Land Costs Research Articles

A Fermatean Fuzzy SWARA-TOPSIS Methodology based on SCOR model for Autonomous Vehicle Parking Lot Selection

Population growth in crowded cities and the resulting increase in vehicle use have led to the problem of insufficient parking. When public parking lots and urban growth are not in coordination, vehicles park on the street and close the crosswalks. In the coming years, this problem will become more complicated with the addition of autonomous vehicles (AVs) to urban traffic. This study addresses the research question of how to effectively select AV parking lots in urban areas experiencing population growth and increased vehicle usage. For this aim, a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology, combining SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity) approaches in a Fermatean Fuzzy (FF) environment is proposed. The decision hierarchy based on the SCOR model has been developed to determine and construct the evaluation criteria. Then, a case study analysis has been applied to selected districts in Istanbul, which is Turkiye's most populous and developing city. Operating expenses, safety and security, and land costs are determined as the most important factors. As a result of the detailed fuzzy analysis, which districts should primarily be chosen for AV parking lots in Istanbul is determined and finally, the robustness and validity of the results obtained by the sensitivity analysis being questioned. The study contributes by providing insights into AV parking lot selection, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology, and highlighting the importance of addressing this issue in urban planning.

Effects of Land and Labor Costs Growth on Agricultural Product Prices and Farmers’ Income

Widespread attention has been paid to the continuous rounds of rising agricultural product prices in China since 2003. During this period, rising prices were affected by input costs and international market prices; therefore, the degree of benefits obtained by farmers from the rise in agricultural product prices has been questioned. However, limited studies have examined the effect and relationship between rising agricultural product prices and farmers’ income. The purpose of the study was to provide empirical evidence on how the rise in agricultural product prices affects farmers’ income and to understand the role of land and labor costs in this context using provincial data from 2003 to 2020. The findings reveal that there is a threshold effect on the impact of the rise in agricultural product prices on farmers’ income. A moderate rise in agricultural product prices can increase farmers’ income, but excessive price increases have an insignificant effect. The causes behind the price rise significantly influence farmers’ income. An increase attributed to higher land and labor costs can improve farmers’ income, whereas a rise driven by international market prices or the cost of agricultural production inputs is unlikely to benefit farmers.

Geographic Information System Using Postgre SQL-QGIS for Slum Squatter Distribnution Mapping in North Jakarta

This research aim to build a geographic information system that displays a mapping of slum building distribution in North Jakarta. One of spatial software was developed using a method is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) method. This research aim to build a geographic information system that displays a mapping of building distribution in North Jakarta. This system was built using Postgre SQL and QGIS to build map. The research finding in the research is that there is a tendency for built-up areas to grow in slum areas due to the absence of rental fees, land and building costs, but the feasibility conditions of these areas are very unsuitable. This research is limited to implementing the use of Postgre SQL and QGIS software. Because the rendering process for the visual display is very difficult. I hope that in the future this research will be developed interesting 3D visualization accompanied by charts. The implication of this research is to make it easier to see the distribution of dense and slum areas and become a step for the government in making policies. The originality of this research is that there is still no one who combines the two software in mapping analysis.

Bio-Conversion Of Plastic Waste Into Sustainable Biofuels: A Comprehensive Review Of Microbial Degradation Approaches

Plastic's pervasive presence in contemporary society has revolutionized industries and daily life but has concurrently birthed environmental concerns necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. This review navigates recent strides in plastic-to-fuel conversion, with a particular focus on the transformative potential of microbial degradation. Beginning with a critical assessment of environmental challenges linked to conventional plastic disposal, this review meticulously dissects microbial degradation. Unveiling the intricate processes orchestrated by bacteria and fungi, it delves into the unique advantages this method offers, including reduced land dependency, cost efficiency, and minimal environmental impact, setting it apart from traditional approaches like pyrolysis and gasification. Navigating challenges inherent in plastic-to-fuel conversion, such as energy consumption and emissions, this review synthesizes the latest research, technological breakthroughs, and ongoing initiatives. It culminates in a comprehensive overview of microbial degradation's potential for sustainable plastic waste management and biofuel production. As a synthesis of cutting-edge knowledge, this review not onlyq1 informs current scientific discourse but also charts course for future research, policy, and industrial practices, steering towards a harmonious equilibrium between the benefits of plastic and environmental considerations. This work serves as a beacon for those dedicated to fostering a sustainable future through a nuanced understanding of plastic waste management, environmental sustainability, and the evolving landscape of biofuel production.

