Cost Of Transmission Services Research Articles

Identification of the sharing contribution of the power supply system power sources to the electricity losses and their cost

THE PURPOSE. Consider the problems of estimating the cost of services for the transmission of electricity through the electric networks of territorial grid organizations (TGOs), including large industrial enterprises with the status of TGOs and their own generation. Develop a methodology for calculating the cost of electricity losses in the elements of the power supply system of such enterprises, taking into account the technical and economic characteristics of the sources. Develop a methodology for determining the share contribution of individual sources and consumers to electricity losses and their cost. Calculate the cost of electricity losses and the structure of the contribution to it of power sources of an industrial TGO enterprise and draw conclusions. METHODS. When solving the tasks set, methods for calculating steady-state modes of power supply systems were used. RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, created calculation methods, in the conditions of a large industrial power center, the system of payment by sub-subscribers of an industrial enterprise for services for the transmission of electricity and its relationship with the flow distribution is considered. The structure of the contribution of power sources to the losses of electricity in the power supply system is analyzed. An approach has been formulated to adjust the individual tariff for the purchase of electricity losses, taking into account the placement of power sources in the power supply system. Recommendations are given to reduce the degree of undercompensation of the cost of electricity transmission services by third-party consumers. It is proposed to use for these purposes the norms of technological losses of electricity (NTLE), determined by the cost of losses. CONCLUSION. Under the current regulatory framework, it is in the interests of TGO enterprises to distribute sub-subscribers in the scheme in such a way that their actual NTLE, determined taking into account the targeting of losses, does not exceed the calculated NTLE. In this case, there is no transfer of the cost of losses from sub-subscribers to the own consumption of the TGO enterprise. At the same time, sub-subscribers do not incur additional costs, since they pay off with the guaranteeing supplier at the boiler tariff. NTLE for these purposes must be determined by the cost of losses, taking into account the characteristics of the sources. The share of payment for losses in the networks of an TGO enterprise, which goes to its own consumption and is not compensated by sub-subscribers, is reduced. Consequently, the amount of costs for electricity and their share in the cost of finished products of the TGO enterprise is reduced.

Prospects of introducing microgrids in Russian industry

Improving energy efficiency keeps on being one of the most pressing problems for Russian industry. The paper aims to examine the prospects of using microgrids in Russian regions, including in the old industrial ones, to reduce energy costs of industrial enterprises. The methodological basis of the study comprises theoretical aspects of pricing within the models of retail and wholesale energy markets, tenets of uneven demand for energy under the use of microgrids. The authors apply analysis, synthesis, systematisation and statistical observation, create matrices and positioning maps and explore the parameters of energy consumption schedules at industrial enterprises of various types as well as the values of ‘common pot’ electricity transmission tariffs introduced in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The researchers develop own system of indicators for assessing the variability in the cost of electricity transmission services and present a map of Russian regions that illustrate the prospects of using microgrids and mechanisms of demand management in industrially developed regions with a view to cutting energy costs.

Reducing the cost of electricity transmission services of industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electric power producers

Reducing the cost of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises is the most important area of increasing the operational efficiency of their activities. The article is devoted to the issue of reducing the cost of paying for the service component of the transport component of purchased electrical energy from industrial enterprises that have technological connection to the electrical networks of electricity producers. The article makes an empirical study of the features of the pricing of payment for the services of the transport component of purchased electrical energy for industrial enterprises connected to the electric grids of electricity producers with the identification of factors influencing the overestimation of the cost of paid electricity, and calculating such overestimations using the example of a typical schedule of electricity consumption of a machinebuilding enterprise for various regions Russia. On the basis of the developed author's indicators (tariff coefficient for electricity transportation by the level of GNP, index of tariff coefficient for electricity transportation, weighted average price for electricity transportation, index of weighted average price for electricity transportation, integral index of efficiency of GNP tariffs) study of the effectiveness of the application of tariffs for the transport of electricity for industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electricity producers. Based on the calculated indicators, the article groups the regions into three main groups, with the development of recommendations for managing the cost of purchasing electricity by the component of the cost of the transport component of purchased electricity in each group. As the most optimal option for reducing the cost of electricity transportation, the author proposes the introduction of demand management for electricity consumption, which will reduce the costs of industrial enterprises that pay for the transport component of purchased electricity at unfavorable tariff configurations.

