Cost Of Biofuel Production Research Articles

Production of high-calorific hybrid biofuel pellets from urban plastic waste and agro-industrial by-products

Advances in waste-to-energy technology and sustainable fuel production drive significant changes in the energy industry. These innovative solutions not only address waste management challenges but also contribute to broadening the energy source matrix and reducing dependence on traditional fossil fuels. This study evaluates the incorporation of polyethylene and polypropylene urban plastic waste in various agro-industrial by-product blends, which combine beet pulp, radiata pine, and eucalyptus bark wastes. The generation of the hybrid biofuel from agro-industrial waste and domestic solid waste in pellet form is investigated to determine the optimal blends in terms of durability, ash generation and calorific value. Both urban plastics incorporated in the mixtures not only significantly increase the calorific energy value but also promote the binding of the solid biofuel components. The polypropylene-based urban plastic pellet exhibited superior binding capacity and lower ash generation, even in complex hydroxyl functional groups. It also displayed suitable properties for solid biofuels, such as low fine content, high durability, and dimensional stability. The highest resulting calorific value of 22.6 MJ/kg was determined for the mass ratio of the blend with 99% durability, 0.23% fines content, and 5.1% combustion ash generation. This new hybrid biofuel is presented as a sustainable option and a significant contribution in the field of waste-to-energy technology and renewable energy production. The production cost of the hybrid biofuel is competitive with wood-based biofuels, with only a 6.25% increase observed for pellets made from 50% wood and 20% beet pulp compared to traditional 100% wood pellets. However, significant cost reductions were achieved through specific configurations, resulting in savings of 14.8%. The novel hybrid biofuel requires only 9.2 MJ/kg to produce 22.6 MJ/kg, demonstrating significant energy impact and viability as a sustainable energy source in waste-to-energy technology and renewable energy production.

Applications of Machine Learning Technologies for Feedstock Yield Estimation of Ethanol Production

Biofuel has received worldwide attention as one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Particularly, in many countries such as the U.S. and Brazil, first-generation ethanol from corn and sugar cane has been used as automobile fuel after blending with gasoline. Nevertheless, in order to continuously increase the use of biofuels, efforts are needed to reduce the cost of biofuel production and increase its profitability. This can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of a sequential biofuel production process consisting of multiple operations such as feedstock supply, pretreatment, fermentation, distillation, and biofuel transportation. This study aims at investigating methodologies for predicting feedstock yields, which is the earliest step for stable and sustainable biofuel production. Particularly, this study reviews feedstock yield estimation approaches using machine learning technologies that focus on gradually improving estimation accuracy by using big data and computer algorithms from traditional statistical approaches. Given that it is becoming increasingly difficult to stably produce biofuel feedstocks as climate change worsens, research on developing predictive modeling for raw material supply using the latest ML techniques is very important. As a result, this study will help researchers and engineers predict feedstock yields using various machine learning techniques, and contribute to efficient and stable biofuel production and supply chain design based on accurate predictions of feedstocks.

Biofuel processing in a closed-loop geothermal system

Closed-loop geothermal systems (CLGS) provide a renewable heat source for district heating and electricity production. However, high capital costs can be a barrier to these applications. This study finds that the high pressures (>8MPa) and temperatures (>240°C) attained by working fluid inside the loop present additional opportunities: driving supercritical reactions that produce biodiesel from fatty acids. A new design for a subsurface geothermal reactor is proposed, enabling biofuel processing underground without the need for conventional processing equipment (pump, heater, reactors, and heat exchangers) or fossil fuel as energy source. To analyze the feasibility of this approach and its environmental and economic effects, a computational model that incorporates the simultaneous effects of flow dynamics, heat transfer, and reaction kinetics is developed. The application of CLGS is concluded to reduce the CO2 intensity of the resulting biodiesel by up to 33%. A geothermal-driven biofuel reactor could yield up to 95% fatty acid methyl esters. Additional sensible heat carried by the products can be redirected to electricity generation or district heating. The relevant requirements and optimal operating conditions for this approach to biofuel synthesis are identified. A technoeconomic analysis shows CLGS-based biofuel production cost can be comparable to natural gas-based production (∼840 $/ton). It also indicates return-on-investment after five years and highlights the most suitable locations that combine proximity to appropriate feedstocks and subsurface conditions. Integrated biodiesel production and energy extraction provides an alternative route to harnessing geothermal energy.