Optimization of Solar PV System Efficiency in Bangladesh

This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of Sarishabari Engreen Solar Plant Ltd., a 3.3 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system located in Sarishabari, Jamalpur, Bangladesh. The study evaluates the plant's economic and operational performance, revealing a competitive payback period of 10.1 years and a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.11 USD/kWh. These metrics highlight the plant's financial viability, largely due to the low cost of public land used for construction. However, profitability may be challenged if similar projects require significant investments in private land acquisition. Key areas for improvement identified include optimizing the tilt angle and integrating smart automation systems. Additionally, the potential for hybrid renewable energy systems combining solar and wind power is discussed. The paper also provides actionable recommendations for future renewable projects, emphasizing the importance of advanced technologies, and supportive policies. These insights aim to inform the optimization of existing solar PV systems and guide the development of future renewable energy projects in Bangladesh, contributing to the country's sustainable energy goals.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A 20-STORY MIXED-USE HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN DHAKA: SEISMIC AND WIND LOAD CONSIDERATIONS

This study, conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering at Stamford University Bangladesh, focuses on the structural design and analysis of a 20-story mixed-use high-rise building in Dhaka, accommodating both residential and commercial functions. The objective of the study is to gain insights into the design and analysis of an intermediate moment-resisting frame that addresses the specific challenges posed by seismic and wind loads in a dense urban environment. A commercial building, defined as a structure primarily dedicated to business activities, requires specialized design considerations that extend beyond residential construction, including the need for larger beams, increased floor space, and accommodation for various commercial functions. In high-density urban areas, like Dhaka, the design of multi-story commercial buildings, such as shopping malls and office complexes, presents additional challenges related to space constraints, vertical shopping preferences, and the high cost of land. The study emphasizes the importance of creating a structural design that balances rentable space, aesthetics, cost, safety, and comfort, while addressing the lateral forces caused by wind and seismic activity. This analysis aims to assist engineers and architects in meeting the growing demand for multifunctional high-rise structures, ensuring both safety and functionality in the face of complex environmental and structural factors.

Cost, risk, landscape context, and potential treatments vary with biological value for conservation of declining grassland birds

AbstractSpatially explicit models are an important component of systematic conservation planning, enabling the depiction of biodiversity metrics across landscapes and objective evaluation of candidate sites for conservation delivery. However, sites considered “best” for conservation are typically viewed from the standpoint of biological value and may not be the most effective or efficient when risk of habitat loss, cost of conservation, intended conservation treatments, and overall conservation strategy are considered. We evaluated risk of habitat loss, land cost, and landscape context for geographic areas harboring most‐dense to least‐dense population quartiles for 16 species of grassland birds in the US northern Great Plains. Differences in land cost, risk of grassland conversion, and landscape context among quartiles and species indicated that a minimum‐area strategy may be inefficient and even ineffective. Priority zones for western species were generally associated with lower agricultural land cost, more protected land, and landscape characteristics associated with intact grasslands; eastern species were generally associated with higher agricultural land cost, tillage probability, grass loss, cropland, development, forest, Conservation Reserve Program grasslands, and distance to grass. Our results indicate that addressing areas outside of population cores increases conservation options and may provide substantial benefits to portions of populations that are most vulnerable to habitat loss or other stressors.

Comparative Analysis And Factors Affecting Income On Shallot Farming Of Biru Lancor And Batu Ijo Varieties In Probolinggo Regency

Consumer demand for shallots continues to increase yearly, influencing farmers to cultivate the commodity. One of the influential factors is the use of good-quality seeds. The superior seed varieties used in shallot cultivation in Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province are Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo. Both varieties are equally superior in production, but there are advantages and disadvantages to each of them. This study investigates the income disparities and influential factors between two varieties of shallot farming: Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo. The research in Dringu District, Probolinggo Regency, was conducted in four selected villages as sample areas. Employing multistage purposive sampling, 60 shallot farmers participated, with 30 utilizing Biru Lancor and 30 adopting Batu Ijo varieties. Data collection involved primary and secondary sources, with surveys and interviews. This research used quantitative methods, including income analysis, t-tests, and dummy multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The findings reveal significant differences in farming income between Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo varieties. Key factors influencing shallot farming income encompass seed type, land costs, pesticide expenses, labor expenditures, production yields, and selling prices. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing shallot farming practices and enhancing farmers' income levels.

