Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Research Articles

Down-regulation of NF-κB signalling by methanolic extract of Viola odorata (L.) attenuated in vivo inflammatory and angiogenic responses.

Intractable inflammation plays a key role in the progression of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Oedema and angiogenesis are the hall marks of chronic inflammation. The current study was aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects of the methanolic extract of Viola odorata (Vo.Me)on inflammation induced oedema and angiogenesis, and to identify the active principles and explore the molecular mechanisms thereof. Various models of inflammation were utilized in rats, including carrageenan- and histamine-induced acute oedema, as well as chronic models of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Anti-angiogenic activity was evaluated by CAM assay followed by quantification of phytoconstituents through HPLC.Effect ofVo.Me treatment on the expression of various mediators (PGE-2 andNO) and genes (IL-1β, TNF-α,NF-κB, and COX-2) were explored byqPCR and ELISA assays.HPLCanalysis showed the presence of quercetin, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, benzoic acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, synergic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, and cinnamic acid in Vo.Me. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of rats' paw oedema was observed in the Vo.Me administered groups (p < 0.05)in both acute and chronic inflammatory models. Moreover, at a dosage of 500mg/kg, Vo.Me exhibited a comparable anti-inflammatory effect to indomethacin (p > 0.05). Additionally, Vo.Me demonstrated a remarkable anti-granulomatous activity. Histopathological findings demonstrated amelioration of inflammation in animal paws which were treated with Vo.Meand indomethacin. CAM assay also displayed significant inhibitory effect of Vo.Me on the blood vasculature growth. Vo.Me treatment also causedrelatively less gastric irritation and hepatic damage as compared toindomethacin.At amolecular level, thedown-regulation of NF-κB signalling leading tothedecreased activation of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2) and their downstream molecules including prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) and nitric oxide (NO), is suggested to be responsible for these diverse anti-inflammatory effects. These findings confirmed the promising anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of Vo.Me, which warrant bench-to-bedside translational studies to assess its safety and suitability for clinical usage.

Improved Anti-nociceptive, Anti-pyretic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Orally Administered Liposome-encapsulated Piroxicam

Piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown with low oral bioavailability and delayed onset of its therapeutic effects. In this work, a promising nano/liposomal drug delivery system was exploited to improve the in vivo therapeutic efficacies of piroxicam. The current liposome-encapsulated piroxicam formulation effectively boosted and prolonged peripherally mediated anti-nociceptive activities in tests for abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid (inhibition of pain 70.19% was in mice treated with 30 mg/kg liposome-encapsulated piroxicam), paw licking induced by formalin (81.36% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam), and hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan (55.8% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam). Even lower dose of liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam was also significantly inhibit Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia. Carrageenan-induced paw-edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test revealed that liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam had significantly more potent acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects than piroxicam, even if lower drug dosages were used to treat animals. A better modulation in the generation of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10) at 18.02% (TNFa), 23.97% (IL-1β) and 10.27% (IL-10) inhibition when compared to 30mg/kg free piroxicam group respectively. was ascribed to the higher in vivo therapeutic actions. Present nano-encapsulated piroxicam also significantly enhanced the inhibition of cyclooxgenase-2 (total percentage inhibition was increased by 18.25% and 19.22% at drug dosage of 3 and 30 mg/kg, respectively), but not cyclooxgenase-1 enzyme. In conclusion, present study showed that liposomal drug formulation was able to improve the in vivo therapeutic effects of orally administered piroxicam.

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Fruit and Flower Extracts.

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra, SN) or black elder is a traditional medicinal plant widely used worldwide for therapeutic and dietary purposes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of black elder fruit and flower extracts (SNFrE and SNFlE, respectively). The primary polyphenol constituents in the flower extract were flavonoids and phenolic acids, while anthocyanins were the main components in the fruit extract. SNFrE revealed pronounced and dose-dependent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessed by the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. Doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg BW of SNFrE reduced the weight of induced granuloma in rats by 20.3%, 20.5%, and 28.4%, respectively. At the highest dose (50 mg/kg BW), SNFrE had significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac, the reference compound used (10 mg/kg BW). In addition, the in vivo antinociceptive activity of the extracts in mice was estimated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test. Both extracts at doses of 50 mg/kg BW inhibited the abdominal contractions induced by the acetic acid significantly comparing to the control group (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that black elder extracts and particularly SNFrE possess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, providing experimental evidence for the use of S. nigra in traditional medicine.

