Cost Variables Research Articles

RISK AND UNCERTAINTY IN CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING: AN OVERVIEW OF PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES

Consumers' decision-making power is irrational in everyday life due to risk uncertainty, limited information, perceived cost, and other variables; hence, it is critical to research consumers' decision-making to select the best out of numerous alternatives. This entails selecting a course of action to address a specific problem from among two or more possible alternatives- decision-making processes incorporate elements of uncertainty and risk. Therefore, this article aims to explore the principles, values, and approaches to decision-making risk and uncertainties by analysing recent literature. Decision-making analyses are conducted from a variety of analytical viewpoints. However, Tversky and Kahneman's prospect theory, published in 1979, remains one of the most widely utilised approaches for analysing decision-making under suspicion and ambiguity. Also, personal choices are a problem-solving approach with an emphasis on alternative selection. Ultimately, working on consumer decision-making and aging is critical for a complete knowledge of how customer loyalty and high-quality decision-making may be retained over a person's life.

BIAYA TRANSAKSI DAN PEMILIHAN SALURAN PEMASARAN KOPI ARABIKA GAYO: STUDI EMPIRIS DI PROVINSI ACEH

This study aims to analyze the effect of transaction costs on the selection of marketing channels by Gayo Arabica coffee farmers in the Central Aceh and Bener Meriah districts. This study uses a transaction cost economics approach (TCE) to explain the choice between cooperatives collectors and exporters' traders. Identification of transaction cost variables that affect marketing channel selection by farmers in Aceh Tengah and Bener Meriah districts using the probit model with E-Views 7.0 software. The results show that the transaction costs that affect the farmers’ decision in choosing marketing channels to collectors from cooperatives in Central Aceh Regency are the amount of time to seek price information and dummy access to prices and prices received by farmers. Meanwhile, in Bener Meriah Regency, transaction costs that affect farmers' decisions in choosing marketing channels to collectors from cooperatives are the price received by farmers, dummy access to credit to traders, and the length of payment from traders. This research has policy implications for improving Gayo Arabica coffee farmers' structure, behavior, performance, and welfare

Transportation Modes During Pandemic Covid-19 in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is the selection of transportation modes during the pandemic in Indonesia. This study uses an analysis of the SEM (Structural Equation Model) analysis technique, with a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results of the analysis show that the cost and safety variables do not significantly affect the choice of transportation mode, this is due to the Covid-19 pandemic which resulted in changes in variables community priorities in the selection of transportation modes. While the variables of comfort and compliance with health protocols have a significant effect on the choice of transportation modes which have an impact on reducing the risk of being exposed to COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to study the improvement of minimum service standards in order to increase the convenience of users of transportation services and carry out supervision to ensure the implementation of minimum service standards in order to improve comfort and compliance with health protocols.

Pengaruh Biaya Operasional terhadap Pendapatan pada Perum Damri Cabang Bandung

The general purpose of this research is to test how operating costs affect revenue. To obtain these data, the Pearson correlation test is used to measure the linear relationship of two variables. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative. Analysis and the types of data are secondary and primary data. This study shows that there is a very significant relationship between operating costs and income, according to the value of r table 0,609 > 0,997 which is greater than the value of r table in the company, therefore the correlation value > between operating cost and income variables. It was concluded that there were obtacles to operating costin 2019 and 2020, resulting in a decrease in revenue.

GENERALIZED COST OF FREIGHT MULTIMODAL SYSTEM IN JAVA

The multimodal system in Indonesia requires development in order to create a more efficient and reliable freight transport and diminish the domination of road transport, i.e. trucks. The utilization of more than one mode in a multimodal system, where there is a door-to-door element, requires a network development concept that refers to the use of generalized costs, instead of costs incurred to use the system (out of pocket). Generalized cost is the concept of monetization of time, distance and cost variables into a certain unit value (time or cost). The aim of this study is to analyze the generalized cost model of freight transport in Java based on truck, train and ship modes. In this paper, the generalized cost variable used is based on the viewpoint from freight forwarders and shippers obtained through primary surveys and the AHP method cost, reliability and lead time. Monetization of reliability and lead time variables on costs is based on a stated preference survey, the results of which show that the truck mode has a time VOR Rp 1,181,771 and VOT Rp 174,079 (per delivery per hour). These values are the largest compared to the other modes considering that congestion and the unavailability of adequate infrastructure are the factors that cause delays. The results of the generalized cost show that the ship mode, which has the largest generalized cost value, is 1.29 times more expensive than the truck mode considering that the journey is heavily influenced by weather and has a need for further modes to the destination as well as additional handling equipment which increases transportation costs. The outcome are expected to be used by the government as a reference in determining multimodal transport development policies which will enable the system to compete in the logistics sector.