Does the spatial distribution of afforestation by government and farmers in Beijing follow a random pattern?

The forestland expansion is the joint efforts by various behavioral actors, and among them governments and farmers play a more important role in it. However, their afforestation behaviors haven't be together investigated. Examining Beijing metropolitan area, this research distinguishes between government-led (GA) and farmer-led (FA) afforestation on arable land, and analyzes their spatial characteristics and the influencing factors using Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression models. Our findings show: (1) Spatial distributions of GA and FA are non-random and systematically organized. GA dominates both in the areas close to the central city and at the outermost edge of the metropolitan area. FA leads in intermediate zones between GA dominant areas. (2) Both GA and FA are rational strategies for land allocation. GA in areas close to the central city is regarded as a trade-off between public benefits of afforestation and potential loss of fiscal revenue, while GA at the metropolitan area's outermost edge prioritizes ecological gains and lower land costs. FA, however, is driven by maximizing household welfare amidst the challenges brought by rural exodus and a rapid aging society. The findings deepen the existing investigations and provide a guidance for spatially organizing GA and synthetically regulating FA.

Comparison of Parabolic Troughs and Solar Photovoltaic as Solar Field Technology in Dispatchable Solar Power Plants

The use of thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, as means to provide dispatchability to thermally driven solar power production, has long stood as the main argument for the interest and potential competitiveness of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) when compared to other non-dispatchable alternatives. Whereas reductions of the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) are observed for CSP in recent years, the notable LCOE reduction observed along this decade in large-scale solar photovoltaics (PV) plants is set to break the taboo of "power-to-heat-to-power" approaches, as its potential economic performance outcasts the associated thermodynamic inefficiency. The possibility of using available resistive heating technologies and components in PV-TES combinations, renders the configuration of a conventional CSP plant suitable for the replacement of a thermal conversion solar field by a photovoltaic field presenting further the possibility of delocalization and/or spatial distribution of the solar field (e.g. on a Carnot Battery configuration). As dispatchability no longer stands as an exclusive argument in favor of CSP over PV, the present article addresses the boundary conditions for the competitiveness of each technology as the champion of dispatchable solar power fields. The impact of both land and electrical heater costs variation in the variation of LCOE for PV-TES plants is much more modest than that observed for the impact of CSP solar field cost variations in the variation of LCOE for CSP plants, which leans for the latter and at present costs, towards better competitiveness for plant designs with a storage capacity in excess of 10.0 FLH (for GHI values in excess of 2100-2200 kWh∙m-2∙year-1).

Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Selecting the Location of a Solar Photovoltaic Park: A Case Study in UAE

The high availability of solar energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) makes it the most attractive source of energy in this region, especially due to the global shift toward eco-friendly systems. A significant increase in the implementation of solar PV projects has been noticed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). For this reason, this study conducted a multi-criteria decision-making process to compare four locations for building a solar PV park in the UAE, namely, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain. Various criteria were taken into account, including the solar radiation, wind speed, distance from the electricity grid, distance from seaports, and land cost. A hybrid AHP-TOPSIS model was employed to evaluate the criteria weights and alternatives’ scores, which were also compared with the no priority-TOPSIS to check the effects of the criteria weights on the overall ranking. According to the findings, Dubai and Abu Dhabi were ranked first and second, with final scores of 0.7108 and 0.4427, respectively, when using the AHP-TOPSIS model. Furthermore, Umm Al Quwain scored slightly less than that of second place, with a value of 0.4252. The top two ranked alternatives were consistent between the two compared models, as Dubai also performed the best among all locations, which confirmed the reliability of the proposed approach and verified the obtained results and rankings.

