Cost Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

The price of silence: time to address the hidden cost of domestic violence in academic medicine

The price of silence: time to address the hidden cost of domestic violence in academic medicine

Mindfulness Treatments for Domestic Violence: A Review

ABSTRACT Despite high costs of domestic violence (DV) to survivors and witnesses, widely used treatments do not consistently reduce violence perpetration. Although research has only begun to examine third wave treatments targeting DV, components such as mindfulness demonstrate preliminary support for reducing underlying symptomatology, including trauma symptoms, personality disorder features, emotion dysregulation, and substance use. This paper provides a brief review of mindfulness interventions for individuals referred for DV treatment, with a focus on the population most often referred for DV treatment – cisgender heterosexual men. Databases were searched for studies of adults in therapies that targeted DV and included component of mindfulness and skills training. Six studies of five treatments targeting DV met criteria for inclusion. Preliminary results support potential utility of DV treatments that incorporate mindfulness – with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy interventions currently having the most evidence. Common elements of the treatments included a focus on clients’ individual values; motivation/engagement strategies; addressing avoidance of emotions; managing urges/impulses; understanding relationships between cognitions, emotions, and behaviors; and reinforcement of adaptive behaviors. Despite the early stages of the literature, the largely positive results of the mindfulness treatments examined in this review suggest an initial foundation for further research.

Domestic Violence and its Economic Costs

Domestic violence is a growing concern for Albanian society. Gender-based violence-oriented studies have focused on physical, sexual, and psychological manifestations or their consequences. There is still no study to refer to the socioeconomic cost of violence against women in Albania. Knowledge of the economic causes and consequences of the problem is important to enable society to deal with it constructively and correctly. It should be noted that the financial / economic costs that accompany the phenomenon of domestic violence, result as one of the factors that lead the family to deepen poverty and also limit women’s opportunities for development. The purpose of this study is to describe the economic cost of violence against women. This study seeks to draw attention to the economic aspect of this phenomenon – the economic cost of violence experienced by women. Although the socio-economic cost of domestic violence requires a very complex and advanced study and especially an efficient statistical system (administrative resources), it is important to clarify that this study is an attempt to present how much it costs a family, violence against women in marital relationships. An important finding of this study is the fact that there is a cause-and-effect relationship in the relationship between domestic violence and the economic situation of the family. So in a family in which violence is present in many forms, its economic situation is significantly affected. In addition to the individual consequences of the psychosocial cost of pain and suffering, interpersonal violence has a number of economic effects at the population level, including reduced credibility in economic, legal and social structures.

Influence of Domestic Violence in the Characterization (Growth, Psychological Behavior and Academic Performance) of Teenagers in School / Colleges

In India comprehensive house hold data on this prevalence and costs of domestic violence are lacking. The multi-site study by the international clinical epidemiologists network (INCLEN)is a pioneering effort to estimate comparable rates of violence within and across: India, chile, Brazil, Egypt and Philippines. According to Violence Prevention Alliance under Global Campaign for Violence Prevention (WHO, 1997), “Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in psychological harm, mal development or deprivation”. Children are exposed to or experience domestic violence in many ways. In most domestic violence poses a serious threat to children’s emotional, psychological and physical well-being, particularly if the violence is chronic.

Domestic Violence Subjected to Different Patterns of Cultural Marriage

Violence against women and girls and its legal, social, psychological and related issues are not a new topic in social science. However, it has attracted a significant amount of attention from many researchers and still needs further investigation. Among different sources provoking violence against females such as gender inequality, insufficient protective legal systems, cultural pressure and etc., different marital patterns have been reported by the informants of this research. Child marriage, consanguineous marriage and unregistered/white marriage put girls and women in a vulnerable position. For example, under the pressure of abusive behavior in family, females escape from patriarchal family, leave their city/country and live as a refugee. In more severe cases, they attempt suicide under the pressure of pain and suffering. In comparison with developed countries where the human rights of the female are well-established and such marital patterns are not seen, these types of martial patterns are reported in patriarchal societies. Therefore, this study introduces these patterns and describes their effects on provoking the domestic violence. Through interview sessions with victims of domestic violence, a qualitative methodology was used to gain in-depth information. To avoid or reduce the financial, emotional and physical costs of domestic violence, it is necessary that counselors, health care provider systems, society and authorities prioritize prevention methods and intervention programs to improve the cultural level of the society and to encourage people toward developing a violence-free society.