Cost‐effective use of abandoned agricultural land for biofuel production

AbstractBiofuel can be used to abate greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, by replacing fossil fuel. To avoid the problem of competition with food production, the use of abandoned agricultural land (AAL) for production of the feedstock for biofuel has been proposed. AAL has generally low productivity but has also low opportunity costs, and production of perennial bioenergy crops on it can lead to carbon sequestration. A spatially explicit optimization model of biofuel production and transport fuel consumption, applied to Sweden, was used for an analysis of how AAL can alter costs for greenhouse gas emissions abatement. Results show that, compared to the case without AAL, AAL could decrease the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 29%, for emissions reductions equivalent to 50% of current emissions from gasoline in Sweden. The carbon sequestration from establishing perennial bioenergy crops on AAL is the main driver of the positive results. High carbon sequestration on AAL implies larger emissions reduction for a given volume of biofuel, and the results show that the total biofuel production can be both smaller and larger with AAL. The use of arable land for biofuel production is generally smaller with AAL, but larger at some of the highest analyzed target levels. The low AAL feedstock costs contribute to lower costs of the total biofuel production, which pushes for more total biofuel production and less fuel use reduction and therefore counteracts the reduced use of arable land.

Sustainable multi-biofuel production with stochastic lead time and optimum energy utilization under flexible manufacturing

Many nations obtain their energy from fossil fuels. The benefit of renewable energy is that it decreases the dependence on conventional fuel, and minimizes carbon emissions. However, the commercial feasibility of multi-biofuel production poses a major challenge. A resilient and cost-efficient biofuel supply chain network is essential for commercialization. Furthermore, disruption risks arise from operational downtime, labor strikes, natural disasters, and uncertainty embedded in the data compromise the effectiveness of tactical and strategic level supply chain planning. In line with the aforementioned requirements, a multi-biofuel supply chain network model that reduces the total system cost and accounts for both disruption and operational risks is proposed. The proposed model determines the optimal production–distribution quantities and supports facility location and capacity decisions against multiple supply and demand interruption scenarios. The lead time crashing cost is utilized here to reduce the lead time, which increases because of transportation disruptions. To decrease energy expenses and carbon emissions, a variable production rate is applied for creating an economic way to advance the manufacturing industry. The model aims to show bioenergy’s effect on making a sustainable multi-biofuel supply chain network. Two numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. It is seen that by utilizing the presented method, the production cost of biofuels is significantly reduced through minimized energy consumption and carbon emissions. Moreover, the impact of critical parameters on the total system cost is explained through sensitivity analysis and graphical representations. The effort provides a systematic guideline for designing various environmental, economic, and social aspects of a sustainable supply chain network for bioenergy under minimized consumption. Multi-biofuel producers, distributors, investors, and the regulators surely be benefitted from the proposed model.

Immobilization microbial cellulase and lipase as bio-catalyst agent using maltodextrin for biofuel synthesis

The alternative method of using enzyme technology and modification methods will reduce the cost of biofuel production. New solution for biofuel production by improving the advantages from potential microbial to produce biocatalyst such as cellulase and lipase as an alternative catalyst for replacing the chemical catalyst for transesterification process. This study was developing new method of enzyme immobilization for feasibility biofuel production which is more efficient and effective process in industries. The result obtained in this work allowed concluding that the highest value for the total cellulolytic activity was obtain using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate reaching value 4.225 U/ml for 24 h with optimization of pH 7 and temperature 50 °C. Instead of cellulase, the potential Aspergillus niger InaCC F538 can produce extracellular lipase and the value found for lipase activity in olive oil substrate is 3.710 U/ml for 24 h incubation time with optimization of pH 8 and temperature 50 °C. The immobilization process of cellulase and lipase using maltodextrin was enhancing the activity to 19.615 U/ml and 24.123 U/ml. The biofuel production based on microbial will be widely used for continuously used for renewable raw material from waste agriculture biomasses for biofuel production. New enzymes combination for improving enzyme stability for industrial application based on fermentation through the economically feasible.

High potential for biomass-degrading CAZymes revealed by pine forest soil metagenomics

The undisturbed environment in Netarhat, with its high levels of accumulated lignocellulosic biomass, presents an opportunity to identify microbes for biomass digestion. This study focuses on the bioprospecting of native soil microbes from the Netarhat forest in Jharkhand, India, with the potential for lignocellulosic substrate digestion. These biocatalysts could help overcome the bottleneck of biomass saccharification and reduce the overall cost of biofuel production, replacing harmful fossil fuels. The study used metagenomic analysis of pine forest soil via whole genome shotgun sequencing, revealing that most of the reads matched with the bacterial species, very low percentage of reads (0.1%) belongs to fungal species, with 13% of unclassified reads. Actinobacteria were found to be predominant among the bacterial species. MetaErg annotation identified 11,830 protein family genes and 2 metabolic marker genes in the soil samples. Based on the Carbohydrate Active EnZyme (CAZy) database, 3,996 carbohydrate enzyme families were identified, with family Glycosyl hydrolase (GH) dominating with 1,704 genes. Most observed GH families in the study were GH0, 3, 5, 6. 9, 12. 13, 15, 16, 39, 43, 57, and 97. Modelling analysis of a representative GH 43 gene suggested a strong affinity for cellulose than xylan. This study highlights the lignocellulosic digestion potential of the native microfauna of the lesser-known pine forest of Netarhat. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Growth of Dunaliella viridis in multiple cycles of reclaimed media after repeated high pH-induced flocculation and harvesting

