Cotton Belt Research Articles

Registration of Two Upland Cotton Germplasm Lines Possessing Superior Fiber Quality Traits

The upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines PX06520‐42‐2‐1 (Reg. No. GP‐1005, PI 677343) and PX06520‐42‐2‐3 (Reg. No. GP‐1006, PI 677344) were jointly released by the USDA‐ARS and Cotton Incorporated in 2016. The lines were released to provide broadly adapted, high fiber quality resources for facilitating fiber improvement efforts across the US Cotton Belt. PX06520‐42‐2‐1 and PX06520‐42‐2‐3 originated from the cross SG747/NM49//AGC85/4364‐43, followed by individual plant selection in the F2, F3, and F4 generations. The two best progeny lines, determined from replicated tests conducted at College Station, TX, and Florence, SC, in 2011 and 2012, were entered into the Regional Breeders Testing Network tests across the US upland Cotton Belt in 2013 and 2014. In 2013, both PX06520‐42‐2‐1 and PX06520‐42‐2‐3 were superior to the check cultivars ‘DP 393’, ‘FM 958’, and ‘SG 105’ for fiber length, fiber length uniformity, fiber strength, and short fiber content. In 2014, PX06520‐42‐2‐1 produced a fiber length, fiber length uniformity, and fiber strength that were superior to the five check cultivars DP 393, FM 958, SG 105, ‘UA 222’, and ‘DP 491’. Fiber yield of PX06520‐42‐2‐1 did not differ significantly from any of the five check cultivars used in 2014. The two lines are excellent sources of fiber quality, with acceptable yield potentials that appear to be stable across production environments.

Registration of ‘Acala 1517‐16 B2RF’, a New Acala Cotton Cultivar with Insect and Herbicide Resistance

Insect pests and weeds cause significant yield losses in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. The New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of an insect‐resistant and glyphosate herbicide‐tolerant Acala cotton cultivar, ‘Acala 1517‐16 B2RF’ (Reg. No. CV‐133, PI 678370), possessing Bollguard II (BGII or B2) and Roundup‐Ready Flex (RF) traits. Cotton with the B2 trait has an excellent season‐long in‐plant protection against pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)], tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens F.), American bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)], and glyphosate and an improved resistance to beet armyworm [Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)], soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens Walker), and bollworm (H. zea Boddie). The new cultivar was selected as a progeny row derived from a backcross BC3F3 between a Monsanto B2RF donor and NM 970123 as the recurrent parent. Acala 1517‐16 B2RF was tested in 11 replicated field trials in New Mexico from 2007 to 2009, one field test in the High Plains of Texas, and nine locations outside of the Southwest region in 2009. Acala 1517‐16 B2RF had similar lint yield to ‘Acala 1517‐99W’ containing two Bt genes and two conventional cultivars ‘Acala 1517‐08’ and ‘PHY 72 Acala’. The most improved trait was its greater boll weight. In general, Acala 1517‐16 B2RF had similar fiber quality to the three checks in most of the tests, but its fibers were coarser than Acala 1517‐99W and finer than Acala 1517‐08 and PHY 72 Acala. This insect‐resistant and glyphosate‐tolerant Acala cotton cultivar is best adapted to the U.S. Southwest arid region of the Cotton Belt, where conventional Acala 1517 cultivars are grown.

EVALUATION OF TRANSPLANTING BT COTTON IN A COTTON–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM

SUMMARYCotton–wheat is an important cropping system in South Asia. Introduction of BT cotton has caused the time conflict between sowing of BT cotton and wheat harvest in this cropping system. Wheat is harvested in late April but the best planting time of BT cotton is mid-March, which indicates a time conflict of 30–45 days between two crops in the region. However, this conflict can be managed by raising the cotton nursery and transplanting 30–45 days old seedlings in the field after wheat harvest. This two years field study was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of transplanting BT cotton in BT cotton–wheat cropping system at two locations (Multan, Vehari) in the cotton belt of Punjab, Pakistan. The BT cotton–wheat cropping systems included in the study were; flat sown wheat (FSW) – zero-tilled cotton (ZTC), FSW – conventional-tilled cotton (CTC), ridge sown wheat (RSW) – ridge-transplanted cotton (RTC) (30 days old seedlings), RSW – RTC (45 days old seedlings), bed sown wheat (BSW) – bed-transplanted cotton (BTC) (30 days old seedlings) and BSW – BTC (45 days old seedlings). BSW produced more grain yield than RSW and FSW during both years at both locations. Likewise, BTC (45 days old seedlings) had higher production at both sites during both years. The overall productivity of BT cotton–wheat, in terms of net income, benefit: cost ratio and marginal rate of returns, was the maximum from transplanting 45 days old cotton seedlings on beds after BSW during both years at both sites. Sowing cotton as ZTC following FSW was the least productive cropping system. In conclusion, transplanting 45 days seedlings of BT cotton on beds during late April after harvest of BSW wheat may be opted to manage the time conflict and improve the productivity of BT cotton–wheat cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan.