Learning From Experience: A Content Analysis of Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team Reports

The mounting cost of domestic violence (DV) homicide in the United States has led to increased attention from law enforcement agencies and social organizations and the establishment of domestic violence fatality review boards or teams (DVFRTs) throughout the country. These teams are tasked with reviewing a specified set of DV-related fatality cases to determine the factors that contributed to the fatalities and whether there are changes that can be made to prevent future similar incidents. There exists, however, little to no standardization of practice and procedures among DVFRTs, resulting in wide variability among the reports they produce. The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the content of DVFRT reports across the United States to summarize standard practices in DVFRT reporting and to inform the procedures of existing and future DVFRTs. The researchers conducted a content analysis of 47 DVFRT reports to determine what information is most typically included in these reports on state, county, and city levels. A summary of findings and recommendations for DVFRTs is included.

Costs of Domestic Violence: A Life Satisfaction Approach*

AbstractThis paper discusses and estimates the costs of domestic violence using a life satisfaction approach. It draws on a British cross‐sectional data set that includes individual self‐reported life satisfaction, household income and experienced domestic violence. The paper estimates the costs of domestic violence as the compensating variation of domestic violence resulting from estimating a life satisfaction regression equation. Some attempts to deal with the problem of self‐selection into abusive relationships and to account for the endogeneity of household income are discussed and implemented. The results suggest that domestic violence is costed very highly by its victims, with estimates ranging from £27,000 to over £70,000. Hence this paper contributes to the literature on valuing non‐marketable goods and discusses the usefulness of a life satisfaction approach when estimating the costs of domestic violence. It claims that, despite its shortcomings, a life satisfaction approach allows for a valuation of domestic violence and answers questions often not answered by other valuation methods.

Violence against women: an urgent public health priority

Violence against women: an urgent public health priority

Economic evaluation of domestic violence in France

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost of domestic violence in France.MethodThis work was a part of a European programme (DAPHNE). The consequences of violence were listed. The data which allow quantifying these...

Health Care Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women - Evidence from Portugal

Our main objective is to estimate the additional health care costs to the Portuguese National Health Service (NHS) due to domestic violence against women. The results suggest that the victims of domestic violence's additional demand for health care is valued 140 euros per annum, that is about 22% higher than health care costs of non-victims. These results match those of similar studies for the United States, taking into account of per capita differences in health care spending. A large proportion (90%) of the additional costs associated with domestic violence is supported by the NHS, where consultations and drugs are the most important contributors of such costs. Health consequences of domestic violence results from losses in quality of life and worst health status of victims and correspond to additional permanent economic costs of domestic violence episodes.

An Exploratory Analysis of Florida Law Enforcement Domestic Violence Policies

The high social cost of domestic violence has caught the attention of lawmakers and criminal justice agency administrators across the country. As public awareness and concern over the incidence of domestic violence has risen, domestic violence legislation has focused on, among other things, the law enforcement response to domestic violence. The purpose of this study is to examine Florida law enforcement agency response to domestic violence by analyzing agency standard operating procedures (SOPs) across measures identified in the Florida Model Policy for Domestic Violence. Utilizing content analysis, the authors identify agency policy mandates including the number of officers responding to the scene, the use of specialized units, availability of victim advocates, and procedures for investigation.

A study on direct costs of domestic violence against women in legal medicine centers of Tehran (2002).

Domestic violence is exceedingly prevalent and is recognized as a health priority by World Health Organization. The prevalence of domestic violence against women has been the topic of a number of previous studies, very few of which have looked into direct and/or indirect costs it imposes on the victim and the state. The current study seeks to determine the direct costs looking into the wife abuse files in Legal Medicine Centers of Tehran. This was a descriptive cross sectional study. Based on Legal Medicine Organization's report on the number of annual visits and proportion of spouse abuse cases in the five centers of Tehran, a sample size of 225 was calculated. A questionnaire was developed to gather information, which was then utilized to estimate the direct costs that domestic violence (against women) imposed on the victims. The figure would mirror all expenses on medical services, legal-judiciary follow up, commuting, and any sundry charges. The subjects had spent, on average, $66.82 for healthcare services (including $12.8 for visits, $12.02 for prescribed drugs, $16.5 for radiologic studies, and $25.5 for laboratory tests). Given the estimated number of 9,050 female victims attending Legal Medicine Organization (during the study period, the total medical service expenses approach $142210.6. In 2002, related legal services expenses (as charged by the police force) were $741996.3. In the same year, the sundry charges were $163052.1. The estimated total costs sums up as high as $1047259. The calculated figure only reflects expenses of first-time visits and what was spent before attending Legal Medicine Centers. Were additional visits and related expenses taken into account, a more precise estimate would have been produced. Nonetheless, the current figure well indicates high expenses of domestic violence on the state and the nation.