Generation and transmission expansion planning for bulk renewable energy export considering transmission service cost allocation

This paper proposes a bulk renewable generation and transmission expansion planning (GTEP) applied to the Iran power system. The objective is to minimize the cost of investors who intend to invest in renewable power plants for electricity exports in high-potential countries. The costs include the generation and transmission investment cost (CAPEX), operation cost (OPEX), and transmission service cost (TSC). In this paper, three TSC allocation methods are proposed to be used, including methods based on annual MWh of consumption or generation, based on the peak value of consumption or generation, and based on the power flow of lines. The proposed optimization-based GTEP is examined through various cases. The effects of different parameters including the location of the neighbors to whom the power is exported, the location of the candidate buses for installing power plants, the neighbor's load shape, and the type of renewable power plant are discussed on the GTEP results.

Cooperative Edge Caching With Location-Based and Popular Contents for Vehicular Networks

In this article, we propose a cooperative edge caching scheme, which allows vehicles to fetch one content from multiple caching servers cooperatively. In specific, we consider two types of vehicular content requests, i.e., location-based and popular contents, with different delay requirements. Both types of contents are encoded according to fountain code and cooperatively cached at multiple servers. The proposed scheme can be optimized by finding an optimal cooperative content placement that determines the placing locations and proportions for all contents. To this end, we first analyze the upper bound proportion of content caching at a single server, which is determined by both the downloading rate and the association duration when the vehicle drives through the server's coverage. For both types of contents, the respective theoretical analysis of transmission delay and service cost (including content caching and transmission cost) are provided. We then formulate an optimization problem of cooperative content placement to minimize the overall transmission delay and service cost. As the problem is a multi-objective multi-dimensional multi-choice knapsack problem, which is proved to be NP-hard, we devise an ant colony optimization-based algorithm to solve the problem and achieve a near-optimal solution. Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, including its convergence and optimality of caching, while guaranteeing low transmission delay and service cost.

Economic Impact Assessment of Wind Power Integration: A Quasi-Public Goods Property Perspective

The integration of wind power into power grid will bring some impacts on the multiple subjects of electric power system. Economic impacts of wind power integration on multiple subjects of China’s electric power system were quantitatively assessed from Quasi-public goods property perspective in this paper. Firstly, the Quasi-public goods property of transmission services provided by power grid corporations was elaborated. Secondly, the multiple subjects of China’s electric power system, which include electricity generation enterprises (EGEs), power grid corporations (PGCs), electricity consumers (ECs), and environment, were detailed analyzed. Thirdly, based on the OPF-based nodal price model and transmission service cost allocation model, the economic impact assessment model of wind power integration was built from Quasi-public goods property perspective. Then, the IEEE-24 bus system employed in this paper was introduced according to current status of China’s electric power system, and the modeling of wind turbine was also introduced. Finally, the simulation analysis was performed, and the economic impacts of wind power integration on EGEs, PGCs, ECs and Environment were calculated. The results indicate, from Quasi-public goods property perspective, the wind power integration will bring positive impacts on EGEs, PGCs and Environment, while negative impacts on ECs. The findings can provide references for power system managers, energy planners, and policy makers.

Integrating the Transmission Loss Component with the Distribution Factors Enhanced Transmission Pricing Method for Efficient Transmission Use of System Charges

—This article proposes a transmission pricing method that integrates the transmission loss component with the distribution factors enhanced transmission pricing method for the pool electricity market. Two new schemes are proposed: (1) New Scheme 1—the losses are allocated only for the locational charges and (2) New Scheme 2—the losses are allocated for both locational and non-locational charges. Both methods use justified distribution factors to evaluate the transmission line flows more accurately. The transmission losses are allocated among the market users by integrating the generalized generation justified distribution factors and generalized load justified distribution factors with the modified pro-rata method. The proposed approach is tested on the 10-machine IEEE 39-bus (New England) system to prove its effectiveness. Results show that the proposed method is able to reconcile transmission service cost fairly.

Locational Marginal Prices Scheme Considering Transmission Congestion and Network Losses

This manuscript presents a basic concept of nodal price modeling in a competitive electricity market and some special considerations on its formulation. Nodal prices represented by locational marginal prices (LMP) based settlement strategy is carried out in a deregulated market environment to establish the amount of money received by generation companies from system operator and paid to system operator from customers. In this approach, cost of transmission services is implemented together with LMP which represents energy price, network losses cost, and transmission congestion cost. The results show that the proposed method has a better performance than the use of conventional approach.

Transmission Service Cost Calculation with Power Loss and Congestion Considerations

One of the most challenging issues of transmission grids in restructured power networks is determining the real transmission service cost. In this paper, a method for calculating the transmission service in different grids is presented. In the proposed method, the cost of power loss and congestion of transmission services are considered. Using this integrated model, the strengths and weaknesses of a power grid can be straightforwardly analyzed. All simulations have been done on IEEE nine-bus test system. Computing the transmission service cost, the next step is to optimize power loss and congestion using NSGA-II which is a two objective genetic algorithm method in which optimal power flow is implemented and power loss and congestion are considered as objective functions. Numerical results prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimizing method in which decreasing the cost of power loss and congestion have a direct effect on improving the quality of transmission services.

