer are the optimum operating conditions that maximize the productivity of the distillation partition. Under these conditions and when 110 W is supplied inside the distillation unit, the distillation efficiency of the unit is 15.64%, the distillation partition efficiency is 16.48%, and the heat supply efficiency of the unit is 19.61%. Also, the study proves that the distillation efficiency of the unit, the distillation efficiency of the distillation partition, and the efficiency of heat supply of the unit increases with increasing the input power to the unit.

Get on your boots: estimating root biomass and rhizodeposition of peas under field conditions reveals the necessity of field experiments

More sustainable agricultural systems, which contribute to C sequestration and biological N fixation, require accurate quantification of plant C and N inputs into soils. This has to be conducted under field conditions, as there are serious shortcomings to pot-based experiments, which have dominated studies on rhizodeposition estimation in the past. Therefore, amounts of below-ground plant C, N, and especially the rhizodeposition of peas were quantified in the field more accurately, with particular emphasis on their transfer into different soil compartments during vegetation. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants were labelled with multiple pulses of 13C-glucose and 15N urea using the cotton wick method. Plants were harvested at four dates depending on plant development. Representative soil samples were taken at harvest with a special drilling tool, considering the spatial distribution of pea roots. Our results indicate that the quantity of C and N rhizodeposition did not change between flowering and maturity. About one third of the C and N rhizodeposits were present in microbial biomass and extractable C or the inorganic N pool of soil. When comparing this field study to a former pot experiment, a higher root-to-shoot ratio was detected; also the rhizodeposition-to-root ratio was altered in the field, questioning the assumption that results from pot experiments can be transferred to field conditions. Due to a higher below-ground C (BGC) and N (BGN) input compared to pot experiments, studies aiming at quantifying BGC and BGN input will have to be conducted under field conditions.

Experimental investigation of single slope solar still using different wick materials: a comparative study

Solar still play an important role in mitigating potable water scarcity mainly in developing countries because of its low-cost and easy design. One major concern regarding solar still is the low productivity. Using a wick in still basin decreases active water depth and increases the evaporation rate of basin water. In the present work, a comparative study of single slope solar still using different wick materials is performed. Bamboo cotton, jute, wool, and cotton are used as wick materials. To carry out experiments, two single slope solar stills of similar dimensions are designed and constructed. Wick is placed over the rectangular shaped fins installed in the still basin. The experiments are conducted for 25 days and data collected on the clearest sunshine days are presented in this work. Water depth is kept constant at 1 cm throughout the experiments. Experimental results showed that maximum still productivity and efficiency is obtained using bamboo cotton wick as 3.03 l/m2day and 34.5% respectively. This is 16.9%, 20.7%, 37.8% and 51.9% higher than jute, cotton and wool wick and conventional still. It is evident from the experimental results that bamboo cotton is the most suitable wick material in comparison to others.

Low-cost carbonized kelp for highly efficient solar steam generation

Using abundant solar energy to generate steam offers unique solution overcoming the lack of freshwater resources. Despite extensive explorations, low-cost devices with high efficiency are still critically wanting. In this work, the extremely cheap carbonized kelp with good stability, high solar absorption (∼93%), porous microstructure, and hydrophilic surface is found to be efficient for solar steam generation (SSG) and seawater desalination for the first time. A SSG device meeting the requirements of the “most stable triangle” is thus designed. The carbonized kelp is utilized as the solar absorber, with thermal insulation by an expanded polystyrene foam and water supply by a fiber cotton wick via the capillary force. A high solar to steam conversion efficiency of 84.8% and evaporation rate of 1.351 kg·m-2·h-1 are attained under 1 sun irradiation. This work develops a promising and bioinspired device with long-term stability for SSG that can be produced economically (∼3.8 $/m2).

Effect of female sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) age at first mating on fecundity, fertility, longevity and egg laying pattern

Knowledge of the reproductive behaviour of a pest species is beneficial to improving pest control strategies, particularly those based on perturbing reproduction, such as sex pheromone-based mating disruption. Following copulation, mated females of the different ages were individually transferred to separate 34 ml, clear plastic containers, with a 10% sugar solution absorbed onto a cotton wick. A 2 x 2 cm long blue felt cloth, dusted evenly with ca. 1 mg of H. annuus (variety RHA 274) pollen over its entire surface, was added to the container as an oviposition substrate. Mean fecundity, fertility and longevity were all analyzed by ANOVA. Data were checked for normality and homogeneity of variance; if non-normally distributed, data were transformed and checked again (arcsine or log). Age of female H. electellum at time of first mating significantly influenced lifetime fecundity (F=7.93, df = 4, 45, P<0.0001, ANOVA) and fertility (F=9.09, df =4, 45, P<0001). In general, younger females had greater fecundity and fertility than did older females. Thus, females that first mated at 1 day were significantly more fecund and had greater fertility than did females that first mated at 3 days or older.