Rental Housing Supply and Build-to-Rent Conundrum in Australia

Traditionally, rental housing has been supplied by a large pool of individual investors who own a few units and invest their savings, with some leverage, to take advantage of the tax regime in Australia. The last five years have seen the emergence of build-to-rent (BTR) units, which are supplied by investors who own a large number of units. The state of Victoria in Australia has the largest share of these projects. In the current market and regulatory environment, the financial viability of BTR projects is low for investors and hinges on the ability of units to be leased at higher than market rents. This paper examines four groups of levers, including those already being pursued by the building industry, that can be used to improve the financial viability of BTRs. These include: (i) revenue maximization, (ii) cost reduction (iii) fiscal and (iv) planning incentives. An archetypical BTR project which mimics current practice is considered, assumed to be in Docklands, Victoria, where several BTR projects are planned. For the robustness check, a feasibility analysis is conducted for a site in North Melbourne, a neighbourhood in Victoria with several BTR projects. The results indicate that for revenue maximization, the mix of unit types in a BTR project should be location-specific, as market preferences (and the characteristics of renters) determine the rent for different types of units that can be achieved. In a conventional BTR project development, where land is bought upfront and the project is developed, the mixed-use BTR (residential in combination with commercial) does not provide significant financial benefits though including small retail (3–4% of the net lettable area) may provide complementary benefits. Incurring large capital costs upfront and having the revenue stream spread over long periods reduces financial viability. While construction costs are more difficult to reduce, ways to reduce land costs could be through zoning land for BTR use, through mechanisms such as joint ventures with landowners, and land leasing. Exemptions on income, land tax, and rates (like CHPs) can result in a higher return for investors. A full GST refund, an incentive that industry is lobbying for, results in a similar IRR as an exemption on income, land tax and rates would offer. These results will assist in determining priorities for policies that are aimed at BTR.

Understanding Spatial Agglomeration: Increasing Returns, Land, and Transportation Costs

Economic activities are concentrated on a small share of inhabitable land. In our view, this agglomeration is the outcome of a trade-off between increasing returns and transportation costs, which capitalizes into land rents. Our second baseline idea is that Tiebout-like sorting provides a general framework to handle a large array of problems in spatial economics. Cities have high housing prices because they are productive and offer high levels of amenities and public goods. Both production and amenity effects capitalize in the land rent at a particular location. Through the process of bidding for land, spatial sorting is the involuntary consequence of a myriad of individual decisions made by agents who pursue their own interests.

Transformations in urban gardens: Neoliberal influences and land use conflicts in Shiraz's Qasr al-Dasht Gardens

The extensive transformation of urban gardens is a significant element in the process of planetary urbanisation. This is driven by the constraints of a neoliberal political economy aimed at maximising the capitalistic utilisation of urban spaces. This study examines the conversion of urban gardens to paved or hard surface areas, a phenomenon described as "de-gardening". The study is conducted through a qualitative methodology that involves engagement with key stakeholders around Qasr al-Dasht Gardens in the city of Shiraz, Iran. The investigation traces the origins of these transformations to the 1960s, noting an acceleration in recent decades. The analysis identifies the pervasive influence of neoliberal urban planning and management discourse as a critical factor. This discourse redefines the value of garden spaces by escalating land costs and altering economic valuations by various social actors. Consequently, diverse social groups, ranging from traditional gardeners to modern urban developers, engage differently with these spaces. For traditional farmers, gardens are essential for livelihood, whereas for advocates of neoliberalism, these areas represent potential for investment, luxurious havens for peaceful and comfortable living, and capital accumulation. These conflicting views have led to extensive land use changes in Qasr al-Dasht Gardens. The study concludes by proposing policy measures and institutional frameworks aimed at preserving and enhancing urban gardens. Recommendations include the establishment of an independent municipal body dedicated to the gardens, forming non-governmental organisations and oversight groups, and reevaluating the "Organisation and Conservation Plan of the Qasr al-Dasht Gardens of Shiraz".