Minimizing the use of water for growing microalgae is crucial for lowering the energy and costs of animal feed, food, and biofuel production from microalgae. Dunaliella spp., a haloterant species that can accumulate high intracellular levels of lipids, carotenoids, or glycerol can be harvested effectively using low-cost and scalable high pH-induced flocculation. However, the growth of Dunaliella spp. in reclaimed media after flocculation and the impact of recycling on the flocculation efficiency have not been explored. In this study, repeated cycles of growth of Dunaliella viridis in repeatedly reclaimed media from high pH-induced flocculation were studied by evaluating cell concentrations, cellular components, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and bacterial community shifts in the reclaimed media. In reclaimed media, D. viridis grew to the same concentrations of cells and intracellular components as fresh media—107 cells/mL with cellular composition of 3 % lipids, 40 % proteins, and 15 % carbohydrates—even though DOM accumulated and the dominant bacterial populations changed. There was a decrease in the maximum specific growth rate and flocculation efficiency from 0.72 d−1 to 0.45 d−1 and from 60 % to 48 %, respectively. This study shows the potential of repeated (at least five times) flocculation and reuse of media as a possible way of reducing the costs of water and nutrients with some tradeoffs in growth rate and flocculation efficiency.

Insight into the Recent Advances in Sustainable Biodiesel Production by Catalytic Conversion of Vegetable Oils: Current Trends, Challenges, and Prospects

Recently, numerous advances were reported in the creation of efficient and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reactions of triglyceride molecules to decrease the overall cost of biofuel production. The heterocatalytic transesterification process has been recognized to be the most emerging approach in biodiesel synthesis as a result of its ease of use and low price. The unique characteristics of seven different kinds of heterogeneous catalysts, containing heteropolyacid, zeolite-based catalyst, layered-double-hydroxide-based catalyst, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, biomass and non-biomass waste materials, and finally metal- and metal-oxide-based catalysts that are frequently employed in current biodiesel research, have undergone extensive studies. The emphasis is on multipurpose catalysts, which have high catalytic efficiency and low production cost because they create biofuel that is more applicable, effective, and eco-friendly. This review highlighted significant factors affecting the efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts, discussed the reaction parameters that affect biofuel production from various vegetable oil feedstocks, also mentioned the reaction mechanism of biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts, and last debated process opportunities and challenges that could stimulate future exploration.

Co-processing of gas oil and bio-oil derived from algae and straw: Techno-economic analysis

As bio-energy is the only carbon-containing renewable energy source, its development and utilization are of great significance to alleviate the energy crisis and the greenhouse effect. However, the production cost of bio-fuels is higher due to the higher investment cost of bio-refineries. To reduce the production cost of bio-fuels, considering the similar processing equipment of refineries and bio-refineries, bio-oil derived from both biomass and algae is co-processed with vacuum gas oil (VGO) in an existing catalytic cracking unit, and then gasoline and diesel products with renewable carbon can be obtained. To further understand whether the co-processing technology has the popularization and application value, two co-processing scenarios, VGO co-processing with bio-oils produced through fast pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction (FPCP scenario and HTLCP scenario), are evaluated through techno-economic analysis (TEA). The TEA results showed that the minimum gasoline selling prices in FPCP scenario and HTLCP scenario were $3.497 and $2.910 per gallon, HTLCP scenario provided a clear economic advantage. Sensitivity analysis showed that gasoline prices were extremely sensitive to fluctuations of fuel yield and VGO price.

Assessment of location and energy utility options for the implementation of pyrolytic biocrude production

Improve overall economics and sustainability of biofuels production by making the best use of byproducts from biomass pyrolytic processes towards energy utilities by leveraging locational consumers and available infrastructure.

A preliminary study of cost and energy analysis of bio-fuel production from microalgae cultivated in parboiled rice mill wastewater

