Cost Of Cultivation Research Articles

Cost and Income Analysis of Seaweed Cultivation Using the Off-Base Method in Seriwe Village Jerowaru Subdistrict East Lombok District

As part of the world's Coral Triangle, Indonesia has economically valuable seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni), and thousands of species worldwide can grow well in Indonesian waters. The research aims to determine the costs and income of offshore seaweed cultivation in Seriwe Village, Jerowaru District. The study uses descriptive methods with data collection techniques through direct interviews. The research conclusion is that the cost of cultivating seaweed is IDR4,762,122 per area of ​​developed land or IDR103,524,391 per hectare, and the income is IDR7,978,878 or IDR173,116,913 per hectare. From a regulatory perspective, all parties should monitor every policy issued by the regional government and provide intensive assistance to cultivators using a group approach by introducing cultivation techniques, innovation, and post-harvest management that have added value.

Geographical Analysis Of Areca Nut Cultivation In Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka

Abstract Areca nut also known as betel nut or supari is the second most important plantation crop of Dakshina Kannada district after coconut it has been observed that wide differences in productivity of areca nut exist among the farmers with in a village due to socio-economic status. A survey based study was conducted to understand the knowledge level of areca nut growers and link to productivity based on geographical conditions. For this purpose, two areca nut farmers (Chikka Poojari and Nanu Poojari) from a village of edrubail and were randomly selected. Data collected were analyzed following standard statistical procedures. Dakshina Kannada district is located south western part of Karnataka state in India with a population of 20, 83,625 persons (census 2011). Geographically it lies between 130 50’ and 140 30’ north latitude, and 680 .00’ and 700.10’ east longitude. In this study, it is tried to provide an idea about the costs of areca nut cultivation, potential revenue, labor participation, scope of multi-cultivation, problem involves in cultivation and its potential solution, providing a special preference to the Dakshina Kannada district.

Rapeseed-Mustard Farming in Begusarai, Bihar, India: A Holistic Exploration of Growth, Economic Viability, and Hindrances

The present study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the rapeseed-mustard sector's economic dynamics in India, with a focus on Bihar's Begusarai district. The study has been carried out with the objectives of analyzing the trend in area, production and productivity along with the cost and return from rapeseed-mustard production. Further the constraints faced by the famers were also documented and ranked. Primary data was collected from 120 rapeseed-mustard growers of District from a cluster of three villages each from two blocks through SRSWOR Technique and secondary data were collected from different published sources. A negative growth rate (CGR) in area (-0.05%) was observed while the growth in production and productivity of Rapeseed-Mustard during 1998-99 to 2018-19 in Bihar was positive and significant. Districts wise analysis in entire period together there was positive Growth in the area, production and productivity. The average cost of cultivation per hectare was ₹ 63,873.1, while the gross income stood at ₹ 83,746.92, yielding a favourable return-to-cost ratio of 1:1.39, implying that rapeseed–mustard fetched an additional return of 39 paisa on each rupee spent. Primary constraints identified included the absence of high-quality seed varieties and elevated transportation expenses, both warranting attentions. To bolster the future of rapeseed-mustard, widespread dissemination of advanced farming techniques and the establishment of processing facilities among smallholders is recommended.

Profitability of Zero Tillage Wheat in Rice Fallows under National Innovation on Climate Resilient Agriculture Project at Chhattisgarh Plain Zone Durg in India

The research evaluated the economics of producing wheat under national innovation on climate resilient agriculture adopted village named karga using zero tillage and conventional method, and it evaluated how much technology and inputs contributed to the higher productivity brought over by zero tillage (ZT). The study found that zero tillage technology is able to increase farmers' profitability and aid in resource conservation. The difference in gross returns between zero tillage and conventional tillage approaches has been divided into 45% related to zero tillage and the remaining due to changes in input costs. This shows that zero tillage practices resulted in better performance in Rabi 2022- 2023 seasons, with an average yield increase of 7.7%. Net income per ha was Rs. 12475 with a reduced cost of cultivation due to reduced number of irrigations and lessened sowing operations cost. Higher yield is due to timely sowing, healthy crop growth, good plant population and less effect of climatic hazard.