Microencapsulated anthocyanins powder production from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx: Process synthesis and economic analysis

In this work, we synthesized and economically analyzed a sustainable process of industrial production of microencapsulated anthocyanins powder (MAP) from Hibiscus sabdafiffa L. calyx (HSC) with the assistance of SuperPro Designer software. Open literature data were used in the synthesis of flowsheet and minimum selling price (MSP) of MAP was the only economic parameter used to assess the profitability of MAP production plant. Scale-up studies in the range of 0.127–130.393 × 103 kg/y MAP were conducted to identify the most economically feasible production capacity of MAP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were further conducted on the most economically feasible capacity to determine technical and cost variables of significance. Material and energy demands and cost parameters increased with pant capacity. A power law relationship (R2 = 0.9081) was obtained between the MSP and selected range of plant capacities. The plant capacity of 108.551 × 103 kg/y MAP had the least MSP of 4013 US$/kg MAP and was selected as the most economically feasible capacity. Regarding the economics of plant capacity of 108.551 × 103 kg/y MAP, Packed Bed Adsorption (PBA) chromatography column was required in multiples and its cost contributed approximately 59% to the total equipment purchased cost (EPC). Consumables cost was the highest contributor to total operating cost (TOpC) and MSP showed a linear dependence (R2 = 0.9935) on the discount rate. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses showed that resin binding capacity, PBA resins purchase cost and Hibiscus sabdafiffa L. calyx anthocyanins (HSCAs) recovery had most contributions to uncertainties in MSP.

County-level crash prediction models for Pennsylvania accounting for income characteristics

The majority of current safety prediction models utilize roadway and traffic data as independent variables to describe safety performance at a microscopic level. Recent work moves toward predicting these measures within some region as a function of roadway and traffic data, as well as non-traditional variables, such as socioeconomic measures. This paper aims to provide a holistic view of the intersection of socioeconomics and safety in Pennsylvania by investigating possible relationships between wealth and various aspects of safety performance, including crash frequency, severity, and cost. The analyses presented in this paper serve as case studies with intentions to promote the development of more robust, wealth-inclusive safety analyses in the future. The study reveals relationships between socioeconomic-related measures and crash frequency, severity, and cost estimations. These relationships indicate counties with increased levels of socioeconomic distress (quantified by multiple socioeconomic-related variables) are estimated to experience more crashes – particularlyrelated to alcohol usage – and higher total crash costs, and crashes that occur in counties with increased levels of socioeconomic distress are estimated to be more likely to result in an increased injury severity level compared to crashes that occur elsewhere. These resultssupport previous work andexpand on that work by considering multiple socioeconomic-related variables and their impacts on three unique safety-related measures. The existence of a relationship between crash frequency, severity, and cost and wealth-related variables opens the door to further exploration of including wealth in traditional safety analyses. This paper discusses these relationships and offers recommendations for future work.

Cost analysis of robotic versus open hepatectomy: Is the robotic platform more expensive?

The robotic platform is perceived to be more expensive when compared to laparoscopic and open operations. We aimed to compare the perioperative costs of robotic vs. open hepatectomy for the treatment of liver tumors at our facility. We followed 370 patients undergoing robotic and open hepatectomy for benign and malignant liver tumors. Demographic, perioperative, cost and payment data were collected and analyzed. For illustrative purposes, the data were presented as median (mean ± SD). Two hundred sixty-seven robotic and 104 open hepatectomies were analyzed. There were no significant differences in perioperative variables between the two cohorts. The robotic group had a significantly lower estimated blood loss (EBL) (135 [208 ± 244.8] vs 300 [427 ± 502.5] ml, p < 0.0001), smaller lesion size (4 [5 ± 3.6] vs 5[6 ± 4.9] cm, p = 0.0052), shorter length of stay (LOS) (4 [4 ± 3.4] vs 6[8 ± 5.7] days, p < 0.0001) and decreased 90-day mortality (3 vs 7 p = 0.0028). There were no significant differences between the two groups any cost variable. The open group received significantly higher reimbursement ($29,297 [62,962 ± 75,377.96] vs $19,102 [38,975 ± 39,362.11], p < 0.001) and profit ($5005 [30,981 ± 79,541.09] vs $- 6682 [6146 ± 40,949.65], p < 0.001). Robotic hepatectomy is associated with lower EBL, shorter LOS and less mortality. There was no greater cost associated with the robotic platform despite a reduced reimbursement and profit.