Machine learning discovery of cost-efficient dry cooler designs for concentrated solar power plants

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is one of the few sustainable energy technologies that offers day-to-night energy storage. Recent development of the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle has made CSP a potentially cost-competitive energy source. However, as CSP plants are most efficient in desert regions, where there is high solar irradiance and low land cost, careful design of a dry cooling system is crucial to make CSP practical. In this work, we present a machine learning system to optimize the factory design and configuration of a dry cooling system for an sCO2 Brayton cycle CSP plant. For this, we develop a physics-based simulation of the cooling properties of an air-cooled heat exchanger. The simulator is able to construct a dry cooling system satisfying a wide variety of power cycle requirements (e.g., 10–100 MW) for any surface air temperature. Using this simulator, we leverage recent results in high-dimensional Bayesian optimization to optimize dry cooler designs that minimize lifetime cost for a given location, reducing this cost by 67% compared to recently proposed designs. Our simulation and optimization framework can increase the development pace of economically-viable sustainable energy generation systems.

Participation in land rental and labor markets and agricultural economic performance of banana farmers in China

The emerging marketization of agricultural factors allows farmers to expand agricultural production by renting in farmland from land rental market or purchasing services through labor market. Farmers’ transactions in the two markets can stimulate the agricultural transformation in developing countries, but may increase their financial burden in agriculture. Based on the primary data collected from banana farmers in China, this study attempts to clarify farmers categories based on their different choices regarding participation in land rental and labor markets for agricultural production, analyze the determinants of farmers’ simultaneous participation in the two markets, and explore heterogenous effects of farmers’ market participation on agricultural economic performances using the multinomial endogenous switching treatment regression model. The results show that farmer’s tie to retailers is highlighted as an important driving force behind farmers’ simultaneous participation in the two markets, while their participation choices are also varying due to different household head characteristics and family resource endowments. Farmers who participated in the two markets significantly reduce the cost of material input in agricultural production, but the total production cost of participants is higher than that of non-participants due to the high rent of land resource and cost of hired labor for production services. Interestingly, farmers’ participation in land rental market increases the yield of their farms, while participation in labor market has a negative impact on the yield. Farmers’ participation in both land rental and labor markets can significantly increase farm net income by nearly 67 %. In contrast, participation in labor market decreased farm net income by 22 %, whilst participation in land rental market increased farm net income by 186 %, though without statistical significance. The findings underscore the important role of land rental markets in boosting farm economic performance. Policymakers can facilitate land transfer among smallholder farmers in the land rental market and promote agricultural technologies to substitute labor force so as to reduce the adverse effect of labor market, thereby improving agricultural economic performances in developing regions.

Financial viability decision rules in residual valuation method of property development appraisal: case study of London, England

Purpose An appraisal is normally conducted to determine financial viability of property development projects for several purposes. The residual valuation method is normally used to appraise such projects and the purpose of the paper is to examine its financial viability decision rules (FVDRs) used by practitioners. Design/methodology/approach The qualitative research approach was adopted based on the case study strategy of enquiry where 48 development appraisal reports from 37 Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors registered firms in London were accessed from the internet and critically reviewed. Findings Site-specific and area-wide development appraisals for planning purposes dominated the reports. Five FVDRs were identified. A development project is financially viable if: (i) computed residual profit expressed as a percentage return is equal to or greater than a determined market benchmark risk-adjusted return; (ii) computed residual profit expressed as a percentage return is positive; (iii) calculated residual land value is greater than open market land value or benchmark land value; (iv) computed residual land value is positive; and (v) there is a surplus when appraisal cost variables including land costs plus allowance for developer’s profit are deducted from gross development value. In some reports, it was discovered some appraisal cost variables were excluded whilst others were inappropriately treated. Practical implications The first and third FVDRs are reasonable whilst the remaining are fraught with problems and using them can make development projects that are financially unviable to be viable. Also, excluding relevant cost variables and treating some inappropriately understate the appraisal cost component resulting in incorrect financial viability outcomes. These can lead to wrong recommendations about financial viability being proffered that negatively affect the practitioners’ clientele. The dominance of development appraisals for planning purposes shows the important role development appraisals continue to play in the English planning system. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, it is the first time FVDRs in development appraisals have been systematically investigated in England with resultant new empirical findings and arguments.

