Cotton Denim Research Articles

Physicochemical Analysis of Dyeing of Cotton Denim with Natural Indigo Dye from Strobilanthes cusia Using Green Reducing Agents and Alkalis

Strobilanthes cusia is one of many indigo-producing plants with promising and attractive potentials as an alternative source of natural indigo dye due to its dyeability to cotton fibres with high colour strength, and due to its ease of cultivation. The aim of this research was to utilise natural indigo dye from Strobilanthes cusia to dye cotton denim fabric in an environmentally friendly way. The use of D-fructose and D-glucose as well as rice husk ash and lime solutions as reducing agents and alkali sources was explored in this study. The dyeing process was carried out at 30 °C for 30 minutes, followed by the oxidation process in open air for 45 minutes. Colour characteristics and fastness to washing and rubbing were evaluated. The results showed that D-fructose resulted in a higher colour strength than D-glucose, and that lime is better than rice husk ash and even sodium hydroxide in terms of colour strength. The highest colour strength was obtained from the combination of D-fructose and lime solution, with K/S and SUM(K/S) values of 16.02 (at 650 nm) and 8.5 respectively. The colour fastness to washing and rubbing was good for all dyed fabrics, with the staining scale ranging from 3/4 to 4. These results bring a new potential for natural indigo dye from Strobilanthes cusia beyond its current and limited use by traditional dyers to a much larger scale of denim dyeing for an eco-friendly fashion industry.

Investigating the Effects of PU-Based Back-Coating with Boric Acid and Titanium Dioxide Additives on Flame Retardancy Levels and Comfort Properties of 100% Cotton Denim Fabric

Abstract This study aimed to develop a cost-effective and resource-efficient application to enhance the thermal stability, flame retardancy, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties of cotton denim fabrics through a single-step, flexible, and simple polyurethane (PU) based back-coating method, ultimately increasing the use of denim fabrics in daily and work clothes thanks to the increased functionality. This method utilizes boric acid (H3BO3) and a binary composite of H3BO3-titanium dioxide (TiO2) as functional additives while considering comfort parameters. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning tests were conducted to explore the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the samples, while assessments of air permeability, water vapour permeability, thermal resistance, and thermal absorptivity were performed to investigate the comfort properties. Comparing two kinds of back-coated denim fabrics, H3BO3-TiO2 back-coated cotton fabric showed the best flame retardancy with the lowest char length (45 mm) and highest LOI (27%). The air permeability values of back-coated fabrics decreased by approximately half compared to the untreated denim fabric. Although the water vapour permeability values decreased, they were less affected by the coating. Coating application reduced thermal conductivity and thermal absorbency, resulting in more thermally resistant denim fabric. This study demonstrates the potential utility of a PU-based coating incorporating TiO2 and H3BO3 on traditional cotton denim fabrics to enhance flame resistance while minimizing any adverse effects on the overall thermal comfort of the fabric.

Simulation and measurement of electromagnetic wave propagations along a wearable e-textile metasurface transmission line

This study introduces a compact wearable metasurface transmission line operating at 2.45 GHz, utilizing spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP). The design incorporates a periodic arrangement of hook unit cells and a tapering structure to enhance coupling efficiency between the microstrip feed line and the metasurface transmission line. For its implementation, a dielectric substrate composed entirely of cotton denim jeans is employed, along with e-textile conductive traces and a ground plane. Electromagnetic wave propagation along the transmission line is simulated, and the primary wave mode and associated propagation characteristics are analyzed. Both simulation and measurement results confirm the successful performance of the metasurface transmission line for on-body signal transmissions.