Socioemotional Exchanges Between Men and Women in Heterosexual Relationships.

We examined affection-giving, affection-denying, respect-giving, and respect-denying behaviors among men and women in heterosexual relationships. In a pilot study (N = 106 couples), although we had expected the latent variables of affectionate and respectful behaviors to emerge from exploratory factor analyses, we obtained the latent variables of socioemotional rewards and costs instead. In the main study (initial N = 182 couples), we replicated the factor patterns of socioemotional rewards and costs in confirmatory factor analyses. Moreover, we entered (final N = 177 couples) men’s and women’s self-reported narcissism alongside men’s and women’s socioemotional rewards and costs, as reported by partners, into a dyadic model that we tested via covariance structure analyses. Results revealed that, although men and women reciprocated rewards as well as costs (and correlations between individuals’ rewards and costs were negative), narcissism was not reflected in the patterns of reciprocity (men’s and women’s narcissism were positively related.) We discuss implications for studies of relationship processes as two-person group dynamics.

Digital Forensic Readiness of Information Systems: A cost-benefit variable analysis

Despite the increasing amount of research on the pre-incident side within a digital forensic investigation, little steps have been taken towards assessing the effectiveness of such a plan in terms of cost effectiveness. This research paper lays the foundations of a cost-benefit variable analysis within a digital forensic readiness context by defining a cost-benefit relationship effect model. We collect novel, primary data from organisations and institutions that implement a digital forensic readiness plan to identify cost variables of each measure and threat, and benefit variables of each measure to be taken. We conduct data analysis to portray that specific cost variables have a significant effect on specific benefit variables and present the results of the data collection process amongst organisations and institutions applying a digital forensic readiness plan. Lastly, we produce hypotheses testing results and determine the validity between each cost-benefit relationship.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PROFITABILITAS PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (PERIODE 2013-2019)

Profitability is a ratio that describes the company's ability to earn profits through all existing capabilities and resources. The GAP in this study is the inconsistency of the theory with the inconsistent results of previous studies. In this study, we take the financial ratios of BOPO, NPL, LDR, and NIM. This study uses a causal associative method with a quantitative approach, the data used is secondary data derived from the financial statements of banking companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the period 2013-2019. The sample was determined by purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study consisted of 24 companies and analyzed using EVIEWS version 10. Data testing techniques used in this study include classical assumption test, correlation test, simple regression test, multiple regression test. Furthermore, testing the hypothesis using the coefficient of determination, t test and F test. The results of the analysis show that the From the simultaneous testing of all independent variables, the fcount (8.443) &gt; ftable (2.66) with a probability (Prob F-Statistic) of (0.000 &lt; 0.05). This shows that simultaneously the variables of Operating Costs to Operating Income (BOPO), Non- Performing Loans (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Net Interst Margin (NIM) together have an effect on ROA.

Regional Development and Interregional Migration Decisions in Jakarta

Purpose: this study aims to examine the community's decision to migrate between regions in the Jabodetabek area using the KRL Commuterline public transportation and analyse regional criteria based on regional development based on Oriented Development Transit, where these criteria become integration with community movements in migrating to an area.Methods: secondary data is used to fnd the number of people in migrating obtained from pt. Kai Indonesia. While to complete and explain each variable to be studied using primary data with several questions through a questionnaire submitted to 398 people who migrate between regions using logistic regression analysis techniques in their measurements. While to analyze the criteria for regional development in each region using an assessment approach from the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. With qualitative analysis techniques and to assist in this research, a spatial approach is used which is used to display a picture of the distribution of migration.Results: (1) Regional development in each part of the Jabodetabek area is in the silver standard category which indicates that the regional development project has almost met the performance targets that have been conceptualized by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. (2) People in making decisions to migrate between regions will be affected by the variables of distance, travel costs, gender, travel time, migration destination and regional development, while age and transit distance cannot provide a large enough influence on people's movements in migrating.Conclusions and Relevance: the results of the study prove that regional development in the Jabodetabek area tends to be a non-metropolitan area where people who move prefer areas that are integrated with public facilities that lead to the destination rather than towards the metropolitan area, this is evidenced by the standard silver criteria obtained in the area in Jabodetabek.

