Knitted Cotton Research Articles

A Sustainable Environmentally Friendly Pre-Treatment Process towards Knit-Dyeing Technology Convenient for Environmental Perspective

The use of enzymes in textile processing has made a major contribution to the development of textiles, in particular, textile wet processing. With temperatures of 95°C, a method of conventional scouring on cotton knitted fabric is conducted in a higher base medium (pH 10.5-12) with sodium hydroxide. This process is gradually being replaced by an eco-friendly and economical approach using enzymes that obviate the non-cellulosic impurities. In this work, cotton knit fabric samples were bio-scoured by BioPrep® Fusion (bio-scouring enzyme) and also, they were scoured by using the traditional method. Then, the physicochemical parameters of the effluents derived from the scouring process have been investigated in this study. The physical parameters include Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Moreover, the chemical parameters involve pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Alkalinity. Furthermore, the impacts of traditional caustic soda scouring on environmental contamination have also been investigated using a number of different techniques and apparatus and compared to that of enzymatic scoured fabrics. The results of the physicochemical parameters of the effluents test reveal greater ecological developments in the use of the enzyme. Based on the findings of this analysis, it is often understood that the bio-scouring process performed far better as opposed to the traditional method, and also the method is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Hence, enzymatic scouring can be utilized as an eco-friendly in contrast to traditional caustic soda scouring in the knit-dyeing factory.

Micro-Encapsulated Aroma Treated Cotton Knit Material using Selected Herbs

Antimicrobial fabric is gaining significant importance during recent years. As synthetic antimicrobial agents are non-eco-friendly and non-biodegradable, there is an increased demand in the usage of natural antimicrobial agents for functional finishes to textiles. The present study focused on the ecofriendly cotton knit fabric which was subjected to selected three herbs for its activity tests and applied to the material by microencapsulation, to test for its antimicrobial activity. The same was given an aroma finish with natural herbal oil. The treated material was subjected to certain cycles of washes to find the antimicrobial effect in the fabric. The antimicrobial aroma treated knit material was then subjected to qualitative and quantitative test before and after washings. The result proved that the Datura metal showed the highest zone of antimicrobial effect among the other selected herbs.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ СВІТЛОСТАБІЛІЗАТОРІВ НА СВІТЛОСТІЙКІСТЬ ЗАБАРВЛЕНОГО АКТИВНИМИ БАРВНИКАМИ БАВОВНЯНОГО ТРИКОТАЖУ

The goal of the work is to study the effect of light stabilizers on the lightfastness of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with reactive dyes. The study was carried out using a cotton 1+1 rib knit fabric with a surface weight of 150 g/cm2, prepared by the combined technology of boiling and bleaching. Dyeing of the fibrous material was carried out using Bezaktiv reactive dyes in a batch method at a concentration of 0.3% by weight of the material. UV absorbers 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, phenyl salicylate and antioxidants – diatomic phenols – hydroquinone, pyrocatechol and resorcinol were chosen as light stabilizers. In the work, the light stabilization of cotton knit fabric was carried out after dyeing with reactive dyes and washing the dyed knit material. The technological mode of application of the studied light stabilizers was to impregnate a knit fabric, drying and curing the material. The individual effect of light stabilizers on the colour change of dyed knit fabric samples and the photodestruction kinetics of dyes were investigated. The insolation of the samples was carried out on a device with a mercury-tungsten lamp RF 1201 BS ("REFOND"). After treatment and insolation, the total colour difference dE of knit samples were determined compared to untreated material using a TCR-200 colorimeter ("PCE Instruments"). The results obtained indicate that the change in the initial colours after treatment with light stabilizers depends on the colour of the dye and on the type of light stabilizer. The greatest colour changes are observed with phenyl salicylate, pyrocatechol and resorcinol. It has been established that UV absorbers exhibit a light-shielding effect to a greater extent than antioxidants. The obtained experimental results also indicate the need for the simultaneous use of UV absorbers and antioxidants in order to efficiently stabilize dyed cotton knit fabric. The individual effect of light stabilizers – UV absorbers and antioxidants – on the lightfastness of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with Bezaktiv reactive dyes is investigated. It was established that for effective light protection of colours of cotton knit fabric dyed with reactive dyes, the simultaneous use of UV absorbers and antioxidants is necessary