Impact of Integrated Management Practices of Fruit Fly in Bitter gourd

Bitter gourd is cultivated in 125 hectares out of 310 ha occupied by gourds in. Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu, India. Fruit fly is the most destructive insect pests attacking bittergourd.The present study was conducted to demonstrate the Integrated Pest Management practices in bitter gourd against major insect pests in 10 farmers’ fields located in four blocks viz., Tiruvalangadu, R.K.Pet, Thiruthani, Ekadu of Tiruvallur district during 2020-2021. Technological gap between recommended practices and actual farmers’ practice was assessed.The front-line demonstration included IPM practices (field sanitation, Installation of fruit fly traps and spraying of neem oil 3%) and Non –IPM practices. Results indicated average fruit yield of 92.50 q/ha, an increase of 10.77% increase in yield over farmers practice as well as a net income of Rs.1,06,450/-. Reduction in cost of cultivation due to less investment for plant protection aspects has been recorded.

An Economic Appraisal and Resource Use Efficiency of Spring Maize Cultivation in Haryana

Background: Maize [Zea mays (L.)] is one of the most versatile crop thriving well in a myriad of agro-climatic environments. In Haryana, it is grown over an area of 0.07 lakh ha with production of 0.20 lakh tonnes having productivity of 3026 kg ha-1 in 2020-21. Traditionally, maize is cultivated in kharif season in Haryana but in recent years, the area under spring maize is also picking up in eastern part of the State owing to assured irrigation facilities. So, the present study evaluated cost and returns structure of spring maize and resource use efficiency in its cultivation in irrigated tract of Haryana during 2020-21. Methods: The study was based on primary data collected through face to face approach from 80 spring maize farmers using multi-stage purposive sampling technique. Simple budgeting technique was done for determining the cost and return structure of spring maize. In order to work out the resource use efficiency, production function analysis i.e. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed. Result: The findings exposed that, based on 2020-21 market prices, the average total cost of cultivation was ₹ 83350 ha-1 and gross returns realized were ₹ 108029 ha-1 reflecting net returns of ₹ 24679 ha-1. Moreover, the value of B-C ratio (1.29) reflected the profitability of spring maize cultivation in the study area. Further, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis revealed that value of R2 was more than 0.80 in both districts and efficiency of resource use in spring maize exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Karnal (0.91) and Kurukshetra (0.70) districts. Over-utilization of farm resources in cultivation of spring maize was observed in the study area.

Decision support algorithm to revamp homestead vegetable production for climate resilience and nutrition security

Inadequate micronutrient diversity in diets remains a serious cause of malnutrition which is prevalent in rural areas especially in developing countries. The current study proposed a decision support algorithm for nutrition-sensitive vegetable production in semi-subsistence farming systems to improve their access to micronutrient-diverse and dense foods without compromising on economics of cultivation. Multi-dimensional nutri-economic data was modelled to compute micronutrient profiles along with the relative abundance of vegetables in diets, giving an advantage over other nutrition indices that measured diversity. Besides, a novel micro-planning algorithm was developed for climate-resilient and micronutrient-sensitive vegetable production that generated multiple production plans as per farm properties, crop preferences and consumption patterns of farm households. The algorithm consisted of a cropcombination generator, uncertainty analysis and optimization procedure. The uncertainty analysis incorporated variations in climate, market rates, yields and cost of cultivation. The algorithm was demonstrated using 8 case studies based in India and investigated whether micronutrient diversity, micronutrient density, production diversity and net returns could be improved at the production stage. The results suggested that the generated plans performed better than existing plans for all four parameters in every case study. The improvement in micronutrient diversity, micronutrient density, production diversity and net returns ranged from 5.8 to 60 %, 7.2 to 79 %, 7.8 to 31 % and 5.8 to 60 % respectively. This study provides a simple framework to process large multi-dimensional nutri-economic data to measure essential well-being indices and produces sound food policies at field and regional levels.