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of zingiber officinale rhizomes on Wistar rats

Background: Zingiber officinale is a spice consumed in Chad and traditionally used against osteoarthritis, migraine and rheumatic pain, but few pharmacological studies of this plant have been carried out. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Z. officinale rhizomes essential oil (EO). Methods: A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes; the anti-inflammatory activity of the given plant extract was then assessed at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5% on three experimental models: egg yolk-induced oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and formalin. In addition, the essential oil was tested for its in vitro antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-Diphényl-2-picryl-hydrazyle Free Radical Scavenging Test, acide 2,2'-azino-bis 3éthylbenz- thiazoline-6-sulfonique Radical Test and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power Test. The study was extended to the acute toxicity of the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale using the sequential method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the EO of Z. officinale rhizome revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, terpenoids and free quinones. In the egg yolk-induced edema model, the EO of Z .officinale rhizomes significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.01) oedema by 25.28%, 31.12% and 68.27% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to controls. In the formalin-induced paw edema model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes inhibited oedema by 24.27%, 30.14% and 43.14% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to the controls. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes induced an anti-granulomatous effect of 32.68%, 38.27% and 41.51% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, as compared to controls. Additionally, the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale also induced in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and iron reduction. Definitely, the LD50 of the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes was estimated as more than 2000 mg/kg b.w. Conclusion: The EO of Z. officinale rhizomes exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. This effect can be explained, at least partly to its chemical content and its antioxidant potential.

Pharmacological evaluation of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound for anti-inflammatory activity in rats

Background: Thiophene, also known as thiofuran, is a heterocyclic molecule represented by the chemical formula C4H4S. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound in Wistar rats by acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. Materials and Methods: This study consists of two stages: An acute inflammation study using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, which involves four groups of rats, and a chronic inflammation study using cotton pellet-induced granuloma, which involves three groups of rats. Mean paw edema volume and percentage of inhibition were measured in acute stage. The mean weight of the pellets in each group was determined during the chronic stage. Results: There was increase in the mean paw volume at 3 h and a slow decrease at 6 h and 24 h in control group to thiophene derivative-20 mg/kg/p.o from 0 h to 24 h. The mean difference from control and at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h showed that mean difference was slowly decreased and it was statistically significant. The mean dry granuloma weight in control group, i.e., 10% tween 80 treated group was 146.6 ± 4.38. The mean dry granuloma weight in standard group, i.e., indomethacin 3 mg/kg treated group was 87.7 ± 3.41. The mean dry granuloma weight in substituted thiophene 10 mg/kg group was 101.91 ± 3.76. Conclusions: The newly synthesized substituted (fused) thiophene compound demonstrated inhibition of inflammation in both acute inflammation induced by carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic inflammation induced by cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those of the standard drug indomethacin, with a dosage of 10 mg/kg in the acute model and 3 mg/kg in the chronic inflammation model. This concludes that the test compound has anti-inflammatory activity.

Anti-Inflammatory Property of Costus afer Ker Gawl Ethanol Leaf Extract in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats

Costus afer Ker Gawl is an indigenous plant, commonly called a ginger lily, spiral ginger, or bush cane, it has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory activity of C.afer leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Protein denaturation and erythrocyte stabilization assays were used to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition was used to evaluate in vitro anti-diabetic activity. 60 male Wistar rats were used for the two inflammatory models: the 30 rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n=5) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models respectively: Group I: normal, group II: control(untreated), group III: 10mg/kg b.w diclofenac sodium (standard), group IV, V and VI were given 50, 100, 250 mg/kg b.w Costus afer ethanol leaf extract (CAELE) in each of the two models. The study showed that in protein denaturation assay, CAELE and Diclofenac had 56.69% and 80.82% respectively at the highest concentration, erythrocyte stabilization had 80.40% CAELE and 94.88% Diclofenac sodium at the highest dose in a dose-dependent manner. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase showed an increase in percentage inhibition activity at 65.44% and 43.72% respectively against acarbose (standard) at 56.01%. However, in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, the concentration exhibited high percentage inhibition (77.82%) comparable to the standard drug at 91.28%, and reduction in paw thickness was also observed in the carrageenan model in a dose-dependent manner respectively. This study showed that CAELE at different concentrations showed anti-inflammatory activity in diabetic conditions.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Solanum pubescens fruit extract

