Cost Of Pollution Research Articles

The cost of mitigating nitrogen pollution.

The cost of mitigating nitrogen pollution.

The Impact of Fintech Development on Air Pollution.

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, China has achieved rapid economic and technological growth at the cost of severe air pollution. The emerging Fintech, as the result of financial institutions' adapting to the latest digital technology, might be a solution to reduce air pollution. This paper investigates the impact of Fintech development on air pollution using a two-factor fixed effects model based on data for prefecture-level cities in China from 2011 to 2017. The findings show that Fintech development can effectively reduce air pollution emissions, and this conclusion is proved to be robust throughout a series of tests. The mechanism analysis shows that Fintech reduces air pollution by promoting digital finance and green innovation.

Sustainability performance evaluation involving internal resource imbalance: an additive aggregation network DEA approach.

Environmental pollution, as a byproduct of economic growth, causes negative pressure on human health. Its sustainability management performance is closely bound up with the ecological carrying capacity. Due to the limited carrying capacity of ecosystems to pollutants, the hidden costs of pollutants may increase when pollutants flow and spread. This is an external manifestation of the internal resource imbalance within the ecosystem, restricting the sustainability of economy and environment and overlooked by most studies that target sustainability performance evaluation. Thus, this study considers the internal resource imbalance during the sustainability performance evaluation for the first time in the context of the interaction among economy, environment, and human health, by constructing a production-treatment-health framework, proposing an internal resource imbalance index and developing an additive aggregation network data envelopment analysis model with the semidefinite programming technology. This study takes 30 Chinese provinces from 2012 to 2017 as the research objects and confirms the effectiveness of sustainability management in terms of water pollution purification and water ecological construction.

What's at Stake? The empirical importance of government revenue and debt and renewable energy for environmental neutrality in the US economy

Environmental taxes and pollution reduction have been the subject of several studies. By factoring the costs of pollution and other environmental costs into pricing, environmental taxes assist in correcting erroneous price mechanisms in the marketplace. It did, however, overlook the government's potential to facilitate the use of efficient energy sources, which is critical for environmental neutrality. The competence of a government is determined by its tax revenues, which allow the state to participate more in renewable energy technologies, offer an excellent opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global warming by replacing traditional energy sources. To that aim, the impact of government revenues and debts, as well as renewable energy on environmental neutrality in the United States, is the only motive to conduct this research. A significant outcome of the renewable energy-environment nexus is revealed by tax revenue and debt. Since there seems to be no causation in the first moment, but higher-order interconnectedness emerges, as the quarterly data from 1990Q1 to 2020Q4 has been obtained to test for causality-in-mean and causality-in-variance employing novel non-parametric causality-in-quantiles algorithms. The findings reveal that renewable energy consumption and financial depth have significant predictive power for ecological footprint, uncovering asymmetric prediction across ecological transmission. Also, tax revenues and government debts found a significant connection and predictive potential in estimating the environmental footprint level. Thus, out of multiple suggestions, the study suggests that the government push tax reform policies to obtain investment in renewable energy sources. This shift toward renewable technology innovation allows the US to go green and retain environmental sustainability, which is also an utmost urgency of the UN's Sustainable development Goals (SDG-7).

The Short- and Long-Run Impacts of Air Pollution on Human Health: New Evidence from China.

Under the background of the far-reaching impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on global economic development, the interactive effect of economic recovery and pollution rebound makes the research topic of air pollution and human health receive attention again. Matching a series of new datasets and employing thermal inversion as an instrumental variable, this study investigates the physical and mental health effect of air pollution jointly in China. We find that in the short run, the above inference holds for both physical and mental health. These short-run influences are credible after a series of robustness checks and vary with different individual characteristics and geographical locations. We also find that in the long run, air pollution only damages mental health. Finally, this study calculates the health cost of air pollution. The above findings indicate that in China, the effect of air pollution on physical and mental health cannot be ignored. The government needs to consider the heterogeneity and long-run and short-run differences in the health effects of air pollution when formulating corresponding environmental and medical policies.