Economic Analysis of Plant Growth Promoter - Pulse Magic Application on Pigeonpea Production in Karnataka, India

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) mill. sp.) is one of the major pulse crops of the tropics and sub-tropics and has several unique characteristics. The study was conducted in the Raichur district of Kalyan Karnataka region. Pulse Magic is a combi product, released by the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur as it contains major nutrients, micronutrients and Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) which help the crop to achieve maximum yield potential. A total sample size of 120 respondents consisting of 60 users and 60 non-users of Pulse Magic. The total cost of cultivation of pigeon peas with Pulse Magic use was (₹ 23238) considerably higher than non-users (₹ 22344). The net return accrued was also highest in Pulse Magic users (₹ 16951.62) compared to non-users (₹ 11287.52). The returns per rupee of investment were found to be marginally higher in Pulse Magic (1.73) users compared to non-users (1.50). The per acre incremental gain yield was 19.52 per cent due to the application of Pulse Magic in comparison with non-adoption of Pulse Magic technology. The partial budgeting revealed a higher net gain of ₹ 5667 per acre in Pulse Magic users compared to non-users of Pulse Magic on pigeon pea production. The results of the probit model indicated that age, education, variety and extension contact were statistically influencing in adoption of Pulse Magic technology.

Economics of Potato Varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Soil Health under Peach-based Agroforestry System in Northern Hills Zone of Chhattisgarh, India

This study Two production systems (sole potato and peach intercropped with potato) and five potato varieties (Kufri Sinduri, Kufri Lalit, Kufri Arun, Lady Rosseta, Kufri Khyati) were investigated during the 2021-22 and 2022-23 winterseasons. Parameters such as cost of cultivation, gross return, net return, and benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio) were analyzed. The results indicate that the Peach + potato system (S2) and Kufri Sinduri variety (V1) yielded higher net returns and B:C ratio, attributed to organic matter from peach residues enhancing soil fertility and yield potential. Statistically significant differences in economics were observed due to production system and crop variety variations.

An Economic Analysis of Wheat Cultivation in North-Karnataka, India

Wheat is an important cereal crop in India as half of the population depends on wheat for food. The average wheat sown area of the country is 30.38 ha in the last five years from 2017-2022. The present paper was designed to study the cost of cultivation and return structure of wheat cultivation in Karnataka which comes under the peninsular zone where the total wheat cultivating area is 1.60 million ha. The study was undertaken in three major wheat-growing districts of Karnataka i.e., Belagavi, Vijayapura and Dharwad. The multistage random sampling method was followed for the selection of districts and farmers. The primary data was collected from 90 farmers (30 farmers from each district) and analyzed using tabular analysis. The results of the study revealed that per hectare total cost of cultivation of wheat at an aggregate level was ₹ 35,076.37 in which the share of the variable cost was 59.86 per cent and the fixed cost was 40.14 per cent. Among the variable costs, human labour cost was highest (21.95%) per hectare and in fixed cost, the rental value of land (34.63%) was highest. The gross return and net return obtained by the farmer were ₹ 54,786.56 and ₹ 19,710.18 and the return per rupee of expenditure was found to be 1.55 indicating that wheat is a profitable crop enterprise. However, the cost of production per quintal was found ₹ 1,869.60 and the profits obtained were ₹1,008.27 per quintal. Lack of labour and high cost of labour was the major problem in wheat cultivation. Hence, boosting up the mechanization may help to reduce the cost of cultivation. Using custom hiring centres and farmer producer organization approaches would better augment the mechanization in the wheat economy.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OILSEEDS MARKET BASED ON INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Increased demand in the oilseeds market allows agricultural producers to diversify production and sell products on the international market. The purpose of the study is to assess the development trends in the production of oilseeds in an agro-oriented region. The objects of observation are organisations of various organisational and legal forms of ownership. The analysis of the sustainable development of the oilseeds market made it possible to determine that the Altai Territory is one of the largest agrarian-oriented regions with significant land resources that allow the efficient cultivation of oilseeds. In current conditions, considerable work is underway in the region to change the structure of sown areas in the direction of their increase for highmargin oilseeds. Also, to obtain high yields in the region, space navigation systems are being introduced, highyielding varieties and hybrids are used, and a plant protection system and use of mineral fertilisers are. At the same time, highly efficient technologies are used on 4.1 million hectares of sown areas. The navigation system (space technology) allows the use of equipment with GLONASS navigation while satisfying the possibility of using advanced technologies to produce agricultural products and their transportation. In addition, the crossborder location of the region makes it possible to optimise the channels for selling products to the markets of Asian countries. To further stimulate the production of high-quality long fibre flax for agricultural producers, state support funds were provided to compensate for up to 40% of the cost of machinery and equipment used for the production and primary processing of fibre flax. At the same time, several issues should be resolved, such as the use of rational land use technologies based on technical re-equipment, land reclamation (stageby-stage restoration of irrigation), development of a system of domestic elite seed production, the introduction of modern innovative technologies for the cultivation of oilseeds; reduction of production costs of cultivation of oilseeds.