Riego capilar por mecha en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en sistema combinado de solución hidropónica y suelo, como alternativa en la agricultura urbana de Bolivia

Algunas de las principales ciudades de Bolivia se encuentran ubicadas en zonas semiáridas y áridas, donde se tiene sequías en forma recurrente que provocan racionamiento en la dotación de agua. El presente estudio fue realizado en el centro Experimental de Cota Cota, dependiente de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, ubicado en la ciudad de La Paz a 3400 m.s.n.m. En tal sentido. el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el riego por mecha en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en sistema combinado de suelo y solución hidropónica, durante dos ciclos de cultivo. Para ello se usaron recipientes desechables de plástico de 5 litros de capacidad. En una parte del envase se puso el sustrato (arena o suelo franco) y en la otra la solución hidropónica (FAO, La Molina y la Local) y mecha de algodón. El consumo de agua por transpiración en los sistemas de riego con y sin mecha fue similar, sin embargo, hubo diferencias altamente significativas en el rendimiento y productividad del agua a favor de la solución FAO, principalmente en el segundo ciclo. En este tipo de sistemas de riego se observó una gran reducción del consumo de agua, además no existe gasto de energía adicional, por lo que se constituye en una alternativa para el cultivo de hortalizas de hoja, en pequeñas superficies de terreno.

Monitoring of the Inner Ear Function During and After Cochlear Implant Insertion Using Electrocochleography.

To preserve residual hearing during cochlear implant (CI) surgery, it is desirable to use intraoperative monitoring of inner ear function (cochlear monitoring), especially during electrode insertion. A promising method is electrocochleography (ECochG). Within this project, the relations between ongoing responses (ORs), recorded extra- and intracochlearly (EC and IC), and preservation of residual hearing were investigated. Before, during, and after insertion of hearing preservation electrodes, intraoperative ECochG recordings were performed EC using a cotton wick electrode and after insertion also IC using the CI electrode (MED-EL) and a research software tool. The stimulation was delivered acoustically using low frequency tone bursts. The recordings were conducted in 10 adult CI recipients. The amplitudes of IC ORs were detected to be larger than EC ORs. Intraoperative EC thresholds correlated highly to preoperative audiometric thresholds at 1000 Hz, IC thresholds highly at 250 Hz and 500 Hz. The correlations of both intraoperative ECochG recordings to postoperative pure tone thresholds were low. When measured postoperatively at the same appointments, IC OR thresholds correlated highly to audiometric pure tone thresholds. For all patients, it was possible to record ORs during or directly after electrode insertion. Consequently, we conclude that we did not observe any cases with severe IC trauma. Delayed hearing loss could not be predicted with our method. Nevertheless, intraoperative ECochG recordings are a promising tool to gain further insight into mechanisms impacting residual hearing. Postoperatively recorded IC OR thresholds seem to be a reliable tool for frequency specific hearing threshold estimation.

Characterization of Vibrating Mesh Aerosol Generators

ABSTRACT The fate of inhaled aerosol particles within the respiratory tract is determined by factors such as the particle size distribution, breathing pattern, and airway geometry. Thus, matching the aerosol therapy device to the patient is crucial to achieving a high target site dose and minimizing side effects. High output efficiency and minimal residual volume have been reported for vibrating mesh nebulizers, which generate a high percentage of particles in the respirable fraction. Using custom-made plates, this work aimed to investigate and identify the major operating parameters of these devices and their effects on the characteristics of the aerosol output. Each plate contained between 279 and 4606 tapered apertures that ranged from 3 to 12 µm in diameter and were uniformly sized per plate. To investigate the effect of coagulation during droplet generation, the distance between the apertures was varied from 75 to 450 µm. The resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element was scanned, and the aperture plates were then vibrated at a fixed frequency (100–300 kHz), causing the ejection of liquid droplets. The nebulizers were mainly evaluated using a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. A syringe pump injected the solution into the vibrating mesh plates. The aerosol output was carried, dried, and introduced into the mixing chamber by a dilution air flow of 160 L min–1. An aerosol size spectrometer was employed to measure both the number concentration and the size distribution of the output. The droplet size increased with the aperture diameter. The distance between apertures did not affect the number concentration or the size distribution of the generated droplets. The droplet size decreased as the resonance frequency increased, but the extent was less than we expected. Each mesh possessed an optimal vibration frequency, which varied according to the size and the number of the apertures, for consistently maximizing the aerosol output. The optimal feeding rate increased with the number of apertures and the applied electric current, but the aerosol size distribution remained the same. Additionally, our results using a cotton wick to deliver the solution from the reservoir to the vibrating mesh indicate that fibrous sorbent materials can potentially replace the syringe pump.