The Effect of Zno Nano Particle Coating and their Finishing Process on the Antibacterial Property of Cotton Fabrics

In this study, the ZnO nanoparticles solution was directly applied on to the 100% cotton knit & woven fabric to impart antibacterial property using both spin coater & pad-dry-cure method. Then, the disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of the finished fabrics. The topographical analysis of untreated, treated, and washed fabrics of different structures (knit and woven) were studied and compared. The results showed that the finished fabric demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. As per result, it was also found that double jersey (rib) fabric showed highest amount of bacterial protection & pad-dry-cure method showed better result against bacterial attack than spin coating method. Moreover, gram negative bacteria (E. coli) showed more strength against antibacterial treated unwashed and washed fabrics than gram positive bacteria (S. aureus).
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 61-65

Encapsulation of Electrically Conductive Apparel Fabrics: Effects on Performance.

Electrically conductive fabrics are achieved by functionalizing with treatments such as graphene; however, these change conventional fabric properties and the treatments are typically not durable. Encapsulation may provide a solution for this, and the present work aims to address these challenges. Next-to-skin wool and cotton knit fabrics functionalized using graphene ink were encapsulated with three poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based products. Properties known to be critical in a next-to-skin application were investigated (fabric structure, moisture transfer, electrical conductivity, exposure to transient ambient conditions, wash, abrasion, and storage). Wool and cotton fabrics performed similarly. Electrical conductivity was conferred with the graphene treatment but decreased with encapsulation. Wetting and high humidity/low temperature resulted in an increase in electrical conductivity, while decreases in electrical conductivity were evident with wash, abrasion, and storage. Each encapsulant mitigated effects of exposures but these effects differed slightly. Moisture transfer changed with graphene and encapsulants. As key performance properties of the wool and cotton fabrics following treatment with graphene and an encapsulant differed from their initial state, use as a patch integrated as part of an upper body apparel item would be acceptable.

Moment-Based Features of Knitted Cotton Fabric Defect Classification by Artificial Neural Networks

ABSTRACT The defect classification of knitted fabrics is a challenging area of research. Most of the defect detection works in India; Bangladesh is being carried by manually trained inspectors. The long working hours and the working environment at the company induces the fatigue, lack of concentration, and triteness to the workers due to this they may not able to detect the defects on the clothes after it is manufactured. To overcome this problem, a computer-aided defect detection system is being developed using digital image processing and artificial neural Network methods. The two types of artificial neural networks were applied to compare the results obtained. The networks were: a back propagation based feed forward neural network and the other was Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm based back propagation network. Experimental results predicted detection of a high degree of variety of fabric defects.

Fully‐Textile Seam‐Line Sensors for Facile Textile Integration and Tunable Multi‐Modal Sensing of Pressure, Humidity, and Wetness

AbstractThe unique potential of e‐textiles for unobtrusive and ubiquitous monitoring and their innovative interfacing with electronic devices has garnished great attention. Sensors are one of the few essential devices or components necessary for most functional e‐textile applications. Ideally, any e‐textile based sensor should be soft, easily integrated in textile manufacturing processes, and tunable for the desired applications. Here, an easy‐to‐manufacture, tunable, fully‐textile sensor system with capability of detecting pressure, humidity, or wetness is presented. Capacitive pressure sensors are formed via a traditional sewing process with two commercially available conductive sewing yarns (silver‐plated polyamide (silver) and stainless steel (SS)) with cotton knit, polyethylene‐terephthalate (PET) knit and elastomeric meltblown textile dielectrics. The relationship between the sensor's physical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties including hysteresis, sensitivity, response, and relaxation time is evaluated. In addition, the same sensor configuration is assessed for its humidity and wetness sensing performance. Results indicate that pressure, relative humidity (RH), and wetness sensing performance are easily tunable using different combinations of the conductive and dielectric textile materials. Finally, proof of concept deployment demonstrations as human‐machine interfaces within a pressure sensing mat and a smart glove capable of remotely controlling a drone are provided.