Profitability of Black Rice: Evidence from Manipur, India

The study was conducted in the valley region of Manipur with the objective of analyzing the comparative cost and profitability of black rice and normal rice during the year 2022-23. A sample of 180 rice growers consisting of 120 black rice and 60 normal rice growers was selected for data collection using snowball sampling procedure. The cost of cultivation was estimated using the approach recommended by the Special Expert Committee of Commission for Agriculture Cost and Prices (1979), profit measures and break-even point analysis were applied to achieve the stated objective. The result showed that black rice was found to be highly profitable to the farmers as compared to normal rice. The cost of cultivation of normal rice is estimated to be higher mainly due to higher expenditure on machinery charge, labor charge (hired and family) and fertilizer and manure. The break-even point was estimated to be lower than that of normal rice, which indicates that producers can achieve a no-profit-no-loss situation at a lower level of production than that of normal rice. The benefit-cost ratio of black rice was higher than that of normal rice indicates high profitability of the black rice cultivation. Since the cultivation cost of black rice is less but high market price of produce becomes it highly profitable for farmers. Therefore, it is suggested that the extension agent should conduct awareness programs to encourage the farmers to produce black rice commercially, which would be helpful in enhancing the livelihood and sustainable income to the farmers.

Implementation and financial analysis of good agricultural practices (GAPs) of True Cardamom (Amomum compactum SoL.): The experience from smallholders’ farmers

True cardamom is a biopharmaceutical plant used for the essential ingredients of traditional medicines, spices, additives, and herbs in various industries. Farmers should adopt Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for good quality and productivity, which can increase cultivation costs. Evaluating the implementation of GAP and the financial aspect is important to see its feasibility. This study aims to assess GAP’s application level and its financial analysis based on adoption. Respondents were taken using the Cluster Random Sampling method, which determined as many as 43 farmers in Cisolok District. Based on the level of implementation of True Cardamom’s GAP, the farmers are categorized as high, medium, and low adoption with a percentage of 25%, 75%, and 0%, respectively. The financial analysis results of the Net Present Value (NPV) of high-category farmers and medium-category are IDR 88,603,622.39 and IDR. 31,879,670.82, respectively. The high-category GAP adoption has a higher value of Net Benefit-Cost Ratio than the others, medium-category, 4.5 and 2.4, respectively. So do the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) values; high-category has an IRR value more significant than the other which the IRR is higher than the interest rate (11%). Cardamom business is declared financially feasible with a payback period at the application level of GAP for high and medium categories: two years, two months, and five years and six months, respectively.