Coordination of interests between upstream and downstream governments in water source areas

Exploration of establishing a robust intergovernmental benefit compensation mechanism for water source areas holds significant importance in promoting regional coordinated development. Taking the Guanting Reservoir basin, a water source area in Beijing, China, as an example, we established an ecological location model with urban water sources as the core by drawing on the concept of spatial circle structure in traditional location theory. Based on this, we proposed the theory of ecological cost of water source land level difference and analyzed the basic composition of ecological cost of water source land. Finally, the differential ecological costs method was used to estimate the ideal horizontal eco-compensation funds between the downstream city of the water source (Beijing) and the upstream city (Zhangjiakou). The results are as follows: (1) the closer to the water source reservoir area and the higher the protection zone level, the greater the contribution of the ecological product value realization and the ecological protection costs to the protection of water resources in the reservoir area. (2) The compensation funds for water source areas are jointly composed of the increment of ecological product value and protection costs. (3) In 2021, the value addition of ecological products in the upstream region was 3.075 billion yuan, and the protection cost was 6.702 billion yuan. After multiplying by the differential adjustment coefficient, the horizontal eco-compensation amount that the upstream cities should receive in 2021 is 4.194 billion yuan. This study theoretically addresses the shortcomings of traditional ecological compensation, which overlooked differences in resource and environmental costs due to variations in ecological functional location. It provides a new perspective for further exploring the role of location theory in addressing inter-governmental interest coordination issues in cross-border water source areas.

Balancing river water pollution and agricultural development: A tradeoff threshold approach

Balancing environmental protection and social-economic development in agricultural land use management is a dilemma for decision-makers. Based on the modelling of the impacts of land use changes on river water pollution by SWAT model, the tradeoff between tea plantation expansion and river water quality was detected. SWAT model performs well in simulating the non-point source (NPS) pollution in agricultural watershed. The results showed that the tea plantation area expanded dramatically from 44 km2 in 2000 to 169 km2 in 2020 at the high cost of forest land. Consequently, the mean contents of NO3−-N and TN have significantly increased by 100% and 91% respectively in the past 20 years. And the NO3−-N in river water accounted for over 80% of TN in the tea plantation area. The NO3−-N and TN concentrations were positively related with the proportions of tea plantation area (Tea%) at different periods. The high pollution levels of NO3−-N and TN are priority control targets for river water quality management. The results indicated that the proportion of tea plantation thresholds lead to abrupt changes in river water quality. When the Tea% exceeded 3.0% in 2000, the probability of N pollution increased sharply. Whereas in 2020, it is suggested that the Tea% should not exceeds 18% to avoid sudden deterioration of water quality. The critical interval value of the Tea% for sudden change in N pollution showed an obvious increase tendency. The accelerating of nutrient pollution in rivers reduced the sensitivity of water quality to tea plantation expansion. Our results can provide new insights and empirical evidence for balancing the tradeoff between agricultural development and river water quality protection by demonstrating the carrying capacity threshold of river water environment for the expansion tea plantation.

Quantification of Ecosystem Services of the Melghat Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, India

The present study was an attempt to quantify the direct as well as indirect ecosystem services from forest ecosystems in the Melghat area, which were undervalued in economic terms as compared to other developmental projects. The valuation of growing stock in the Melghat Tiger Reserve (MTR) was estimated to be IRs 80221 crores (equal to 9600 million US $). While the carbon sequestration potential of the system was estimated to be IRs 9291 crores, the value of non-timber forest products (NTFP), a part of the provisioning service, was IRs 3.92 crore. The Forest land itself is valued at IRs 66874 crores using the current land costs in the region for non-forest uses. Recreation benefits are estimated to be IRs 30.94 crores which is more than the user fee collections at entry points. The contribution value of biodiversity and other ecosystem services for the entire Melghat landscape was IRs 2156 crore. Timber and carbon sequestration loss due to land distributed under forest rights was IRs 447.23 crore, while gains from agricultural use of that land by farmers was merely IRs 7.07 crore. Thus, the land conversion resulted in 63 times higher loss in the total ecosystem services than the gains from the subsistence-level farming practice for provisioning service alone. The total economic value of the Melghat landscape was estimated at IRs 1,69,853 crore, equalling to IRs 57.20 lakh per ha. The Net Present Value (NPV) of IRs 7.5 lakh per ha for protected areas such as the MTR prescribed by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India is much lower than the estimated value, emphasizing the need to revise NPV using appropriate valuation methodology.