Introduction and Aim: Solanum pubescens is one of the very well-known traditional medicinal plants it has been widely used in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of S. pubescens fruit. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activities of S. pubescens fruit extracts at different concentrations (100-200 mg/kg) were carried out using carrageenan-induced and cotton implant-induced granuloma methods. Results: The results of the carrageenan-induced paw edema study reveals the highest activity of fruit upper ethanolic (FUEE) extract at 200 mg/kg, with 64.84% followed by water (FEW), and fruit lower ethanolic extracts (FLEE). The protein and IL-6 evaluation in this experiment showed very promising results. Whereas the cellular toxicity was evaluated in terms of LPO, MPO and nitric oxide analysis which in turn showed harmless nature of extracts. Furthermore, assessment of proliferative phase of inflammation was done in rats using a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, where FUEE at 100 mg/kg showed 32.5±2.73 mg, 200 mg/kg 25.3±2.36 mg of dry weight of granuloma, compared to the standard indomethacin activity 1.4±3.45 mg. Moreover, the hematological parameters of treated animals reveals that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of FUEE 4.88± 0.18 mm/hr at 200 mg/kg was the least and almost equal to the standard. Conclusion: It can be said that S. pubescens is no doubt a very good source of phytomedicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, with most of the valuable phytoconstituents concerned with the anti-inflammation assembled in the fruit upper ethanolic extracts as this extract showed excellent activity in both the carrageenan and cotton pellet models.

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of eucalyptol rich Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen.

Inflammation is the core contributor in the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic illness including appendicitis, bronchitis, arthritis, cancer and neurological diseases. NSAIDs, commonly used medications for inflammatory diseases, on prolonged use cause GI bleeding, ulcers and many more issues. Plant-based therapeutic agents including essential oils in combination with low-dose synthetic drugs have been shown to produce synergistic effects and reduce complications of synthetic drugs. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen. GC-MS analysis was performed to screen chemical composition of oil. In vitro anti-inflammatory assay (membrane stabilization assay) and in vivo inflammatory acute(carrageenan and histamine-induced paw oedema)and chronic (cotton pellet-induced granuloma and Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis)modelswere performed to check anti-inflammatoryproperties. Acetic acid-induced algesia and yeast-induced pyrexia models were performed to check analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of treatments on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. GC-MS analysis of E. globulus essential oil showed the presence of eucalyptol along with other active biomolecules. 500 + 10mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better in vitro membrane stabilization effects as compared with groups treated with 500mg/kg of E. globulus oil and10mg/kg of Flurbiprofenalone. 500 + 10mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects as compared to 500mg/kg of E. globulus oil alone in all in vivo models. When comparison wasdone between 500 + 10mg/kg of oil-drug combination-treated and 10mg/kg Flurbiprofen-treated group, the former group showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects, but there were non-significant differences in the analgesic model. Animal grouptreated with10mg/kg of Flurbiprofen showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects than group treated with500mg/kg of oil alone while, there were non-significant differences in anti-pyretic effects. qRT-PCR analysis showed significant (p < 0.05)down-regulation in the expressionof IL-4 and TNF-α in serum samples of animals treated with 500 + 10mg/kg of oil-drug combination as compared to thediseased control (arthritic)group. Overall, the current research demonstrates that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in combination with flurbiprofen showed better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects than oil and flurbiprofen alone which is attributed to the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-4 and TNF-α). Further studies are required to formulate a stable dosage form and to check the anti-inflammatory efficacy in different inflammatory disorders.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gum Resin Extract of Boswellia Serrata

The present investigations of gum resin extract of Boswellia Serrata were studied against experimentally anti-inflammatory activity studies. The work demonstrates that ethanolic gum resin extract and aqueous gum resin extract of Boswellia Serrata has anti-inflammation activity in mice and rat by carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. From the above observations we can conclude that ethanolic extracts and aqueous fum resin extract of Boswellia Serrata anti-inflammatory activity at both the dose level which is comparable with the standard. The ethanolic gum resin extract of Boswellia Serrata (200mg/kg), markedly increased the percentage of average mean increased in paw volume and weight in cotton pellet by the animals. The anti-inflammatory effect of both the doses (150-200 mg/kg in mice and 200-250 mg/kg in rat) showed significant activity and being that (200 mg/kg) showed higher activity. The inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract and aqueous gum resin extract of Boswellia Serrata may be attributed to any of or combination of chemicals present in the extract. Further studies are required to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for the observed inflammatory effect of ethanol extract and aqueous extract. It is suggested and assumed that a further exploration of the present research work is needed to come up with an active anti-inflammatory.

Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Flowers of Cassia fistula Linn. in Mice and Rat

The investigations of Cassia fistula flowers extracts were studied against experimentally anti-inflammatory activity studies and work demonstrates that ethanolic extract and aqueous extract of flowers of Cassia fistula has anti-inflammation activity in mice and rat by carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. From the above observations we can conclude that ethanolic extracts and aqueous extracts flowers of Cassia fistula anti-inflammatory activity at both the dose level which is comparable with the standard. The ethanol extract of Cassia fistula (200mg/kg), markedly increased the percentage of average mean increased in paw volume and weight in cotton pellet by the animals. The anti-inflammatory effect of both the doses (150-200 mg/kg in mice and 200-250 mg/kg in rat) showed significant activity and being that (200 mg/kg) showed higher activity. The inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract and aqueous extract of Cassia Fistula may be attributed to any of or combination of chemicals present in the extract. Further studies are required to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for the observed inflammatory effect of ethanol extract and aqueous extract. It is suggested and assumed that a further exploration of the present research work is needed to come up with an active anti-inflammatory.

Terpinolene inhibits acute responses triggered by different inflammatory agents in vivo models of mouse

The aim of this work was evaluate the effects of terpinolene on acute inflammatory responses in mice. In vivo preclinical research using different inflammatory agents to induce acute responses and evaluate the effects of terpinolene in orally treated mice. The acute inflammatory responses were induced by injecting phlogistic agents in the mice paw to observe the development of pain responses (formalin test) or edema (carrageenan, dextran, histamine, arachidonic acid, and prostaglandin). The antiedematogenic activity was also evaluated using a croton oil-induced ear edema model. Finally, cotton pellet-induced granuloma was used to carry out a preliminary evaluation of terpinolene in a chronic inflammatory model. Topically administered terpinolene (5, 10, and 20 mg/mL) significantly inhibited ear edema development (by 33.82%, 29.63%, and 33,30%, respectively). Following an oral administration, only the highest dose of the monoterpene (200 mg/kg) reduced the licking time of the formalin test in both phases 1 (73.55%) and 2 (96.61%). The carrageenan-induced edema significantly inhibited over time following the oral administration of terpinolene at 50 mg/kg (T1: 47.74%, T2: 54.67%, T3: 48.63%, and T4: 62.99%), 100 mg/kg (T1: 72.86%, T2: 71.03%, T3: 48.63%, and T4: 57.83%), and 200 mg/kg (T1: 43.22%, T2: 34.11%, T3: 36.47%, and T4: 45.20%). On the other hand, only the dose of 200 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction of the dextran-induced paw edema (T1: 51.18%, T2: 60%, T3: 50.92%, and T4: 65.15%). Regarding the participation of inflammatory pathways, the monoterpene (200 mg/kg, p.o.) had little impact on histamine-induced edema, while the edema induced by arachidonic acid was significantly reduced at all time-points (T1: 37.04%, T2: 24.32%, and T3: 35.13%, and T4: 35.53%), which was corroborated by the observation that the compound inhibited the response triggered by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suggesting interference with downstream signaling cascades. Finally, terpinolene (200 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced both the weight (21.43%) and total protein content (36.21%) of the cotton pellet-induced granuloma, indicating an anti-inflammatory activity in this chronic model. Terpinolene inhibited acute inflammatory responses and reduced granuloma development in vivo, possibly by interfering with the tissue changes orchestrated by inflammatory mediators such as histamine and PGE2. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this pharmacological observation need to be confirmed by further research.

Effect of dietary omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid in animal models of experimentally-induced granulomatous inflammatio

Recent advances have shown how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) regulate molecular signaling, especially in the context of inflammation. Nutritional intervention/ supplementation with PUFAs in experimental animal models have exhibited anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, chronic inflammation was assayed by cotton pellet-induced granuloma method to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma effects of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid using experimentally induced inflammatory models in rats. Obtained results indicate that omega-3 oil extract significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the granuloma tissue formation (58.36 ± 3.52, 65.40 ± 1.30, 57.78 ± 3.89, 50.93 ± 0.60 and 42.17 ± 0.70 mg) representing 33.78, 25.79, 34.44, 42.21 and 52.15 % inhibition respectively for the proliferative phase when compared to the control. These results showed that omega-3 oil extract studied, possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma properties.

Anti-inflammatory Activity: In silico and In vivo of Sapogenins Present in Agave brittoniana subsp. brachypus (Trel.).