Investigation of the effects of self-crosslinking acrylate with TiO2 nanoparticles on cotton denim fabrics

Purpose Titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NP) were deposited to cotton denim fabrics using a self-crosslinking acrylate – a polymer dispersion to extend the lifetime of the products. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions to increase abrasion resistance, to provide self-cleaning properties of denim fabrics and to examine the effects of these applications on other physical properties. Design/methodology/approach The denim samples were first treated with nonionic surfactant to increase their wettability. Three different amounts of the polymer dispersion and two different pH levels were selected for the experimental design. The finishing process was applied to the fabrics with pad-dry-cure method. Findings The presence of the coatings and the adhesion of TiO2 NPs to the surfaces were confirmed by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. It was ascertained that the most appropriate self-crosslinking acrylate amount and ambient pH level is 10 mL and “2”, respectively, for providing increased abrasion resistance (2,78%) and enhanced self-cleaning properties (363,4%) in the denim samples. The coating reduced the air permeability and softness of the denim samples. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis results showed that the treatments increased the crystallization temperatures and melting enthalpy values of the denim samples. Based on the thermal test results, it is clear that mass loss of the denim samples at 370°C decreased as the amount of self-crosslinking acrylate increased (at pH 3). Originality/value This study helped us to find out optimum amount of self-crosslinking acrylate and proper pH level for enhanced self-cleaning and abrasion strength on denim fabrics. With this finishing process, an environmentally friendly and long-life denim fabric was designed.

A Comprehensive Study on the Effects of Stone Enzyme Wash on Different Thickness Cotton Denim Pants

A Comprehensive Study on the Effects of Stone Enzyme Wash on Different Thickness Cotton Denim Pants

Comparing the mechanical properties of single and double layer 100% cotton denim fabrics for motorcycle protective clothing

India has one of the highest rates of motorcycle accidents in the world. Protective clothing is required for motorcyclists in India since it can lessen the severity of injuries sustained in an accident. The purpose of this research is to examine the performance of single and double layers of denim fabrics developed. Focusing on the potential use in motorcycle protective clothing, 100% cotton single-layer (SL) fabrics with masses ranging from 370, 390, 410, 430, and 450 g/m2 are developed. The 100% cotton single-layer (SL) fabrics are taken as double layers (DL) for testing and analysis. Both single and double-layer fabrics were tested for physical properties and mechanical properties such as tensile, tear strength, and abrasion resistance. Overall performances of double-layer (DL) fabrics were superior compared to that of single-layer fabrics since double-layer fabrics contain two layers of fabrics to withstand stress and tear, and also provide better abrasion resistance.

A comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of 100% cotton denim and blended cotton denim after industrial washing

This research work was conducted to examine the effects of two types of washing procedures e.g., stone enzyme wash, and bleach wash on the physical and mechanical properties of 95% cotton (CTN), 5% recycled CTN denim, and blended CTN denim containing 80% cotton, 18% polyester, 2% spandex. Two fabrics were dyed with medium brand shade indigo dyes. The fabric weight, EPI and PPI, tear strength, breaking strength, color fastness to accelerated laundering, color fastness to water, color fastness to perspiration, and color fastness to crocking were carried out to key changes of physical and mechanical properties in two fabrics. This study has demonstrated the changes in two fabrics before washing (A) and after washing (B) accordingly. In the case of color fastness results ratings were similar in both fabrics. In contrast, the color fastness to crocking or rubbing showed different results. This research was carried out to investigate the parameter variations and choose which fabric exhibits the best or not.

Resource-efficient manufacturing process of composite materials: Fibrillation of recycled textiles and compounding with thermoplastic polymer

This study aimed to develop a manufacturing process for recycled textile long fiber thermoplastics (RT-LFT) and thereby contribute to circular economy. Three different post-consumer textiles (cotton denim and plain weave, and silk plain weave) were cut into strips and fed directly into a co-rotating twin-screw extruder in which the textile was fibrillated and compounded with polypropylene (PP). The fibrillation of the textile, fiber dispersion, and interaction with the matrix polymer were studied, and the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. For example, cotton denim composites containing 30 wt% fiber content resulted in 26% increase in yield strength and a 72% increase in modulus when compared with that of PP. The RT-LFT process is a straightforward method for transforming used textiles into composites like cups and bottoms, offering advantages such as reduced manufacturing costs, add value for waste material, and lower carbon emissions.