Microgrid system energy management with demand response program for clean and economical operation

A fundamental microgrid system's load demand often fluctuates hourly. Utilities establish different prices at various times based on the fluctuation of the load demand curve, this is referred to as electricity price based on time-of-use (TOU). The overall contribution of the paper is manifold which involves the techno-economic impacts of grid participation, electricity pricing and renewables. However, the primary goal is to offer a demand-response (DR) model that maximizes the benefits of energy retailers, in this case the microgrid customers. DR models examine the utility and elasticity of various customers, taking into account their different behaviors during both peak and valley periods. Considering that 40 % of the customers participate in the DR program, an exhaustive optimization process is initiated to calculate the optimal incentive value. Thereafter, a novel intelligent algorithm is implemented to minimize the overall cost of a microgrid system and analyze the outcome with and without DR program. The many cost factors taken into account include fuel costs, fined pollution costs, operating and maintenance costs, depreciation costs, etc. The use of a DR-based energy management microgrid system resulted in a significant decrease in overall generating costs from 880¥ to 872¥ along with pollutants released as compared to those described in the literature, according to numerical data. Furthermore, the peak demand was lowered by 5.13 % from 180 kW to 170.754 kW. The suggested optimization method is claimed to be superior by measures of central tendency analysis.

Estimating health impacts and economic costs of air pollution in the Republic of Macedonia

Aim: This paper assesses the magnitude of health impacts and economic costs of fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the Republic of Macedonia. Methods: Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring data were combined with population characteristics and exposure-response functions to calculate the incidence of several health end-points known to be highly influenced by air pollution. Health impacts were converted to Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and then translated into economic terms using three valuation approaches to form lower and higher bounds: the (adjusted) Human Capital Approach (HCA), Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) and the COI (cost of illness). Results: Fine particulate matter frequently exceeds daily and annual limit values andinfluences a person‟s day-to-day health and their ability to work. Converting lost years of life and disabilities into DALYs - these health effects represent an annual economic cost of approximately €253 million or 3.2% of GDP (midpoint estimate). Premature death accounts for over 90% of the total health burden since this represents a loss of total life-long income. A reduction of even 1μg/m3 in ambient PM10 or PM 2.5 would imply 195 fewer deaths and represent an economic savings of €34 million per year in reduced health costs. Conclusion: Interventions that reduce ambient PM10 or PM2.5 have significant economic savings in both the short and long run. Currently, these benefits (costs) are „hidden‟ due to the lack of information linking air quality and health outcomes and translating this into economic terms. Policymakers seeking ways to improve the public‟s health and lessen the burden on the health system could focus on a narrow set of air pollution sources to achieve these goals

Reduce Carbon footprint in Rawalpindi Pakistan

In developing countries such as Pakistan, atmospheric pollution has become a disaster. This study's objective was to observe and evaluate the air quality in the 15-million-person combined population of the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. The quantities of particulate pollution, as well as CO2, were measured in five different cities. There are now far too many types and sources of pollution from numerous air pollutants. However, due to an absence of management skills for air pollution, the world is currently facing diminishing air quality. The ecosystem, public health, and quality of life are all seriously threatened by air pollution, according to facts from multiple governmental organizations and foreign organizations. Through the Pakistan Environmental Protection Program, the Pakistani government has implemented important strides toward air quality management, including the establishment of few active monitoring stations. However, there are currently no standards for environmental protection. This paper examines the standards for air pollutants from observational studies. Five main air pollutants—NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and PM2—were taken into consideration. Our findings show that under the baseline scenario, Existing air pollution in Pakistan management efforts are inadequate to achieve the nation's air quality criteria. By 2050, the percentage of deaths caused by PM2.5 will be 24% lower nationwide because of the implementation of sustainable development policies. Innovative standard precautions can improve Pakistan's air quality and public health, but when associated with foreign long-term new developments, they can also lower greenhouse gas emissions (implementing SDG 13's indicator on climate action) and save about a quarter of GDP (0.32% of GDP) on costs associated with emission control by 2050. It seems to have a substantial co-benefit in terms of cost (economic), health (social), and air pollution (environmental), suggesting that Pakistani public policy should consider a co-control at a low cost of greenhouse gases and air pollution in the future.