Agave brittoniana subsp. brachypus is an endemic plant of Cuba, which contains different steroidal sapogenins with anti-inflammatory effects. This work aims to develop computational models which allow the identification of new chemical compounds with potential anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in two rat models: carrageenaninduced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. In each study, we used 30 Sprague Dawley male rats divided into five groups containing six animals. The products isolated and administrated were fraction rich in yuccagenin and sapogenins crude. The obtained model, based on a classification tree, showed an accuracy value of 86.97% for the training set. Seven compounds (saponins and sapogenins) were identified as potential antiinflammatory agents in the virtual screening. According to in vivo studies, the yuccagenin-rich fraction was the greater inhibitor of the evaluated product from Agave. The evaluated metabolites of the Agave brittoniana subsp. Brachypus showed an interesting anti-inflammatory effect.

Rubiadin exerts an acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect in rodents

Rubiadin is identified as a bioactive anthraquinone that exists in some quinone rich plants. The current research was carried out to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Rubiadin in acute and chronic inflammation test models in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin was examined in cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced edema as chronic and acute inflammation models in rats. TNF-α level and histopathological changes were assessed using sampled foot tissue of rat in the acute model. Also, the IL-1β level was assessed in the chronic model. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey's) analysis was used for comparing the groups. Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant reduction in TNF α level and the paw edema compared to the control group in carrageenan test. Also, it was observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) is comparable to mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as the standard drug. Rubiadin was effective in granuloma induced by cotton pellet concerning the granuloma and transudate formation amount. Rubiadin's anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a significant IL-1β decrease in this model. The results suggest that Rubiadin as a natural compound can possess significant peripheral anti-inflammatory impacts.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. (Asteraceae).

The leaves of V. auriculiferahas been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, and pain in various parts of Ethiopia. However, to our knowledge, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions has never been experimentally studied. To assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activitiesof V. auriculifera leaf extract and solvent fractions in rodent models. Air-dried leaves ofV. auriculiferawere grounded and macerated using 80% methanol. The air-dried, grounded leaves were also successively extracted with ethyl acetate, and methanol. The residue was then macerated in water for 72 hr. The extract's peripheral analgesic activity, as well as the solvent fractions, were determined using an acetic acid-induced writhing test. The hot plate model was used to assess the central analgesic effect. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in rats. The 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions have demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity. Both 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions of V. auriculifera were found to have anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, all concentrations of 80% methanol leaf extract (ME), methanol fraction (MEF), and aqueous fractions (AQF) of V. auriculifera inhibited exudate and granuloma formation. Although all tested doses significantly inhibited granuloma mass formation, only the medium and highest ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) doses significantly inhibited the generation of inflammatory exudate. This study's findings indicate that the solvent fractions and 80% methanol extract of V. auriculifera have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study's findings not only confirm the plants' traditional claim but also provide clues for further investigation of the active principles of this plant for the development of effective and safe analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots in rats

The anti-inflammatory potential of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora Linn., roots were evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. Female Wistar rats were treated orally with methanol (MFSGR) and ethyl acetate (EAFSGR) fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots (100 and 200 mg/kg) and Diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg). One-hour post treatment, Carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1 % w/v, s.c.) was administered in the sub plantar region of the left hind limb of rat. Thereafter, paw volume was measured at 0, 30 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Percentage inhibition (PI) of oedema was calculated. In cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, male Wistar rats were treated with Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and MFSGR and EAFSGR (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively. Thirty-minutes after respective treatment, an autoclaved cotton pellet of 20±1 mg was aseptically implanted subcutaneously. Fraction and standard diclofenac were administered once daily for the next 7 days. On 8th day, excised cotton granuloma was dried and weighed, body weight and organ index were calculated. MFSGR and EAFSGR (100 and 200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant inhibition in paw volume against carrageenan-induced paw oedema. In cotton pellet induced granuloma model, MFSGR and EAFSGR exhibited significant inhibition of cotton dry and wet weight. The present study suggests that the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The observed effect could be attributed to the presence of vital phytoconstituents.

Evaluation of In Vivo Wound-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solvent Fractions of Fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae).