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English

Development of a Flex and Stretchy Conductive Cotton Fabric Via Flat Screen Printing of PEDOT:PSS/PDMS Conductive Polymer Composite.

In this work, we have successfully produced a conductive and stretchable knitted cotton fabric by screen printing of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(dimethylsiloxane-b-ethylene oxide)(PDMS-b-PEO) conductive polymer composite. It was observed that the mechanical and electrical properties highly depend on the proportion of the polymers, which opens a new window to produce PEDOT:PSS-based conductive fabric with distinctive properties for different application areas. The bending length analysis proved that the flexural rigidity was lower with higher PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio while tensile strength was increased. The SEM test showed that the smoothness of the fabric was better when PDMS-b-PEO is added compared to PEDOT:PSS alone. Fabrics with electrical resistance from 24.8 to 90.8 kΩ/sq have been obtained by varying the PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio. Moreover, the resistance increased with extension and washing. However, the change in surface resistance drops linearly at higher PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio. The conductive fabrics were used to construct textile-based strain, moisture and biopotential sensors depending upon their respective surface resistance.

Wicking and Drying Behavior of Knitted Cotton Fabrics under Modified Water Drop Test

ABSTRACT Both face and back sides of cotton weft-knitted fabrics in five knitting structures (plain, rib, interlock, single pique, and double pique) were investigated based on modified water drop test (methods I and II) in terms of water diffusion time. The water drop height was raised from 1 cm to 20 cm and water drop volume was increase from 0.1 mL to 0.5 mL. The water diffusion time greatly decreased with the variation in water drop height from 0 to 15 cm. Water diffusion time was also influenced by water volume at 0.1–0.2 mL for the different structures and surfaces. It was found that the structures behaved differently, and two surfaces of fabric were capable of asymmetric water absorption property. The face side of single pique and the back side double pique had better water diffusion property. Besides, vertical wicking rate and the drying rate (methods I and II) were also conducted to evaluate the different structures. Although the plain structure was widely used for inner garments in the market, the interlock fabric was recommended in nonsweating conditions due to its poor water spreading and better drying ability, while the single-pique fabric was recommended in heavy sweating conditions due to its better water absorption ratio and faster drying rate.

Characterization of Insect Stains Deposited by Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on Shirt Fabrics.

Despite the fact that necrophagous flies are known to alter bloodstains and create unique artifacts, no research has occurred to date that has examined the characteristics of insect stains on textiles or fabrics. This study represents the first effort to characterize artifacts produced by adult Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy deposited on a range of shirt fabrics that varied in type, color, orientation, and yarn tension. In general, artifact morphology on any type of fabric was distorted in comparison to those observed on smooth and/or nonporous surfaces in previous studies. Consequently, distinction of artifact type could only be made broadly as digestive artifacts and transfer patterns, in which the latter was predominantly detected as tarsal tracks. None of the artifacts displayed satellite stains typical of human bloodstains found on textiles. Wicking was evident on all fabrics but was most pronounced with dri wick and jersey knit polyester in comparison to cotton knit. Digestive artifacts on any colored fabric, but especially with green and yellow shirt samples, resembled the reported color, size, and morphology of bloodstains generated in laboratory studies on a range of fabrics. Unique digestive artifacts were also detected as small, black, and nearly spherical. These defecatory stains did not appear to wet or wick into any of the fabrics. Digestive artifacts and tarsal tracks differentially interacted with front face stitch loops of clothing fabrics to yield distinct stain patterns. The implications of these observations in reference to bloodstain pattern analysis at crime scenes are discussed.