A Dynamic Insulation Technique for Building Envelop by Using Microchannels

Abstract Initially designed for electronic system cooling, microchannels represent innovative technologies that can also be harnessed to augment the thermal resistance of building walls. When employed as an additional insulation layer within the building envelope, they have the potential to replace traditional insulating materials like wool, polystyrene, wood fiber, and cotton denim. This article explores modeling and simulation results pertaining to the performance of microchannels integrated into a standard building wall, aiming to provide dynamic thermal resistance for the building envelope. The simulations were conducted using aluminum microchannels featuring a rectangular profile, and various working fluids (air and water) were considered to assess system performance under different fluid conditions. To ensure laminar flow conditions in both working fluids, the Reynolds number was controlled within the range of 100–900 across multiple runs. The simulation and analysis outcomes underscore the viability of fluid flow through microchannels within building walls as a promising insulation technique capable of delivering dynamic thermal resistance and enhancing energy efficiency across diverse building types. Furthermore, the results emphasize that the utilization of water-based fluid within microchannels outperforms air-based fluid flow, particularly in terms of heat transfer and heat dissipation capabilities.

Investigation of the effect of preparation processes on CO2 laser-faded denim fabric quality

PurposeIn the denim industry, enzyme washing and its combination with stone washing are generally used to get the desired worn-out look. However, these conventional methods include high water, energy and time consumption. Nowadays, laser fading, which is a computer-controlled, dry, ecological finishing method, is preferred in the denim fading process. The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of chemical pretreatment applications on laser-faded denim fabric in terms of color and mechanical properties. To eliminate the enzyme washing process in denim fading and to minimize the disadvantages of laser fading, such as decreased mechanical properties and increased fabric yellowness, various chemical pretreatment applications were applied to the denim fabric before laser fading, followed by simple rinsing instead of enzyme washing.Design/methodology/approachTwo different indigo-dyed, organic cotton denim fabrics with different unit weights were exposed to pretreatment processes and then laser treatment, followed by simple rinsing. Polysilicic acid, boric acid, borax and bicarbonate were used for pretreatment processes, and laser treatment was carried out under optimized laser parameters (40 dpi resolution and 300 µs pixel time). Tensile strength was tested, and color values (CIE L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, C* and h), color yield (K/S), yellowness and whiteness indexes were measured to identify the color differences.FindingsBefore laser fading, 30 g/L and 40 g/L polysilicic acid pretreatments for sulfur-indigo-dyed fabric and a mixture of 10 g/L boric acid and 10 g/L borax pretreatments for the fabric only indigo-dyed were recommended for the laser fading with sufficient mechanical properties and good color values.Originality/valueWith the chemical pretreatments defined in this study, it was possible to reduce yellowness and maintain the mechanical properties after laser fading, thus minimizing the disadvantages of laser treatment and also eliminating enzyme washing.

Eco-Friendly Surface Modification and Multifunctionalization of Cotton Denim Fabric

Eco-Friendly Surface Modification and Multifunctionalization of Cotton Denim Fabric

Kawabata Analysis of Cotton Denim Fabrics Treated with Industrial Washing Techniques

ABSTRACT Garment washing of denim fabrics is essential for fading of color, aesthetic effects, vintage look and improvement in handle properties of resulting garments. Denim fabrics of two types, one standard fabric (non-stretch) and other with 2% elastane fiber (stretch), are washed with different industrial washing techniques on Tonello sampling machine. The objective evaluation of handle and mechanical properties of the washed samples are carried out on Kawabata evaluation system (KES-F). Five main characteristics of fabrics are evaluated on KES-F system. The mechanical properties like tensile energy, extensibility and compression energy have increased for both stretch and non-stretch fabrics, while bending stiffness and bending hysteresis have decreased for both types of washed fabrics. The geometrical surface roughness and coefficient of friction have slightly increased after employed washing techniques. The optical microscope is used to investigate the surface changes of the fabric after the employed washing techniques.

All-Cellulose Composites Properties from Pre- and Post-Consumer Denim Wastes: Comparative Study

This study reports the recycling of discarded denim textiles by the production of all-cellulose composites (ACCs). Discarded denim fabrics were shredded into fibers and then made into nonwoven fabrics by carding and needle punching. The produced nonwoven fabrics were converted to ACCs by one-step and two-step methods using an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([BMIM][Ac]). In this study, the effect of different ACC manufacturing methods, denim fabrics with different contents (a 100% cotton denim (CO) and a blend material (cotton, poly-ester and elastane (BCO)) and reusing of IL as a recycled cellulose solvent on the mechanical pro-perties of the formed ACCs were investigated. The ACCs were characterized according to their tensile and impact properties, as well as their void content. Microscopic analysis was carried out to study the morphology of a cross-section of the formed composites. The choice of the one-step method with recycled IL, pure IL or with a blend material (BCO) had no influence on the tensile properties. Instead, the result showed that the two-step method, with and without DMSO, will influence the E-modulus but not the tensile strength. Regarding the impact properties of the samples, the only factor likely to influence the impact energy was the one-step method with CO and BCO.