Impact of foliar applied nano-urea on growth, productivity and profitability of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In lowland rice cultivation, the application of conventional urea fertilizer provides low N to rice plants and exhibits low N use efficiency (~ 30%) due to greater loss of N. Hence the present study hypothesized that nano-urea spray could fulfil N requirement of rice plants and thereby produce high yields. So, a field experiment was conducted on hybrid rice (cv. Arize-6444 Gold) at Regional Research Sub-Station, BCKV, Chakdaha, Nadia under new alluvial zone (NAZ) of West Bengal during winter (rabi) season of 2021-22 to assess the effect of nano-urea on growth attributes, yield components, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of hybrid rice.The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments [T1:100% RDN i.e. 150 kg ha-1 through urea, T2:100% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T3:75% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T4:50% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T5:125% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T6:Control], each replicated four times. All the treatments were consisted of a uniform recommended dose of 100% P and K (each of 80 kg ha-1) supplied through SSP and MOP, respectively, except for T6 (control). In each treatment, foliar spray was done with IFFCO nano-urea @ 4ml litre-1 of water twice at active tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. Results of the present experiment revealed that growth parameters of tested hybrid rice namely plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate registered better result under treatment T2 than other treatments. As expected, the above-mentioned growth attributes were lowest on receiving T6 treatment at almost all dates of observation. Among yield attributes of hybrid rice, number of panicles m-2(392), panicle length (32.46 cm) and panicle weight (5.58 g) were highest with treatment T5, while filled grains panicle-1(194) and 1000-grain weight (24.18 g) were maximum for T2 treatment. Highest grain yield (7.15 t ha-1) and HI (50.71%) of hybrid rice were obtained with T2 treatment, while the highest straw yield (7.20 t ha-1) was obtained with T5 treatment. The treatment T2 resulted in highest grain N (1.48%) and K (0.21%) content. Total cost of cultivation was highest in T5 (Rs. 77712 ha-1), but net return (Rs. 43720 ha-1) as well as B:C ratio (1.57) was highest for T2 treatment. Hence, the application of 100% RDN in conjunction with nano-urea spray twice at 25 and 50 DAT has been effective for higher productivity and profitability of hybrid rice cultivation.

Review of the Impact of Drip Irrigation Mulching on Soil Characteristics and Efficiency in Water Usage

Vegetable growth and productivity are influenced by watering techniques and different kinds of mulch. The current study reviewed drip irrigation that used different irrigation volumes (V, 0.7V, and 0.9V) in drip treatments. Transparent mulch resulted in higher soil temperatures compared to black mulch. The study or situation involved the use of black mulch, which is a type of mulching material often used in agriculture. The use of black mulch caused the soil temperature to rise. The increase in soil temperature ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 degrees Celsius (°C). This indicates a considerable temperature difference. The moisture content in the non-mulched plots was found to be higher than that in the mulched ones. The utilization of plastic mulch resulted in water conservation ranging from 26% to 36% across various treatment conditions. In comparison to the control treatment, all treatment groups that used black mulch saw increased yields. By maximising water use, the use of mulching and drip irrigation in vegetable cultivation offers the potential to lower cultivation costs.

An Economic Analysis of Cost of Production and Marketing Channels of Watermelon in Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India

The objective of the study is to analyse the production costs and marketing channels of watermelon in Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India. Owing to maximum area under cultivation in the district, Deesa, Dantiwada, and Lakhani were purposefully chosen for the study. A multistage sampling method was applied and a total of 120 watermelon farmers, 20 intermediaries, and 20 consumers were selected for data collection. The basic tabular approach and the percentage method were the statistical tools used for data analysis. To estimate the cost of cultivation of the watermelon crop, the cost concept was applied. The marketing effectiveness of the channel was examined using Shepherd's and Acharya's approaches. The watermelon cultivation required a total of 78 man days of labour, including 58 family labours and 20 hired labours. Cost A was ₹19671.95, Cost B was ₹17172.05, and Cost C1 was ₹186087.15, for a total cultivation cost (cost C2) per hectare of ₹204695.87. This resulted in the overall cost of production per quintal of ₹537.82. According to the findings, the majority of farmers (61.67%) sell to contractors, followed by retailers (22.50%) and direct customers (15.83%). It was found that channel I had the highest marketing efficiency (Shepherd's method) i.e., 33.67, followed by channel II with 9.87 and channel III with 5.97. The most effective channel in terms of marketing efficiency (Acharya's method) was channel I, with an efficiency of 33.67, followed by channels II and III with an efficiency of 1.33 and 0.76 respectively. This demonstrated that watermelon farming was profitable in the research area.