Condensation Rate Enhancement of the Inclined Condenser in the Solar Still Connected With a Solar Water Heater

One method to increase the fresh water productivity of the basin type stills is to increase the condensation rate of their condensing surfaces. A basin type still with an aluminum condenser was fabricated and tested in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas Tech University. To increase the condensation rate the outer surface of the condenser was cooled with cooling water at different flow rates with and without woven jute material above it. For the same reason, cotton wick material was installed inside the basin of the still. It was found that the higher the flow rates of the cooling water across the condenser, the greater the condensation rate. Installation of cotton wick material inside the basin of the still and using jute material above the outer side of the condenser also caused an increase in the condensation rate thereby an increase in fresh water productivity of the still. Further, it was found that the maximum fresh water productivity was achieved when both the jute and the wick materials were installed during the experiment and when the condenser was cooled by water at 10 L/hr flow rate.

Energy matrices, exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic analysis of modified multi–wick basin type double slope solar still

The present study is devoted to developing a thermal model of modified multi–wick basin type double slope solar still (MMWBDSSS). Analytical expressions of temperatures of water, wick, walls, and glass covers, distillate yield and instantaneous efficiency have been derived. The experimental validation of thermal model has been carried out and a fair agreement has been detected between theoretical results and experimental observations. On the basis of annual energy and exergy, the energy matrices, namely, the energy payback time (EPBT); life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE); energy production factor (EPF), enviroeconomic and exergoeconomic analysis has also been evaluated for the solar still with jute and black cotton wicks under the climatic conditions of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. The CO2 emission mitigated per annum has been found to be 7.82 and 8.69 tons on energy basis; and 0.155 and 0.198 tons on exergy basis with jute and black cotton wicks at 1 cm water depth, respectively. The exergoeconomic parameter has been found to be 0.0623 kWh/Rs. and 0.0791 kWh/Rs. for the solar still with jute and black cotton wicks at 1 cm water depth, respectively for 4% interest rate and 50 years life span of the system.

Detection of Arbovirus Transmission via Sugar Feeding in a Laboratory Setting

Most species of mosquitoes consume sugar to survive and during sugar feeding can expectorate virus. Scientists have used this behavior to develop novel methods of mosquito control and arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we use sugar feeding and corresponding viral expectoration to develop an affordable method of monitoring individual mosquitoes for longitudinal data collection. Female Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) that consumed an infectious bloodmeal of West Nile virus were placed into separate containers and offered a sucrose-soaked cotton wick. Wicks were then collected daily and tested for virus with similar results to those from standard capillary tube method. This yielded a direct longitudinal estimate of the extrinsic incubation period, while using fewer mosquitoes. This approach could be used to further characterize variation in the amount and diversity of expectorated virus over the life span of individual mosquitoes.

A Novel Composite as a Dispenser for Methyl Eugunol to Attract the Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) Males under Field Conditions

Peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered one of the most economic important insect pest for several kinds of fruit species. Present work seeks to explore for the preparation of a novel composite based on petroleum coke with polyethylene, oleic acid and natural rubber as a dispenser for methyl eugunol. This target aims to get efficient dispenser composite to attract PFF males under field conditions in comparison with standard liquid lure dispenser (cotton wick). In addition to favorably regulate the release rate of methyl eugenol (ME) to extend its effectiveness and stability for PFF attraction in comparison with standard lure dispenser (cotton wick) by using Jackson traps under field conditions. The obtained results showed that Composite prolonged the length of effective field ME duration to 18 weeks or longer; while, the length of effective field duration of cotton wick dispenser was 8 weeks only. The ability of cotton wick dispenser to attract PFF males was higher than that of Composite during the first six weeks (with no significant differences between the two dispensers in some of these weeks). On contrary, from the 7th week till the end of the experiments, Composite dispenser showed significantly higher ability to attract PFF males. Efficacy from Composite dispenser did not significantly affected by the time passed after hanging traps; while, ME released from cotton wick dispenser decreased significantly by the time passed. On another hand, the efficacy of Composite dispenser did not significantly affected by air temperature degrees; while, the efficacy of cotton wick dispenser was significantly affected by air temperature degrees. Therefore, it could be concluded that the prepared composite may efficiently replace the cotton wick and could be applied at large scale in integrated pest management programs for PFF.