An Exemplar Frontal Plane Visual Kinematic Stimulus Elicits Sex-Specific Learned Behavior: An Exploratory Report.

Abstract Hogg, JA, Riehm, CD, Diekfuss, JA, Simon, JE, Acocello, SN, Liang, Y, Wu, D, Myer, GD, and Wilkerson, GB. An exemplar frontal plane visual kinematic stimulus elicits sex-specific learned behavior: An exploratory report. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 857–861, 2022—The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if a visually delivered kinematic stimulus designed to promote injury-resistant biomechanics would induce sex-specific motor learning effects. Six female subjects and 6 male subjects participated in 2 consecutive day sessions in which they mimicked an avatar performing 5 sets of 8 repetitions of exemplar frontal plane mechanics during single-leg squats. Acute (∼10 minutes) and delayed (∼24 hours) transfer testing under single-task (single-leg balance) and dual-task conditions (single-leg balance plus cognitive task) were referenced to baseline measurements. Center of pressure (CoP) mean velocity (Vel), SD, and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) in the anterior posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were quantified, with dual-task costs defined as the percentage difference from single-task to dual-task. Separate 2 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted for each dual-task cost variable. Main effects and interactions with large effect sizes considered as ≥ 0.14 were further explored with pairwise post hoc comparisons. Sex by time interactions were observed for medial-lateral standard deviation cost ( = 0.29; p = 0.04), anterior-posterior standard deviation cost ( = 0.27; p = 0.06), and AP DFA cost ( = 0.41; p = 0.007), in which female subjects displayed lower dual task cost at acute transfer testing compared with male subjects (Cohen's d = 1.52, 1.64, 0.97; p = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.13 respectively). This report provides preliminary evidence that female subjects may be more responsive than male subjects to a prescribed frontal plane kinematic visual stimulus. Based on these sex-specific effects, future visually driven stimuli may require alternative strategies to optimize efficacy in male subjects.

Cost Problems for Parametric Time Petri Nets*

We investigate the problem of parameter synthesis for time Petri nets with a cost variable that evolves both continuously with time, and discretely when firing transitions. More precisely, parameters are rational symbolic constants used for time constraints on the firing of transitions and we want to synthesise all their values such that some marking is reachable, with a cost that is either minimal or simply less than a given bound. We first prove that the mere existence of values for the parameters such that the latter property holds is undecidable. We nonetheless provide symbolic semi-algorithms for the two synthesis problems and we prove them both sound and complete when they terminate. We also show how to modify them for the case when parameter values are integers. Finally, we prove that these modified versions terminate if parameters are bounded. While this is to be expected since there are now only a finite number of possible parameter values, our algorithms are symbolic and thus avoid an explicit enumeration of all those values. Furthermore, the results are symbolic constraints representing finite unions of convex polyhedra that are easily amenable to further analysis through linear programming. We finally report on the implementation of the approach in Romeo, a software tool for the analysis of time Petri nets.

In-Hospital Costs Associated With an Expanded Endonasal Approach to Anterior Skull Base Tumors

Objective: To determine in-hospital costs associated with performing an EEA to anterior skull base pathology and to identify drivers of cost variability for patients undergoing endoscopic anterior skull base surgery. Methods: All endoscopic anterior skull base surgeries performed over a period from January 1st, 2015 to October 24th, 2017 were evaluated. The electronic medical record was reviewed for patient factors, tumor characteristics, and cost variables associated with each hospital stay and univariate analysis was performed using Stata software. Results: An EEA was associated with an average total in-hospital cost of $44 545. Compared to patients undergoing a transsphenoidal approach to pituitary tumor resection, EEA patients incurred higher in-hospital costs across all variables including a total cost increase of $15 921 (95% confidence interval $5720-26 122, P = .002). Univariate analysis of all endoscopic anterior skull base surgery patients showed a cost increase of $30 616 associated with post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak ($10 420-50 811, P = .004), $14 610 with post-operative diabetes insipidus (DI) ($4610-24 609, P = .004), and $11 522 with African-American patients relative to Caucasian patients ($3049-19 995, P = .008). Conclusions: Patients who undergo endoscopic EEA for resection of anterior skull base tumors typically incur greater in-hospital costs than patients undergoing a standard TSA. Post-operative complications such as CSF leak and DI, as well as ethnicity, are significant drivers of cost-variability.