Farmer’s Perception and Satisfaction towards Farmer Producer Organization in Jamnagar District, Gujarat, India

The present study had been undertaken in Lalpur, Jamjodhpur, Jamnagar and Jodiya talukas of Jamnagar district. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to select the districts, talukas and villages. 120 farmers were selected from the 20 villages of Jamnagar district. The study was mainly based on primary data, which were collected through personal interview with the help of structured survey schedule. Result revealed that 45.83 per cent of respondents belonged to middle age group (35 to 50 years) followed by 35.00 per cent respondents were above 50 years. Majority of farmers were male i.e., 91.67 per cent followed by female i.e., 8.33 per cent. Result indicates that 47.50 per cent respondent have studied up to primary level followed by secondary level. The result revealed that 80.83 per cent of the farmers have annual income of ₹200942.45 to ₹892350.89 and 39.17 per cent farmers had semi-medium land holding. 40.83 per cent farmers were engaged in both farming and animal husbandry followed by 24.17 per cent farmers were involved in farming with business. Majority farmers (48.33%) had source open well for irrigation. Observed that 81.67 per cent farmers had more than 15 years of farming experience and 70.83 per cent farmers had 1 to 1.5 years of membership in FPO. The information about per hectare benefits received to farmer members by FPO. Result found that total crop production of farmers increased. Total cost of cultivation decreased, Overall crop price increased and overall income of farmer increased.

Performance of maize (Zea mays) + field bean (Dolichos lablab) intercropping system under natural, organic and conventional farming practices

The present study was carried out at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, Chitradurga, Karnataka during rainy (kharif) season 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 to study the productivity and economics of maize (Zea mays L.) + field bean (Dolichos lablab L.) (4:2) intercropping system under different farming practices. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four farming practices as treatments, viz. T1, Natural farming (NF); T2, Organic farming (OF); T3, Recommended package of practices (RPP) and; T4, Farmer practices (FP) with five replications. Results revealed that the recommended package of practices (RPP) recorded a significantly higher maize grain yield (6045 kg/ha), seed yield of field bean (538 kg/ha), maize equivalent yield (9625 kg/ha). Cost of cultivation in different farming practices indicated the lowest labour cost incurred in organic farming (₹25405/ha) and material cost in natural farming (₹14576/ha) as compared to other farming practices. Among the farming practices, lowest cost of cultivation was observed under natural farming (₹45436/ha) as compared to other farming practices. The gross returns (₹166471/ha) and net returns (₹109428/ha) were again significantly higher in RPP over other farming practices.

Comparing the influence of natural farming on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and economics with integrated and organic farming

Cotton, a vital global cash crop, influences the economy and sustainability. Natural farming is a cost-effective, eco-friendly method. This study examines Natural Farming's effects on cotton yield and the economics of cotton compared to Integrated and organic farming. Field experiments were conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural College, Coimbatore. The experiment consisted of eight treatments, laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. The treatments consist of control (T1), various Indian Natural farming practices including Beejamirit as a seed treatment, Ghanajeevamirit as basal, Jeevamirit with irrigation water, crop residue mulch, intercroping with pulses (T2 to T5), Organic farming practices (T6), Integrated crop management (ICM) practices with organic pest control (T7) and ICM with chemical pest (T8). The results indicated a significant increase in yield components: sympodial branches plant-1 (12.85 and 13.40), number of squares (29.28 and 31.28), bolls plant-1 (10.74 and 11.32), and boll weight (4.30 and 4.38 g) under Integrated Crop Management practices in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. However, organic farming practices, followed by natural farming practices, were at par with integrated crop management. Integrated crop management practices resulted in significantly higher seed cotton yields (2178 and 2232 kg/ha in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively) than organic and natural farming practices with a higher cost of cultivation and a gross return. Complete natural farming outperformed organic and integrated farming in cotton, yielding higher net returns and B: C ratios. This approach holds promise for enhancing yield, economic viability and environmental sustainability in cotton cultivation.

Impact of Organic Farming on the Livelihood of Organic Farmers in Manipur

Impact of Organic Farming on the Livelihood of Organic Farmers in Manipur