The solvent fractions of the fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) have not yet been explored scientifically for in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the fruit of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) in rats. The crude extract of Argemone mexicana was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Wound healing activity was evaluated using excision and incision wound models while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The fractions were evaluated at 5 and 10% ointments using moist-exposed burn ointment as the standard drug, and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg test doses using aspirin, and dexamethasone as standard drugs for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. All treatment administrations were made orally for anti-inflammatory activity and applied topically for wound healing activity. The 10% w/w ethyl acetate fraction ointment showed a significant percentage of wound contraction, reduced period of epithelialization, increased amount of fibrosis, neovascularization, and collagen tissue formation (p < 0.01). The ethyl acetate fraction also showed a significant increase in tensile strength (55%; p < 0.01) and (81.10%; p < 0.01) at the tested doses of 5 and 10% w/w ointments, which was comparable to moist-exposed burn ointment. The ethyl acetate fraction also revealed a significant percent edema inhibition (61.41%; p < 0.01), suppression of the exudate (38.09% p < 0.01), and granuloma mass formations (53.47% p < 0.01) at the tested dose of 400 mg/kg. The results of this study showed that the Ethyl acetate fraction of Argemone mexicana fruit has significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional claims of the experimental plant.

Repositioning of tubocurarine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent: Exploring beyond myorelaxant activity

Background and purposeTubocurarine (d-TC), a non-depolarizing competitive blocker of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is extensively utilized for the relaxation of skeletal muscles. Drug repositioning is a forthright approach to reduce the cost and speed up drug development process. Herein, we have attempted to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of d-TC for its possible repurposing in pain and inflammation-related issues.Experimental approach.We examined the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory (sEHI) activity of d-TC employing in silico high throughput screening protocols, in vitro cell-free sEH inhibitory assay, and in in vivo rodent models for its repositioning in pain and inflammation-related disorders.Key results.In molecular docking study, d-TC displayed impressive hydrogen bonding interactions within the cavity of sEH enzyme with good docking score. d-TC also exhibited notable sEH inhibitory activity (IC50 3.72 nm) at the in vitro assay. Oral absorption capability of d-TC (0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL) was determined using an in vitro everted intestinal sac model employing rat ileum tissue that revealed significant oral absorption of d-TC. Besides, in vivo studies revealed that oral administration of d-TC (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) in rodents significantly attenuated hyperalgesia (cold plate test, tail immersion test and formalin test) and inflammation (estimation of rectal temperature, acetic acid induced pleurisy test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test) induced in robust preclinical models.Conclusion and implicationsThese findings are novel and warrant immediate efforts to reposition d-TC as a new therapeutic candidate in the management of hyperalgesia, inflammation, and associated conditions.

The hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions in Ghana. There is, however, little scientific evidence to support its use in Ghanaian Traditional Medicine. This study, therefore, evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (PSRE) using rodent models. Acute toxicity of PSRE was assessed in the Irwin's test. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. Xylene-induced ear oedema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the ameliorative effects of PSRE in acute and subacute inflammation. Effect of PSRE on tissue integrity in xylene-induced inflammation was also evaluated by histological examination. Oral treatment of PSRE up to the dose of 5000 mg kg−1 did not produce any lethal effect in mice. Oral PSRE (30–300 mg kg−1) significantly (at least P < 0.01) attenuated nociception in both acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. In the xylene-induced ear oedema test, PSRE decreased acute inflammation dose-dependently. The extract also attenuated transudate and exudate formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. The findings show that hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in rodents. The study provides pharmacological support for the traditional use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Aattributes of Moringa olifera Lam. and its Nanoclay-Based Pectin-Sericin films.

Background: Inflammation is a strong reaction of the non-specific natural immune system that helps to start protective responses against encroaching pathogens and develop typical immunity against intruding factors. However, prolonged inflammation may lead to chronic autoimmune diseases. For thousands of years, medicinal plants have served as an excellent source of treatment for chronic pathologies such as metabolic diseases. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potential of Moringa olifera Lam. extract (MO) and Moringa-loaded nanoclay films. Methods: The extract preparation was done through the maceration technique using absolute methanol (99.7%) and labelled as Mo. Me. Mo. Me-loaded nanoclay-based films were prepared by using pectin and sericin (Table 1). The in vitro studies characterized the film thickness, moisture, and phytochemical contents. The in vivo anti-inflammatory tests involved using a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model assay. In addition, the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was employed for angiogenesis activity. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phytosterol. This extract contained quercetin in a large quantity. Cotton-pellet induced granuloma model study revealed a comparable (p > 0.05) effect of a high dose of Mo. Me (500 mg/kg) as compared with standard drug. Noteworthy, data obtained through the RT-PCR technique manifested the dose-dependent anti-oedematous effect of Moringa olifera via downregulation of TNF-α and interleukin-1ß. The findings of the CAM assay exhibited a remarkable anti-angiogenic activity of Mo. Me loaded nanoclay films, showing diffused vasculature network in the macroscopic snapshot. Conclusion: Moringa olifera and its nanocomposite films have therapeutic potential against inflammation.