Identifying Economic and Clean Strategies to Provide Electricity in Remote Rural Areas: Main-Grid Extension vs. Distributed Electricity Generation

The policy decision of extending electric power transmission lines to connect a remote area to a primary grid vs. developing local electricity generation resources must be informed by studies considering both alternatives’ economic and environmental outcomes. Such analysis must also consider the uncertainty of several factors such as fuel prices, the cost and performance of renewable and conventional power generation technologies, and the value of environmental benefits. This paper presents a method for this analysis, making two main contributions to the literature. First, it shows how to characterize the two alternatives (i.e., main-grid extension vs. local power generation) in detail for precise quantification of their capital and operating costs while guaranteeing that they are both adequate to meet forecast demand and operating reserves. Second, it shows how to properly account for the economic and environmental implications of renewable energy intermittency and uncertainty through the optimization of capital investments and hourly operations. The method is illustrated by applying this analysis method to Saudi Arabia, where the government is struggling to outline a strategy to meet residential and commercial loads reliably and sustainably in the country’s remote, scattered, isolated areas. To meet this demand, the Saudi government is considering two main alternatives: (1) extending the primary power transmission grid; or (2) installing an optimal combination of off-grid distributed generation (DG) resources, including solar PV, wind, diesel, oil, heavy fuel oil, and Li-ion batteries, to generate the electricity locally. Results suggest that under most scenarios of capital costs, fuel prices, and costs of air pollution, developing a microgrid with a large share of wind and solar power is more cost-effective than extending a primary grid 150 km or more away. Extending a primary grid powered by gas-fired combined-cycle power plants is more economical only if the load is not very high, the distance is not more than 350 km, and oil prices are relatively high compared to natural gas.

A compensation mechanism for air pollutants generated by tourism-related land-based transportation: An exergy-based case study from Macao

This paper discusses the compensation standard for exhaust pollution and devises a compensation mechanism for Macao's tourism-related transport sector based on an integration of chemical exergy and universal exergy, using data on gasoline consumption by automobile sector retrieved from the transportation industry. The results reveal that: (1) the exergy values of air pollutant emissions increased from 1.53 × 1012 kJ in 2010 to 2.03 × 1012 kJ in 2019 (an increase of 1.33 times), and the exergy of CO, NOx, and SO2 emissions accounted for 77.5%, 20.4% and 2.1% of total exhaust emissions in Macao respectively. (2) In 2019, the monetary value of emission exergy, and the environmental costs of air pollution, were 1.7 times greater than in 2010. (3) If Light Rail Transit is compensated for, then the mean interval's values of the upper and lower limits of the compensation standard are 0.55 USD and 0.05 USD, respectively. When gasoline tax is used as a means of compensation it is necessary to raise its rate by about 8% based on the tax rate. A three-stage bargaining game model is used to provide evidence that this compensation standard is practical and acceptable.

Forecasting environmental and social benefits of adopting cleaner technologies in Indian brick manufacturing industry

Embodied carbon of new buildings can be effectively reduced by improving the manufacturing processes for energy intensive raw materials such as bricks and cement. Indian brick manufacturing industry is a major source of air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This sector uses coal as a primary fuel in nearly 150,000 brick kilns, majority of which are based on energy in-efficient, fixed chimney bull-trench kiln (FCBTK) technology. Annually, the brick making in India consumes nearly 60 million tons of coal, produces almost 250 billion bricks and emits more than 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHG emissions. The pollutants produced include carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). This study provides the first comprehensive long-term (2020–2050) assessment of Indian brick kiln sector by forecasting the annual fuel demand, GHG emissions, pollutants formations and annual externality cost borne by the community. A Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) software based bottom-up simulation model has been developed for performing the assessment. Business as usual (BAU) and four alternative scenarios comprising of cleaner kiln technologies are evaluated. These technologies include zig zag kiln (ZZK), vertical shaft brick kiln (VSBK) and tunnel kiln (TK). Values for emission factors for pollutants, energy intensities of kilns, and social costs of pollutants are taken from the literature. Our results show that VSBK is the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly technology, closely followed by ZZK. For the year 2050, ZZK can save up to 16 billion dollars in externality costs and reduce coal demand by approximately 260 million tons. ZZK is not only a cleaner technology, but also has significant resemblance with conventional FCBTK technology which can be easily retrofitted to ZZK. The government and other stakeholders should promote ZZK adoption and develop suitable policy and financial instruments to address barriers to transition.