Environmentally Sound Approach for Fabrication of Antibacterial/Anti-UV/Anti-crease and Fragrant Denim Fabrics

A green approach for imparting multifunctional properties namely antibacterial, anti-UV, anti-crease and fragrance property to indigo dyed cotton denim fabrics using environmentally benign finishing, hosting and bioactive agents was investigated. In the current work, pre-loading of MCT-βCD, as a hosting agent, via ester-crosslinking using CA/SHP, as formaldehyde-free crosslinking system using pad-dry-cure method, followed by post-treatment with selected bio active agents namely Clove oil, Lavender oil, Tulsi oil and Vanillin R were carried out to add new, durable and desirable functional properties. The obtained results demonstrated that the variation in the efficacy and durability of the imparted functional properties is governed by extent of loading the modified βCD, number and availability of hydrophobic hosting-cavities, type and chemical constituents of the guest molecule and its extent of inclusion into the created cavities via formation of host-guest complex, as well as its retention or release during the washing process. The remarkable improvement in antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria followed the decreasing order: Tulsi≥ Clove> Vanillin> Lavender>> None. The obtained results also demonstrated that, the imparted anti-UV capability of post-loaded denim samples follows the descending order: Vanillin>Tulsi>Clove>Lavender>>None. The imparted functional properties showed a high durability even after 15 washes.

Comparison of Various Properties Between Nanoencapsulated Cotton Denimfabricand The Untreated Cotton Denim Fabric

Examining electron magnifying instrument investigation was done to quantify the size of Nano cases. The molecule size assumes an essential part in deciding their bond to the texture. It is sensible to expect that the biggest particles will be effectively eliminate from the fiber surface, while the little particles will enter further and follow firmly into texture. The SEM examination of the treated textures showed Nano particles installed on to the textures. The method has been developed to prepare Nano encapsulation finish on100% cotton denim fabrics to impart functional properties. The Nano encapsulated cotton denim fabric is found to have the antimicrobial property even after 30 industrial washes. It likewise plainly exhibited that the treated textures showed expanded antibacterial and antifungal impact in correlation with the untreated texture utilizing utilitarian, physical, mechanical, solace and permeableness tests.

Applying Softener Doped Silica Coating to Cotton Denim Fabrics

ABSTRACT Present study, the surface of cotton denim fabrics which are one of the most used products in daily life was modified with silica coatings prepared with sol-gel technique. Cationic and nonionic softeners were used as additives to silica-based sols prepared separately in acidic and alkaline conditions. Characterization test results showed that coating could be obtained on fiber surfaces with the all applied treatments. The rigidity of the fabric caused by silica sols can be reduced slightly by adding both cationic and nonionic softeners. The applied coating processes slightly increased the air permeability. It was concluded that decreasing the rigidity of the silica coatings could improve the abrasion and tear strength of the denim fabrics to a certain level.

Virtual carbon and water flows embodied in global fashion trade - a case study of denim products