Estimation of Annual Routine Maintenance Cost for Highway Tunnels

In highway management, the prediction of the routine maintenance cost of tunnels is an important issue in saving tunnel maintenance costs due to its uncertainty, and the influencing factors should be carefully selected because too many variables could not be involved in the model. The complicated relationship between variables may lead to the inconsistency of model coefficients with the actual situation even though the goodness of fit of the model constructed with more variables is higher. This paper presents an approach in which quantitative analysis is combined with qualitative analysis to quickly select the independent variables of the tunnel routine maintenance cost (TMC) model. Based on the routine maintenance data collection of nine highway tunnels in Shaanxi province from 2007 to 2016, the independent variables of the models are determined with one‐way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, partial correlation, and hierarchical regression. Afterwards, a fixed‐effect regression model which can reflect the overall regional features is developed. Results show that tunnel age (Age) and tunnel length proportion (PET) have less effect on TMC among the main influencing factors such as district, Age, annual average daily traffic volume (AADT), truck traffic volume proportion (PTT), PET, and number of ventilation facilities (NVF), while the NVF makes a positive contribution to the TMC. Compared with grouped regression models, the fixed‐effect regression model has higher fitting accuracy and a better regression coefficient significance. The quick independent variable selection method can shorten the time of establishing the model and determine the influencing factors of the research object effectively. The established model is suitable for forecasting the TMC and budget arrangement. In addition, the elastic analysis results of regression coefficients are helpful to the decision of maintenance strategy and the allocation of maintenance funds.

Application of Fuel Cells in Energy Storage

Based on a technology that separates power conversion and energy storage, fuel cell energy storage enables each function to be separately tuned for performance, cost, or other key variables. This capacity to tune every component of an energy storage system might provide considerable advantages for many uses. Here, different fuel cell-based energy storage systems are discovered that use hydrogen as the energy storage medium. Electrolyzes are fully regenerative fuel cell systems that are relevant for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The technological and product development status of these systems and the state of various hydrogen storage technology choices will be discussed.

Efficiency Analysis Sand and Stone Mining: Production Stochastic Frontier Modeling

This research aims to analyze the effect of capital, cost, working hours, labor, technology, analyze the most influential variables on the production of sand and stone and determine the level of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, and economic efficiency. The analysis technique uses the Stochastic Frontier Analysis MLE method. The results showed that capital, cost, and technology variables have no significant effect, labor has a positive and significant effect. The most influential variable on sand and stone production in Banyumas Regency is labor. The level of technical efficiency in the production of sand is 0,829418, and stone is 0,743271. The level of allocative efficiency of sand production is 1,799976 and stone 1,997888. The level of economic efficiency of sand production is 1,492933 and stone 1,484972. The production of sand and stone has reached technical efficiency but has not yet reached allocative efficiency and economic efficiency.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ГРУЗОПОДЪЁМНОСТИ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ НА ЗАТРАТЫ ПО РЕМОНТУ

One of the significant items of variable costs in road transport are repair costs. As the age of the vehicles increases, repair costs increase. However, the impact of the load on repair costs has been poorly studied, so the task of studying such an impact is relevant. During the operation of trucks during the transportation of goods, contact parts are damaged, especially suspension parts, body connecting elements, rotating transmission parts, etc. These parts are repaired as needed. The main share of the costs associated with the repair of freight transport falls on their maintenance and repair. As a rule, the main reason for the need for repair is the extreme wear and failure of parts and assemblies of vehicles. In the theoretical study, the influence of the load factor on the repair costs of truck transport is considered. The study is based on the hypothesis of a power-law effect of the load on wear, which has been confirmed in related industries. The result of the study revealed the dependence of the influence of the load factor on repair costs. A graph of the dependence of repair costs on the load factor is constructed, which allows you to more accurately predict cost variables and make informed decisions on the use of rolling truck.

Effect of Operating Costs, Total Debt, and Sales Volume on Net Profit (Study on Coal Sub-Sector Mining Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 Period)

The purpose of this study is to test and provide an analysis of the effect of operating costs, total debt, and sales volume on net income in coal sub-sector mining companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the 2017-2019 period. In this study there were 22 companies. The technique used is purposive sampling and the number of samples that meet the criteria are 12 companies with a period of 3 years. The research method used is descriptive quantitative and uses secondary data derived from the company's financial statements, while the model used to test the research is panel data regression. The results of the study state that simultaneously operating costs, total debt, and sales volume affect the net profit of coal sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 period by 83.9246%. Partially, it shows that the operational cost variable has a significant negative effect on net income and sales volume has a significant positive effect on net income, while total debt has no partial effect on net income.