Dynamiques Sociales Et Gestion Fonciere En Zone Cotonniere Du Mali

In Mali the management of rural area in the cotton belt has become more complex. It presents social, economic, ecological and cultural issues. Indeed, the increasing numbers of actors due to migration and population growth, as well as the emergence of new agricultural systems have created new dynamics in terms of companies and natural resources management. This work aimed at analysing the functioning of territories and actors through their social organisation and resource management strategies in the villages of Nafègué, Benguéné and Ziguéna. The methodology used was based on direct observation and qualitative surveys with several categories of actors identified using a diagnostic tools. The results show that the management of associations and cooperatives is identical in all the three villages. They are in principle independent from each other and have a freedom of action. However, there are mutual aid relations between the different associations. At village scale, land management follows similar principles. The land is under the responsibility of the village head, but there are often land owners. Nowadays, because of land pressure resulting from population growth and agricultural activities, land issue has become one of the biggest concern land access rules more complex. These facts require new collective processes for natural resource management.

Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: A case of Punjab province, Pakistan

Cotton farmers have to deal with various kind of environmental and production risks. Risk attitude and perceptions play an important role in shaping farmers' decision regarding farm operations and management of exposed risks. Research on various aspects of managing risks in developing countries is few. Hence, keeping in view the research gap, this study aims to investigate the farmers' attitude and perceptions of various kinds of risks to which cotton crop is exposed in Pakistan. This study is based on a farm household survey of 480 farmers in six cotton belt districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. Equally Likely Certainty Equivalent (ELCE) and risk matrix methods are used to determine risk attitude and risk perceptions respectively. In addition, factor affecting farmers' attitude and perceptions are also analyzed by using probit model. The findings of the study revealed that that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and reported flood, excessive rainfall, increased incidents of crop diseases and higher input prices as major risks exposed to their cotton crop. Furthermore, study found that age, education, location, off-farm income and access to market information are the factors which significantly (either positively or negatively) affect the farmers' risk perceptions and attitude. Study provides useful firsthand information to researchers and policy makers about the local understanding of risks to cotton crop in a developing country which could be used for research on farmers’ adaptation to exposed risks.

Clearing the Thickets: A History of Antebellum Alabama by Herbert James Lewis, and: Lost Capitals of Alabama by Herbert Jim Lewis