An Aumann-Shapley Approach to Allocate Transmission Service Cost Among Network Users in Electricity Markets

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This work presents a new methodology for the allocation of transmission service cost among network users in energy markets. The proposed method is based on an optimization/game-theoretic framework (Aumann-Shapley) that retains the desirable properties of other existing methodologies such as the Average Participations Factors (APF) and Long Run Marginal Costs (LRMC). The approach is shown to be computationally feasible and presents desirable characteristics in terms of economic coherence and isonomy. Computational results are presented for the Brazilian power system and compared with those obtained by three other methodologies: LRMC, APF, and the current method adopted in Brazil. </para>

Complex power flow tracing considering convection lines using nominal-T model

The changing structure of the electric power industry is bringing wheeling costing into a new focus. In a competitive market environment, deregulation of the electricity industry and transmission open access make it even more important to fairly allocate the cost of transmission service. Consequently, the power tracing which determines the contributions of individual generators to individual line flows and individual loads becomes more and more important. The proposed method can deal with the problem of reactive power decomposition without any restrictions, even convection lines are considered. Moreover, the proposed method provides possible allocation of line loss to individual generators or loads. An equivalent nominal-T line model replacing the nominal-π model for reactive power decomposition is presented as well. The Graph technique and Proportional Sharing principle are employed for determination of power-tracing sequence and power decomposition. Active power contribution of generators to lines and loads as well as reactive power contribution of generators and lines to loads are calculated. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an IEEE 30-bus system is applied.

Power-flow tracing and wheeling costing considering complex power and convection lines

In a competitive-market environment, deregulation of the electricity industry and thus transmission open access make it even more important to allocate the cost of transmission service fairly. The proposed method can deal with the problem of reactive-power decomposition which could not easily be resolved previously. An equivalent line circuit based on the nominal-T model for reactive-power decomposition is presented. Graph theory and the proportional-sharing principle are employed to trace power flow; the results are then employed to determine the real-power contribution of generators to lines and loads and the reactive-power contribution of generators and lines to loads. The proposed method is illustrated by means of a simple example. Because complex power rather than real power is considered, numerical results from the proposed method are more reasonable than those from the method which considers only real power.

Power flow based monetary flow method for electricity transmission and wheeling pricing

This paper proposes a transmission and wheeling pricing method based on the monetary flow tracing along power flow paths: the monetary flow–monetary path method. Active and reactive power flows are converted into monetary flows by using nodal prices. The method introduces a uniform measurement for transmission service usages by active and reactive powers. Because monetary flows are related to the nodal prices, the impacts of generators and loads on operation constraints and the interactive impacts between active and reactive powers can be considered. Total transmission service cost is separated into more practical line-related costs and system-wide cost, and can be flexibly distributed between generators and loads. The method is able to reconcile transmission service cost fairly and to optimize transmission system operation and development. The case study on the IEEE 30 bus test system shows that the proposed pricing method is effective in creating economic signals towards the efficient use and operation of the transmission system.

95/06152 Measuring the cost of transmission services

Smart-grid and electric-vehicle technologies are rapidly diffusing, yet important policy implications remain to be fully analyzed. This multi-year field study sought to fill part of this gap by exploring human adaptation to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) performance and vehicle charging in smart-grid environments. Homes were equipped with smart meters in a smart-grid experiment conducted by the local utility. Study households were organized by either standard or time-of-use electricity pricing, and randomly assigned to “managed” or “unmanaged” charging scenarios. Using a mixed-methods approach, study data were collected through vehicle data loggers, smart-plugs interviews, and questionnaires. The paper describes vehicle operations and performance; the ways in which households managed PHEV charging; and the manner in which they responded to smart-grid, smart-plug, and dashboard feedback. Findings indicate that households actively managed PHEV charging; however, they preferred flexible charging scenarios. Charging-management decisions were influenced by electricity-pricing. Online feedback on household- and vehicle-electricity consumption was generally ignored, but drivers responded to dashboard feedback as they drove. These results provide empirical bases for government and corporate policymakers to improve policy decisions relative to PHEV impacts on electricity loads, design of smart-grid feedback, and design of charging infrastructures.

Economic Optimisation of Gas Networks

Efficient management of the natural gas grids involve a complex optimisation task to resolve conflicting operational objectives to maintain cost of effective transmission services all year round. Typical computer software aids for this task divide the optimisation into several parts which are treated separately before the results are brought together for expert assessment and decision. A single, integrated suite of programs to address all aspects of the optimisation task would have obvious attractions. In this paper we describe HERO, a dynamic non-cooperative games framework for such development.