How to Make the Law Work? Budgetary Implications of Domestic Violence Laws in Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean

SUMMARY This study focuses on budgetary implications of domestic violence (DV) laws in the Latin American, Central American, and Caribbean (LAC) region. It is based on a survey of literature and data on DV legislation, literature reviews on the social and economic costs of DV, and an analysis of policies on DV in the region based on a survey of nonprofits working on DV in the region. The study shows DV is not being mainstreamed into ministerial budget line items as would be expected following the passage of law. There is clearly a difference between what is ratified in laws and the implementation of activities that follows those decisions. Funding for DV programs is insufficient to reach the entire target population and address the magnitude of the problem. Even after laws were passed, major sources of funding for DV services have continued to be discretionary funds from the ministries' budgets and international donor funds.

Survey on interpersonal violence: An economic impact of note and childhood exposure to domestic violence in continuing the cycle

Study objectives: Domestic violence is a significant pathology. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention puts the annual cost of domestic violence above $5.8 billion. Studies correlate exposure to domestic violence in youth as a factor in adult domestic violence. The rate in the general populations of exposure to domestic violence as a child witness is between 7% and 13%, and child abuse is 12.3 per 1,000 children (US Health and Human Services 2001). We examine the economic impact of leaving the abusive environment on household income and measure the rate of exposure to domestic violence in childhood in those in a domestic violence program. Methods: This was an observational study conducted though the 19 domestic violence agencies that provide transitional housing services in Pennsylvania. The study population was individuals successfully leaving the abusive environment, as evidenced by completing a shelter stay and subsequent participation in transitional housing as arranged by the domestic violence agency. Results: One hundred forty-one surveys were returned; 60 participants completed income data. An average annual reduction of household income from $21,431.72 to $11,787.25 was seen (Table). Of individuals in domestic violence transitional housing, 64.5% (n=89) witnessed domestic violence as children (odds ratio 4.96). Of 66 respondents specifying the types of abuse, 73% (n=48) witnessed more than 1 kind of abuse. Furthermore, 47% (n=65) indicated that they were victims of abuse. Of those specifying type of abuse (n=50), 62% (n=31) experienced more than 1 kind of abuse. Conclusion: Escaping the domestic violence environment may contribute to these families slipping below the poverty level. When compared with epidemiologic data on childhood abuse, a higher-than-expected rate of childhood exposure to domestic violence is found in populations experiencing domestic violence.Table, abstract 307.StatusHousehold SizeAnnual Household Income, $Poverty Level, $, HSS 2003Before leaving3.7121,43118,400After leaving2.7111,78715,260 HHS 2003, US Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines 2003.

Identifying Domestic Violence Within Inpatient Hospital Admissions Using Medical Records

ABSTRACT This paper examines incidences of domestic violence among hospitalized patients identified as being victims of domestic violence. Specifically, we focus on defining the type and cost of domestic violence and identifying demographic characteristics of individuals at risk for domestic violence. Data for this paper were abstracted from the 1994 HCUP-3 data set. Findings from these data suggest that identifying incidences of domestic violence is very complex and difficult. The primary diagnosis of those who are victims of domestic violence range from broken bones and bruises to chronic and acute illness to mental illness. Finally, non-white populations are approximately two times more likely to be identified as victims of physical violence than whites and as age increases the likelihood of being identified as a victim of physical violence decreases.

BARNETT, Ola W., Cindy L. MILLER-PERRIN, Robin D. PERRIN, Family Violence Across The lifespan: An Introduction