Reviewed by: Clearing the Thickets: A History of Antebellum Alabama by Herbert James Lewis, and: Lost Capitals of Alabama by Herbert Jim Lewis Mike Bunn Clearing the Thickets: A History of Antebellum Alabama. By Herbert James Lewis. New Orleans: Quid Pro Quo Books, 2013. 342pp. $29.95. ISBN 978-1-6102-7165-3 Lost Capitals of Alabama. By Herbert Jim Lewis. Charleston: The History Press, 2014. 158pp. $19.99. ISBN 978-1-6261-9442-7. Though Alabama is a state with a spectacularly rich antebellum past, occupying an especially prominent role in the history and development of the pre-Civil War South, there are surprisingly few books that chronicle the broad contours of its founding era. The heart of the southwestern frontier during its territorial years, it became the battleground on which the watershed Creek War roiled and some of the most frenzied immigration and speculation of a rapidly growing young nation occurred. Alabama lay at the very center of the development of the Deep South’s “cotton belt” between its founding and the outbreak of the Civil War, as well as the economic, political, and cultural developments that accompanied its rise. When the state and its neighbors seceded from the Union in 1861, recognition of Alabama’s figurative and logistical centrality to the South and all it represented was evidenced by the placement of the first Confederate capital in Montgomery. Alabama, in other words, transitioned from a frontier borderland into the thriving heart of Dixie within a generation, and that story remains one of the most profound and important in its storied past. Herbert James Lewis’s two recent books, Clearing the Thickets: A History of Antebellum Alabama and Lost Capitals of Alabama are therefore welcome additions to the historiography of the state owing to their attempt to provide new narrative histories of the major issues in Alabama’s founding era. While we are fortunate that in the past few decades there has been a relative outpouring of scholarship focusing on several distinct [End Page 251] chapters of Alabama’s rich antebellum story which had long been in need of attention, books with the topical and chronological range of Thickets and Lost Capitals have been scarce indeed. Researchers have until lately had little option but to still consult a few bedrock studies published as long ago as the 1920s, such as Thomas Abernathy’s The Formative Period in Alabama (Montgomery, 1922), or even earlier, such as Albert J. Pickett’s iconic but hopelessly outdated History of Alabama (Montgomery, 1900), as starting points for a general understanding of Alabama’s critical first few decades. Though there have been serious state histories published of late which address much of the antebellum story, none better than Alabama: History of a Deep South State (Tuscaloosa, 1994), a focused look at the antebellum era incorporating some of the latest scholarship on the period has been sorely missing from Alabama’s historiographical record. Enter Clearing the Thickets and Lost Capitals, both destined to become standard reference sources in libraries public and private across the state. There are several things to recommend both as valuable to those interested in Alabama’s antebellum past. Thickets, coming in at over 300 pages and by far the more substantial of the two volumes, provides a general outline of virtually all the major issues surrounding the early development of the State of Alabama. Lewis actually begins his narrative centuries before the territorial period, chronicling in overview fashion the European colonization of the region and the world of its original inhabitants before tracing off the history of the state in nine chapters covering the period between 1798 (the formation of the Mississippi Territory) and 1861 (the outbreak of the Civil War). Included are chapters focusing on the formation of government institutions and the imposition of law in the territorial era, a swift-moving but detailed account of the pivotal Creek War, a thorough look at the political maneuvering leading up to Alabama’s establishment as an independent territory and its headlong rush towards statehood, and the growth of a spirit of southern nationalism among Alabama’s leadership which ultimately manifested itself in a departure from the Union. Along the way Lewis...

The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth by Joseph M. Beilein Jr., Matthew C. Hulbert

Reviewed by: The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth by Joseph M. Beilein Jr., Matthew C. Hulbert Scott Thompson The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth. By Joseph M. Beilein Jr. and Matthew C. Hulbert. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Pp. vii, 245.) The contributors to The Civil War Guerrilla, edited by Joseph M. Beilein Jr. and Matthew C. Hulbert, shed new light on irregular warfare during the Civil War and its place in American memory. The editors symbolize their approach to irregular warfare with the black flag. According to contemporary writings, irregulars raised it to signal a fight to the death. However, no such flags can be found in any archive. The volume’s essays “unfold the black flag,” tracing “both guerrillas and our perceptions of them from history to memory to myth” (11). Contributors refute the long-standing popular and scholarly view of the guerrilla as a merciless, apolitical villain. They engage Michael Fellman’s view of irregulars as participants in a sociopathic war. The volume also builds on Daniel Sutherland’s work demonstrating that local insurgencies shaped the outcome of the national Civil War. The volume ultimately seeks to explore and reassess the Civil War irregular’s place in American culture and history. Writing at a time of major growth in the irregular warfare subfield, this volume’s essays make an important contribution to Civil War studies. They do so by expanding the profile of the Civil War irregular soldier and by writing a new chapter in the story of how Americans have remembered the Civil War. Moreover, they succeed in disproving mythical stereotypes of irregular warfare and introducing new ways of researching this type of combat. The first set of essays examines the nature and participants of Civil War irregular warfare. Christopher Phillips highlights the ideological nature of irregular warfare in the western border states. Contesting the belief that irregulars were nihilists with personalized motives, Phillips cites official reports revealing that irregular activity erupted in response to the Unionist’s effort at emancipation. Andrew William Fialka uses GIS mapping technology to show that rather than being unpredictable and chaotic, Missouri’s irregular war had a larger order. His findings include that irregulars targeted Union soldiers more often than civilians and cooperated with the regular Confederate Army. In a comparative piece that expands the geographic boundaries of irregular warfare studies, David Brown and Patrick Doyle explore how the more commercial and politically divided North Carolina Piedmont underwent an acute irregular conflict, but the South Carolina Piedmont, located in the pro-Confederate cotton belt, never witnessed a large degree of guerrilla violence. Incorporating new racial groups into the story of Civil War irregular warfare, Megan Kate Nelson explores how Native Americans preserved a centuries-long guerilla tradition and conducted ambushes that [End Page 88] doomed Henry Sibley’s campaign to implement the Confederate dream of a western slave empire. Memory studies populate the second half of the volume. Hulbert’s piece on guerrilla memory reveals that the memoir of Thomas M. Goodman formed a part of the Civil War “memory industry.” Goodman portrayed “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrillas as inhuman and sadistic to counter the border West’s “irregular Lost Cause” and to ensure that the sacrifices of Union soldiers fighting in the Kansas-Missouri irregular war would be remembered. John C. Inscoe discusses how the American public started to understand irregular warfare through literary fiction and theatrical productions about Appalachia in the 1860s. Unionist and pro-Confederate writers and playwrights venerated their favored side’s irregulars and demonized those of the enemy. In his essay, Rod Andrew Jr. examines the interaction between myth and fact in the story of Manse Jolly, a postbellum outlaw hero who resisted what white Southerners termed “Yankee tyranny” and “negro rule.” Beilein’s work “explores ... the process by which Confederate guerrillas ... have been wrapped in myth and hyperbole” (10). After hiding his intentions from former Confederate guerrilla William Gregg, who agreed to help conduct his research, amateur historian William Connelley selectively cited Gregg’s memoir to paint William Quantrill’s Confederate irregulars as blood-thirsty monsters motivated by self...