Development and characterization of conductive textile (cotton) for wearable electronics and soft robotic applications

This study aims to manufacture and characterize various types of conductive cotton fabrics through the copper metal coating approach. Thus, we selected nine-combed cotton knitted fabrics with different yarn fineness and elastane percentage in order to see the effect of these parameters on conductivity and physical properties of the samples. We also explored the surface morphology of all the knitted cotton fabric samples before and after the coating method via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed a remarkably uniform deposition of copper on the fabric surface, and performed SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the coated material content on the surface of the fabric after the metal coating process. The results revealed that knitted cotton fabric of 5% elastane with the finer yarn count (Ne = 40/1) showed excellent conductivity compared to the other knitted cotton fabric of 10% elastane with a finer count (Ne = 40/1) or coarser 5% elastane (Ne = 30/1). Therefore, the knitted cotton fabrics of 5% elastane having the finer count (Ne = 40/1) can be considered a suitable candidate for e-textile applications.

Do Recycled Cotton or Polyester Fibers Influence the Shedding Propensity of Fabrics during Laundering?

Fabric shedding during laundering is detrimental to the longevity of clothing textiles, and in the case of non-biodegradable, synthetic fabrics, it is a source of diffuse microplastic fiber pollution. Textile recycling offers numerous economic and environmental benefits; however differences in fabric shedding due to their recycled fiber contents are relatively unknown. Accelerated laundering experiments were conducted to quantify the shedding propensity and characteristics of cotton knit, polyester knit, and twill weave fabrics, each at three differing recycled fiber contents. The 70% recycled polyester shed significantly fewer microfibers than the 40% recycled polyester. No other significant influences of recycled fiber content on shedding propensity were identified. The mean length of shed fibers from the 70% recycled polyester was significantly higher than that of the virgin polyester and the 40% recycled polyester.

Uso da matriz morfológica para desenvolvimento de produtos de moda a partir de matéria-prima reciclada

O presente artigo tem como objetivo investigar e experimentar soluções ambientalmente sustentáveis, utilizando resíduos de malharia circular de algodão e o tricô, para a fabricação de novos produtos de moda. Como matérias - primas principais foram utilizados tecidos defeituosos descartados por empresas e peças descartadas por consumidores. A ferramenta usada para o desenvolvimento do processo criativo foi a matriz morfológica, com esta técnica foram geradas aproximadamente cento e cinquenta ideias de produtos de vestuário. Cinco ideias de concepção de produtos foram identificadas como principa is. Foi confeccionado um protótipo de um colete curto com o objetivo de mostrar a viabilidade da aplicação da matriz morfológica para o desenvolvimento de produtos criativos em moda. A reprodutibilidade da metodologia proposta foi testada com sucesso por artesãos que trabalham com técnicas de tricô manual.

Colour Reflectance Investigation of Decolourized Sulfur Dyed Cotton Knitted Fabric via Ozone Plasma Treatment

Ozone plasma treatment is accessible to be applied on shading adjustment and colour fading because of the capacity of ozone production. It is a green process that treats dyed cotton fabric under dry condition so as to avoid chemical pollutants. This study means to explore colour reflectance of decolourized sulfur dyed cotton texture using ozone plasma treatment. Sulfur dyed cotton textures with various colour depths (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%) were set up to be treated different plasma parameters, including ozone air concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%), water contents in terms of weight percentage (35%, 45%) of fabric and ozone air plasma treatment periods (10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins). The colour fading result is assessed by the colour reflectance in percentage (R%) utilizing spectrophotometer under CIE standard illuminant D65. The valid colour fading based on high percentage of reflectance was demonstrated from plasma treatment under higher ozone air concentration (50% and 70% ozone in air) and longer time length of plasma treatment (20 mins and 30 mins). The level of water content contained in the cotton fabrics is appeared to have noteworthy relationship with the degree of decolourization.