BARNETT, Ola W., Cindy L. MILLER-PERRIN, Robin D. PERRIN, Across The lifespan : An Introduction. Thousand Oaks,CA : Sage Publications, Inc., 1997, 392 pp., $73.50 hardcover. Family Violence encompasses a wide variety of types of relationship abuses within the family structure. This text presents a comprehensive collection of up-to-date research on the subjects of child abuse, dating violence, marital violence, and elder-abuse. Not only are the data pertaining to the topics concisely presented, but the authors explain methodological problems with current research and suggest methods for collecting more useful data in the future. Barnett, Miller-Perrin, and Perrin employ a Social Constructionist framework to describe the various types of family violence. This perspective presents a view of the development of the social issue of each type of family violence from a social condition to the point where it becomes a social problem. They take a multidisciplinary, multilevel approach to the presentation of theories of family violence, and discuss the methodological issues inherent in investigating each type of abuse. The chapters in this text deal with types of violence from birth to death. Most chapters begin with an interview with an expert in the specific type of intimate violence. Chapters then go on to describe the characteristics of victims and perpetrators, the theories that explain the abuse, and types of interventions to help victims and perpetrators. Inserted throughout are case histories, short articles on special facets of each type of abuse, and intermediate summaries of the material covered. Regarding the latter, because the summaries at the end of chapters are so comprehensive, the flow of the material would be smoother if the intermediate summaries within the chapters were eliminated. The first two chapters include an outline of the history of the development of family violence from a social fact to a social problem, describe the myths surrounding family violence, point out the lack of a consensus on a single definition of family violence, describe the main theories to explain domestic violence, and illustrate how researchers investigate family violence. Of particular importance to the beginning researcher in this field is the conclusion of chapter two which explains how data have been collected and the inherent problems and issues involved in collecting such sensitive material. Chapters three, four, and five detail information about child physical and sexual abuse as well as neglect and psychological abuse. Authors make the point that the definition of abuse of children has been problematic because of society's acceptance of a certain amount of controlling, coercive behavior thought necessary to shape children appropriately. Chapter six is unique because it identifies as psychological abuse the experience of children who are exposed to marital violence, and discusses the problems surrounding research in this area. Children exposed to family violence are likely to experience various emotional traumas, negative cognitive effects, behavioral problems and health consequences, but this source of abuse has yet to be recognized by the public as a social problem. Chapter seven deals with a relatively new area of intimate violence, date violence and rape. The fact that female high school students have a 15.5% lifetime prevalence rate of courtship violence and male high school students have a 7.8% rate (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, and Perrin: 165) is evidence that intimate violence is not only caused by stresses inherent in marital relationships, thus analysis must include more complex factors in explaining this abusive behavior. Chapters eight, nine and ten cover the problem of marital violence, in general, and more specific information about battered women and batterers. One section within chapter eight, Monetary Costs of Marital Violence, claims welfare costs as another cost of domestic violence, but fails to expand on this point. …

Unmasking What Should Be Seen: A Study of the Prevention of Domestic Violence in the London Borough of Hackney

This article reports the findings of a study estimating the prevalence of domestic violence for one local area in London, England. Part of a wider project exploring the financial costs of domestic violence to the public purse, this article examines a truism about domestic violence: that it is largely hidden. Through a trawl of key agencies identified by previous U.K. studies to which women turn for assistance, this project estimates that approximately one in nine of the population of adult women in the London Borough of Hackney experienced domestic violence during1996. This paper presents the methodology we developed to estimate prevalence from the workloads of public service agencies.

The Organizational Benefits of Assisting Domestically Abused Employees

Domestic violence is no longer confined to the home; it is creeping into the workplace. Whether it is harassing telephone calls to an employee, a stalker in the parking lot, or an angry spouse who attacks a partner while he or she is at work, domestic violence is a problem that leaders cannot afford to ignore. Predictably, people suffering from family violence may quickly become problems in the workplace. And, many of these “problem employees” who have difficulty getting to work on time, focusing on tasks, or who are frequently absent from work, may, in fact, be victims of domestic violence. In addition, the National Safe Workplace Institute estimates that domestic violence affects employers in a number of ways, e.g., decreased productivity, increased legal liability, increased absenteeism, and increased health care costs. In fact, it is estimated that domestic violence costs organizations $5 billion a year. This article gives a definition of domestic violence, outlines the numerous costs of domestic violence to employers, and suggests steps employers can take to assist domestically abused employees.

Family violence: implications for the pediatrician.

1. Jane F. Knapp, MD* 2. M. Denise Dowd, MD MPH† 1. 2. *Director, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Children’s Mercy Hospital; Professor of Pediatrics 3. 4. †Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO. 1. Primary prevention should have the highest priority in attempting to eliminate family violence. 2. A high percentage of mothers of abused children are themselves victims of battering. 3. Children who witness violence are at risk for the same psychosocial and developmental sequelae as children who are the direct victims of abuse. 4. The pediatrician may identify family violence through screening. 5. The pediatrician can be an advocate for the prevention and management of family violence. There is no escape from violence in America, even for children. Public health leaders have identified violence as a problem of epidemic proportions. Family violence has been described as endemic; its existence is a constant feature of many American families, with the home as its major setting. Family violence accounts for at least 21,000 hospitalizations, 99,800 hospital days, 28,700 emergency department (ED) visits, and 39,000 physician visits each year. The United States Department of Justice estimates that from 1987 to 1990, the aggregate cost of domestic violence amounted to$ 67 billion per year. Losses due to violence against children exceed$ 164 billion annually. In 1962, Dr Henry Kempe raised the consciousness of the nation and pediatricians to the problem of child abuse with the publication of his paper “The Battered Child Syndrome.” Over the subsequent decades, pediatricians have become well educated and familiar with the problems of child abuse, sexual assault, and neglect. Yet, overwhelming evidence indicates that violence in childhood is much more complex than abuse and neglect. Children are exposed to violence in their communities and in their homes. Children suffer from witnessing violence in a variety of ways, including the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Children also are the perpetrators of violence. For pediatricians, this realization means that to have a significant effect on both the short-term and long-term consequences of violence, we cannot view …