The environmental impacts of the fashion industry have been aroused wide concerns. The globalization and fragmentation of the textile and fashion system have led to the uneven distribution of environmental consequences. As denim is the fabric of jeans that is representative of fashion, this study assessed virtual carbon and water flows embodied in the global denim-product trade, and footprints of denim production were quantified by life-cycle assessment and water footprint assessment. Results indicated that virtual carbon embodied in the global denim trade increased obviously from 14.8 Mt CO2e in 2001 to 16.0 Mt CO2e in 2018, and the virtual water consumption dropped from 5.6 billion m3 to 4.7 billion m3 from 2001 to 2018. The denim fabric production and cotton fibre production respectively contribute the most of the carbon emissions and water consumption. Polyester blended denim has 5% larger carbon footprint and 72% lower water footprint than cotton denim, and contributes to increasing embodied carbon emissions (from 4% in 2001 to 43% in 2018). Increasing the utilization of polyester blended denim would save water but face more pressures on carbon emission reduction. In the past two decades, virtual carbon and water flows embodied in the global denim trade are relocating, main jean consumers (i.e., the USA, EU-15, and Japan) withdraw the denim manufacturing supply chain and developing countries (i.e., China, India, and Pakistan) with higher carbon and water footprint undertake main global denim production, facing increasing climate-related risks and water crisis. The South-South cooperation helps share successful experiences, save production cost, and lessen resource consumption and environmental emissions. The production and consumption of denim should be shifted to circular and sustainable ways and new business models are required. The analysis framework can provide the basis for exploring environmental flows of product-level trade, and results can offer a basis for environmental policies and control strategies of the fashion industry, and as well as the sustainable production and consumption of garment.

Effect of silica based sols on the optical properties and colour fastness of synthetic indigo dyed denim fabrics

AbstractThe colour of denim fabric, which has a large share in the textile market, is an important parameter together with comfort properties during usage. While some users prefer the colour of denim fabrics to have different colours as they use them, others want to be provided with colour stability of the fabrics during use. In this study, the effect of a sol‐gel technique on indigo dyed denim fabrics was investigated. The aim was to reduce the colour change that occurs in denim fabrics as a result of external factors by using silica‐based coatings. The sols were prepared by using TEOS (tetraethylortosilicate) and different volumes of GPTS ((3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane) as precursors in acidic and alkaline conditions. Synthetic indigo dyed cotton denim fabrics were treated with the sols by applying the pad‐dry‐cure method. It was determined that the colour strength of the treated samples increased and the fabrics treated with the sols prepared in alkaline condition became darker compared to the sols in acidic condition. It is seen that the use of crosslinkers while preparing the sol could improve the rubbing and washing fastness of commercial denim samples.

Calculation and evaluation of industrial carbon footprint of cotton denim jacket

Carbon footprint (CFP) reflects the greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by human activities or products throughout the life cycle, which is an important tool for assessing and managing greenhouse gas pollution. The reduction of Carbon footprint is an important topic today, and each of us needs to minimize our CFP in order to protect our planet. In this paper, the basic cotton denim jackets was played an research object roles to exploring the impact on the environment during the process of producing cotton denim jackets. Which based on the theory of industrial carbon footprint and combing with the production process chain of denim jackets, setting the accounting boundaries and functional units, the denim jacket can be divided into cutting, sewing, and finishing the three links in industrial production of carbon footprint. With the calculation and analyzation industrial carbon footprint of the denim jacket. The results show that the carbon footprint of denim jackets exceeds 1000 kg CO2 during the cycle from cutting to sewing and finishing. The largest carbon footprint is generated in the sewing process, which are about twice as high as the cutting process. The carbon footprint emissions of each piece of denim jacket is 1.75 kg CO2. Therefore, optimizing the production line in the sewing process, adopting high energy-efficient processing equipment and clean energy can better reduce the industrial carbon footprint of denim clothing. It also provided reference and basis for the supervision and evaluation of carbon emission by clothing manufacturers

Workwear fabric suitability to molten metal industry

In the scope of the foundry processes, there are vital risks when melting of metals at high temperatures, carrying this molten metal to molds and pouring it to molds. In this study, wide range of workwear materials which are used in foundries in Turkey were collected and their protection properties were investigated to observe their performances. Determining suitable material to molten metal processing was aimed. These workwear materials were produced from FR-cotton, cotton denim, modacrylic-viscose-FR cotton, meta-aramid, aluminized aramid, FR viscose-wool-polyamide and leather. Their performances were very different. Except from meta-aramid and both of the FR cotton fabrics, other fabrics failed flame spread. Contrary to flame spread, leather, aluminized aramid, FR viscose-wool-polyamide and cotton denim materials showed the highest values in molten metal protection test. Besides, leather had no air permeability but has some water vapor permeability and aluminized aramid has poor air and water permeabilities.