Physical properties of single jersey derivative knitted cotton fabric with tuck and miss stitches

The effect of different stitch combinations, namely, knit, tuck and miss stitches, on some of the physical properties of single jersey derivative fabrics have been studied. Fabrics which are in common commercial use in the textile industry were selected, and they are used as clothing fabrics. Knitted fabrics from 100% cotton yarn of 19.67 Tex on circular knitting machines were used in the study. The effect of knit structure on areal density, fabric thickness, air permeability, drape ability, stretch and recovery, shrinkage, and low-stress mechanical properties are investigated, and it was found that these properties are significantly affected by loop shape or knit structure, even though other knitting parameters remained the same. It was also found that the presence of tuck and float stitches for a given structure have a significant effect on fabric drape ability, width-wise extensibility, length-wise shrinkage, thickness, areal density and low-stress mechanical properties.

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration on 100% Cotton Knit Fabric Bleaching

This paper focuses on the effect of different concentration of hydrogen peroxide (an oxidizing bleaching agent) on 100% single jersey cotton knit fabric. Five different concentrations (25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45%) of hydrogen peroxide solution (5% stock solution) were adopted for this experiment. For each individual concentration, bleaching was performed in three different quantities (6gm/L, 8gm/L and 10gm/L) at the same temperature (100˚C) and same time (60 minute) cycle. 5gm samples were taken where 1:10 material and liquor ratio was maintained in each operation. Spectrophotometer (data color 650) was used to test the reflectance of all bleached samples, and their bursting strengths were measured by an Auto burst instrument following ISO 13938-1 method. The effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration on various physical properties such as weight loss, absorbency, GSM, bursting strength, and whiteness was studied to minimize the cost of bleaching process by optimizing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. As majority of industries have concerned to alineate the production cost with maximum quality assurance which has been obtained through bleaching at 30% concentration.

Effects of yarn type, process history, softener type and concentration on wicking and drying properties of cotton plain knitted fabrics

Wicking and drying performances of knitted cotton fabrics made from siro, ring and open-end yarns were investigated before and after bleaching and dyeing procedures. Moreover, the samples were treated with cationic, non-ionic and silicone softeners at various concentrations. The data obtained were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as independent t-tests, and the results were discussed comparatively. The results showed that the selected parameters were highly effective on the wicking and drying behaviors of cotton plain knitted fabrics. Fabrics made from siro yarns tended to perform better. Dyeing process caused improvement of fabric wicking and drying behaviors. Also, application of silicone, especially at higher concentrations, was shown to negatively affect the discussed comfort properties, probably due to silicone double-layer formation with polar outside.

The thermal degradation property and flame-retardant mechanism of coated knitted cotton fabric with chitosan and APP by LBL assembly

In order to improve the flame retardancy of knitted cotton fabrics and investigate the flame-retardant mechanism of the system formed by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and chitosan (CS), flame-retardant knitted cotton fabrics coated with APP and CS were successfully prepared by layer by layer assembly. APP and CS formed the intumescent flame-retardant system, in which CS acted as the carbon source agent and APP acted as both the acid source and foaming agent. The surface micromorphologies before and after flaming of coated knitted cotton fabrics were exploited by scanning electron microscopy. The flammability, combustion behaviors, thermal degradation properties and flame-retardant mechanism of this system were investigated by vertical burning test, cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis in N2 atmosphere, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the deposition of APP and CS endowed the knitted cotton fabrics with improved flame retardancy, higher residual chars, lower heat release rate and total heat release, while increased the smoke production. Improved flame-retardant behaviors are attributed to the thermally stable residual chars, more release of inflammable gases and potential free radical scavengers (PO·) in the gaseous products, named the combination of the condensed-phase and gaseous-phase flame-retardant mechanism.

Prognosis of Dimensional Stability and Mass per Unit Area of Single Jersey Cotton Knitted Fabric with Fuzzy Inference System

Prognosis of Dimensional Stability and Mass per Unit Area of Single Jersey Cotton Knitted Fabric with Fuzzy Inference System