Assessing the economic cost of urban pollution: A case study of landfill waste in Kulonprogo, Indonesia

Introduction – Rapid urbanization in developing countries dramatically increases solid waste production, negatively impacting the socio-economy and ecology. Solid waste management is essential to minimize the associated risks, especially in health and the environment. Objective – This study assesses the economic cost of pollution from the disposal of household waste at the Banyuroto landfill, Kulonprogo, Indonesia. Methodology/Approach – This study uses the sickness and reimbursement cost approach. The subjects in this study were 100 households in Banyuroto, Kulonprogo, Indonesia, selected using cluster random sampling. Findings – The results show that the landfill has a negative impact on the community’s life because it causes air pollution (unpleasant odors), water pollution, and waste-related diseases, such as diarrhea, respiratory problems, flu, cough, cold, and itchy rash. The economic cost of pollution emerging from the landfill is IDR 2,355,000 per year. Meanwhile, using the replacement cost method, the estimated cost of environmental quality degradation is IDR 12,144,000 per year. For 1,230 households, the cost is IDR 125,941,304 per year, so the average economic cost due to environmental degradation is IDR 912,104,414 per year. Originality/Value/Implications – This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the environmental and health risks from the pollution caused by landfill waste in urban areas.

An Assessment of the Climate Damage Costs of European Short-Lived Climate Forcers

AbstractIn addition to effects from greenhouse gases, climate change is affected by short-lived climate forcers (SLCF). These are often co-emitted with carbon dioxide, and some are regulated air pollutants. In the governance of these pollutants, established estimates of damage costs of pollution inform benefit–cost analyses. However, climate change impact of SLCFs is omitted from these estimates. The purpose of this study is to calculate economic damage costs of air pollutants’ effect on climate change and compare these with established damage costs. Focus is on European emissions governed in the EU National Emission Reduction Commitments Directive during 2020–2050. We use well-known SLCF emission metrics and multiply with literature values on social costs of methane to calculate climate damage costs of SLCFs. The results indicate that average absolute climate damage costs are highest for black carbon ($59,500/ton in 2050) and lowest for nonmethane volatile organic compounds ($661/ton). Our indicative values are likely underestimations. Indicative climate damage costs are usually lower than established damage costs, with notable exceptions. We propose that more detailed studies are necessary, and that inclusion of climate damage costs into economic valuation of SLCFs is important for future air pollution and climate benefit–cost analyses.

The Economic Cost of Light Pollution in Mexico

The Economic Cost of Light Pollution in Mexico

SMO Algorithm to Unravel CEED Problem using Wind and Solar

This research proposes a more advanced way to address Combined Economic Emission Dispatch (CEED) concerns. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) and Economic Emission Dispatch (EED) have been implemented to reduce generating unit fuel costs and emissions. When both economics and emission targets are taken into account, the dispatch of an aggregate cost-effective emission challenge emerges. This research affords a mathematical modeling-based analytical technique for solving economic, emission, and collaborative economic and emission dispatch problems with only one goal. This study takes into account both the fuel cost target and the environmental impact of emissions. This bi-intention CEED problem is converted to a solitary goal function using a price penalty factor technique. In this case, a metaheuristic and an environment-inspired, intelligent Spider Monkey Optimization technique (SMO) are used to address the CEED dilemma. By following the generator’s scheduling process, the SMO method is used to regulate the output from the power generation system in terms of pollution and fuel cost. The Fission-Fusion social (FFS) structure of spider monkeys promotes them to utilize a global optimization method known as SMO during foraging behaviour. The emphasis is mostly on lowering the cost of generation and pollution in order to improve the efficiency of the power system and handle dispatch problems with constraints. The economic dispatch has been remedied, and the improved result demonstrates that the system’s performance is stable and flexible in real time. Finally, the system’s output demonstrates that the system has improved in resolving CEED difficulties. When compared to earlier investigations, the proposed model’s findings have improved. As the generating units, wind and solar are used to explore the CEED crisis in the IEEE 30 bus system.