Effect of cropping system on cotton biomass accumulation and yield formation in double–cropped wheat–cotton

Wheat–cotton double cropping practices on a large scale in cotton belt of the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley in China. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of wheat–cotton double cropping on cotton biomass accumulation and yield formation during 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing seasons. Two cotton cultivars, Siza 3 (mid–late maturity) and CCRI 50 (early maturity), were used in three cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC) and wheat/direct–seeded cotton (W/DC). Lint yield in double cropping systems were significantly lower than that in monoculture. Compared with MC for Siza 3, lint yield in W/IC and W/DC were decreased by 10.9 and 41.8%, respectively and 9.9 and 35.9% for CCRI 50, respectively. These reductions were largely ascribed to the fewer cotton bolls per unit area. Growth analysis showed that IC showed a pronounced delay in early development due to the initial shading from wheat on cotton seedlings and owing to delayed sowing, DC was easily affected by lower temperature during flowering and boll formation stage. And that consequently was delaying reproductive development, affecting cotton biomass accumulation and distribution and finally limiting crop productivity. Further, the diminished source capacity coupled with inadequate biomass production was the main determinant factor to limit lint yield in W/IC, while the reduced sink capacity with less partition to reproductive organs was the primary factor limiting lint yield in W/DC. Comparing to mid–late maturity of Siza 3, early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had a yield advantage in double cropping sequential system, since its shorter growing period.

Registration of Cotton Germplasm Line, MD 10‐5

MD 10‐5 (Reg. No. GP‐999, PI 675077) is a noncommercial breeding line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) released by the USDA‐ARS at Stoneville, MS, in 2015. MD 10‐5 was selected in F5 progenies from a cross between MD 15 (PI 642769) and JJ 1145ne. MD 10‐5 has a desirable combination between lint yield and fiber properties, especially fiber strength. It produces lint yield higher than or comparable to the high‐yielding commercial cultivars and possesses fiber strength higher than or close to noncommercial germplasm lines known for high fiber quality. Other fiber properties including fiber length, elongation, uniformity, micronaire, and yarn tenacity were generally comparable to the high fiber quality checks. MD 10‐5 was mainly selected and evaluated in the mid‐south United States, but it was also evaluated across 14 locations in the US Cotton Belt. It displays a broad adaptation to different environments in the US cotton production regions. MD 10‐5 provides opportunities for cotton breeders to improve both lint yield and fiber quality in upland cotton.

Mote Trash System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for mote trash systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured of PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from two gins (6 total test runs) were 0.00031 kg/227-kg bale (0.00068 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0023 kg/bale (0.0051 lb/bale), and 0.0042 kg/bale (0.0093 lb/bale), respectively. The mote trash system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 23.9 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.75%, PM6 to total particulate was 13.3%, and PM10 to total particulate was 24.2%.