Adapting ecosystem restoration for sustainable development in a changing world

Adapting ecosystem restoration for sustainable development in a changing world

Establishment of Risk Prediction Model for Soil and Groundwater Pollution of Gas Station with Machine Learning Techniques

With the rapid development of network technology and the digital economy, the wave of the era of artificial intelligence has swept the world. Facing the era of big data and artificial intelligence, data-oriented technologies are undoubtedly served as the practical research trend. Therefore, the precise analysis provided by big data and artificial intelligence can provide effective and accurate knowledge and decision-making references for all sectors. In order to effectively and appropriately evaluate the potential risk to soil and groundwater for gas station industry, this study focuses on the potential risk factors affecting soil and groundwater pollution. In the past, our team has evaluated the risk factors affecting the remediation cost of soil and groundwater pollution for possible potential pollution sources such as gas stations, this study proceeds with the existing industrial database for in-depth discussion, uses machine learning technology to evaluate the key factors of pollution risk for soil and groundwater, and compares the differences, applicability and relative importance of the three machine learning techniques (such as neural networks, random forests and support vector machine). The performance indicators reveal that the random forest algorithm is better than support vector machine and artificial neural network. The relative importance of parameters of different machine learning models is not consistent, and the first five dominant parameters are location, number of gas monitoring wells, age of gas station, numbers of gasoline oil nozzle, and number of fuel dispenser for random forest model.

Economic dispatch in micro-grids with alternative energy sources and batteries

The problem of economic dispatch in a micro-grid interconnected to the conventional electrical system consists of optimizing the operating cost to satisfy the different operating requirements and the demand for electrical power required by the users. In the development of this proposal, there are challenges caused by the random nature of electricity generation systems based on renewable energy sources, for an adequate operation of the micro-grid, which can be solved through systems Energy Storage System (BESS). This paper addresses the problem of optimal economic dispatch in a microgrid that includes an energy storage system based on a battery bank and interconnected to the main grid through a mathematical programming approach, considering the benefits for customers by reducing their demand of electrical power and taking into account the costs of treatment pollutants produced by conventional energy sources. The generation systems used to satisfy the energy demand of the customers within the interconnected micro-grid are: a) conventional diesel generators, b) wind generation systems, c) photovoltaic systems, d) a hydroelectric turbine, and e) a storage system based on electric batteries. The results of the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical model show that the demand for electrical power to the main grid can be reduced and customers obtain economic benefits by integrating the incentive-based demand response program into the energy management problem when environmental contingency events occur. The results show that when there are peaks in energy demand, the operating costs of the micro-grid increase by up to 380%. In the same way, when there are failures in renewable energy sources, storage systems (BESS) and diesel generators work at 100% of their capacities. The proposal is implemented in Lingo 17.0 software and simulation results show the feasibility of the proposal through the optimization of the operation of the micro-grid.

Research on the Impact of the “Coal to Gas” and “Coal to Electricity” Policies on Urban Air Quality

Heating in winter in the north has a significant negative impact on the quality of the atmospheric environment. The coal used for heating emits substances such as PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc., exacerbating atmospheric environmental pollution. Air pollution seriously affects the physical health and safety of residents, reduces their sense of happiness, brings about significant environmental pollution costs, and increases the actual level of economic inequality. In response to this situation, this article aims to improve urban air quality through the policies of “coal to gas” and “coal to electricity”, and further studies the impact of this policy. To provide empirical evidence and decision-making reference for deepening the “coal to gas, electricity” policy, and to reduce atmospheric environmental pollution, it is necessary to actively adjust the heating plan, increase the central heating area, and construct different heating scales according to different needs. It is necessary to vigorously develop clean coal technology, reduce pollutant emissions, actively explore clean energy, and fundamentally change the problem of air pollution. Therefore, the policies of “coal to gas” and “coal to electricity” can effectively improve the pollution of coal on urban air quality.

Retracted: Analysis on the Coupling Relationship between Natural Resource Loss and Environmental Pollution Cost Accounting in Chongqing

Retracted: Analysis on the Coupling Relationship between Natural Resource Loss and Environmental Pollution Cost Accounting in Chongqing