First Stage Mote System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 included combined mote cleaner PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) and total particulate emission factors and not individual mote system emission factors. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 1st stage mote systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from five gins (14 total test runs) were 0.00063 kg/227-kg bale (0.0014 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0054 kg/bale (0.012 lb/bale), and 0.0091 kg/bale (0.020 lb/bale), respectively. The 1st stage mote system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 16.4 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.49%, PM6 to total was 21.6%, and PM10 to total was 36.0%.

Battery Condenser System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for battery condenser systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from six gins (17 total test runs) were 0.00036 kg/227-kg bale (0.00078 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0042 kg/bale (0.0093 lb/bale), and 0.0078 kg/bale (0.017 lb/bale), respectively. The battery condenser system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 24.5 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.11%, PM6 to total particulate was 13.2%, and PM10 to total particulate was 24.3%.

Third Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from two gins (5 total test runs) were 0.00090 kg/227-kg bale (0.0020 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0075 kg/bale (0.017 lb/bale), and 0.012 kg/bale (0.027 lb/bale), respectively. The 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 9.6 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 3.84%, PM6 to total particulate was 32.2%, and PM10 to total particulate was 51.5%.

Second Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from five gins (14 total test runs) were 0.0014 kg/227-kg bale (0.0031 lb/500-lb bale), 0.015 kg/bale (0.032 lb/bale), and 0.025 kg/bale (0.056 lb/bale), respectively. The 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 12.2 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.42%, PM6 to total particulate was 25.1%, and PM10 to total particulate was 43.2%.

Second Stage Mote System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, EPA AP-42 included combined 1st and 2nd stage mote system PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) and total particulate emission factors and not individual mote system emission factors. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 2nd stage mote systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from five gins (15 total test runs) were 0.00030 kg/227-kg bale (0.00067 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0024 kg/bale (0.0054 lb/bale), and 0.0039 kg/bale (0.0087 lb/bale), respectively. The 2nd stage mote system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 16.1 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.87%, PM6 to total particulate was 23.0%, and PM10 to total particulate was 23.0%.

Unloading System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely limited. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for unloading systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (nine total test runs) were 0.0059 kg/227-kg bale (0.013 lb/500-lb bale), 0.053 kg/bale (0.117 lb/bale), and 0.084 kg/bale (0.185 lb/bale), respectively. The unloading system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 7.5 µm aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 4.39%, PM6 to total particulate was 39.5%, and PM10 to total particulate was 62.3%.

Combined Mote System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for combined mote systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from two gins (six total test runs) were 0.0026 kg/227-kg bale (0.0056 lb/500-lb bale), 0.030 kg/bale (0.065 lb/bale), and 0.052 kg/bale (0.115 lb/bale), respectively. The combined mote system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 15.8 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.75%, PM6 to total particulate was 20.4%, and PM10 to total particulate was 35.7%.

Overflow System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for overflow systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (9 total test runs) were 0.00048 kg/227-kg bale (0.0011 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0049 kg/bale (0.011 lb/bale), and 0.0089 kg/bale (0.020 lb/bale), respectively. The overflow system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 18.7 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.67%, PM6 to total particulate was 17.0%, and PM10 to total particulate was 31.0%.

First Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable, being extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from seven gins (18 total test runs) were 0.0045 kg/227-kg bale (0.010 lb/500-lb bale), 0.042 kg/bale (0.092 lb/bale), and 0.072 kg/bale (0.159 lb/bale), respectively. The 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 10.7 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.99%, PM6 to total particulate was 27.5%, and PM10 to total particulate was 47.5%.

Mote Cyclone Robber System Particulate Emission Factors for Cotton Gins: Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2006 and again in 2013, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors were limited. In addition, current EPA AP-42 did not include PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) and total particulate emission factors for mote cyclone robber systems. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for mote cyclone robber systems from cotton gins across the cotton belt based on particle size distribution analysis of total particulate samples from EPA-approved stack sampling methods. Average measured PM2.5, PM6, and PM10 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (9 total test runs) were 0.0011 kg/227-kg bale (0.0024 lb/500-lb bale), 0.0085 kg/bale (0.019 lb/bale), and 0.015 kg/bale (0.032 lb/bale), respectively. The mote cyclone robber system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 21.2 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter). Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 2.20%, PM6 to total particulate was 16.9%, and PM10 to total particulate was 29.0%.