Microalgae industry is rapidly growing industry with high potential for value added products. Especially microalgae derived biofuels provide a sustainable solution for continuously rising energy crisis, food security and greenhouse gas emission. However, at present economical limitations make this green fuel not commercially viable. Integrating wastewater treatment with the microalgae cultivation can significantly reduce the biofuel production cost. Parboiled rice mill is rich in nutrients and capable of providing inexpensive water resources. Nevertheless, energy and cost analysis are required in order to ensure the cost effectiveness of such approaches. Thus, the study evaluates the cultivation of microalgae in rice mill wastewater in the outdoor uncontrolled conditions for the cost and energy effective, biofuel production. Microalgae biomass was cultivated in low-cost poly-bags of 3L volume using parboiled rice mill wastewater in outdoor. Cultivation was done under ambient temperature with 0.2vvm aeration without any optimization of the natural environmental conditions. This can be rationalized to reflect a realistic scenario in terms cost and energy estimation of production of lipid and bio-ethanol at laboratory scale. The obtained bioethanol and lipid yield were 1.4% and 5.81% respectively. Cultivation of the microalgae consumed 2.16 MJ of energy per gram. The required energy content for production of bioethanol and lipid from a gram of biomass were 3.61764 MJ and 3.5336 MJ respectively. Cost of microalgae cultivation to produce gram of bioethanol and lipid were $ 22.91 and $ 5.52 respectively. Total production cost per gram of bioethanol and lipid were $ 64.73 and $ 55.91 respectively. These values are comparatively exorbitant. Since the production was at very small scale and the yield was very low due to the microalgae cultivation in outdoor under natural condition in laboratory scale. The production of biofuel could become economically feasible if the yield could optimally increase and simultaneous production of bioethanol and lipid along with other value added products such as biofertilizer, aquaculture feed etc. could be achieved. Therefore, the method resulted in the lower cultivation cost can be incorporated with the residual biomass utilization and could produce sustainable microalgae biofuel.

Finding values in lignin: A promising yet under-utilized component of the lignocellulosic biomass

This article outlines the technical and economic potentials of lignin in unlocking sustainable biorefineries. The benefits of using this highly functionalized biopolymer for the growth of sustainable economy have been highlighted. But practically, the possibility of commercially substituting petroleum oil with lignin is still not very high as the estimated biofuel production cost is 2–3 times higher than the former one. However, with the advancement in technology and more efficient measures by biorefineries such as storing and processing the biomass near the field so as to reduce the transportation cost, it is possible to gain higher profits. Companies like Domtar, Stora Enso, Borregaard’s LignoTech, VITO, and Chemelot InSciTe have been promoting commercial value of lignin. The growth of lignin market after the start-up production at various sites has been discussed in this review. Combining the complete “start-to-finish” analysis with economic evaluation gives a pragmatic overview of the possibilities whether lignin will join petroleum oil as an efficient and cost-effective renewable source.

Techno-economic assessment of bioenergy potential on marginal croplands in the U.S. southeast

As global policymaking is moving toward the development of alternative energy sources, the role of renewable energy has unequivocally become a viable and immediate alternative to fossil fuels. This research analyzes how well an energy policy can integrate land resources including marginal lands for cultivating cellulosic biomass to produce biofuel. An economic model is developed to assess the levelized production costs of bioenergy on marginal croplands in nine southeastern U.S. states. These levelized costs are obtained in the range of $2.60–4.66 per gallon, depending on the capacity size of the biorefinery and the efficiency of conversion from feedstock to biofuels. Sensitivity analysis suggests that feedstock conversion rates can affect biofuel production costs. The production cost is competitive when compared to the current gasoline price of $3.70–4.10 in the southeastern region. Bioethanol derived from cellulosic biomass helps ease the current shortage of renewable fuels. It is essential to implement a comprehensive energy policy to address job opportunities for the agriculture sector, market economy for bioenergy production, and the integration of marginal lands for the transportation sector to achieve full electrification.

A comparative review on photo and mixotrophic mode of algae cultivation: Thermochemical processing of biomass, necessity of bio-oil upgrading, challenges and future roadmaps

Availability of renewable biomass for the production of bioenergy is need of hour as fossil-based energy consumption has led to both environmental and health problems. Algae biomass gains advantages over other biomasses (agriculture, sewage, forest, sludge, municipal waste) due to their availability, biomass generation in wastewater and negative carbon dioxide emission. In this review paper, we have explored the algae biomass cultivation routes, thermochemical conversion and upgradation of algal biomass. Photo bioreactors (tubular, bag, flat panel, etc) are preferred for microalgae cultivation in association with raceway open ponds for liquid hydrocarbons production. Algae biomass are processed through hydrothermal liquefaction (Temperature range of 220–320 °C, time of 60 min, pressure of 5–20 bar), pyrolysis (Temperature range of 320–420 °C) and co-liquefaction. The commonly upgradation techniques are catalytic cracking, hydrodeoxygenation, etc. Hydrodeoxygenation was performed to nullify the oxygen content of bio-oil, since in adverse case the bio-oil with higher content causes corrosion and coke formation in combustion engines. The algae biofuel production cost depends upon the conversion techniques and upgrading processes. Further in future this review provides strong base for exploring the aqueous phase obtained from thermochemical process for bio-hydrogen production via photo-catalytic reforming processes.

Biomass formation and sugar release efficiency of Populus modified by altered expression of a NAC transcription factor.

Woody biomass is an important feedstock for biofuel production. Manipulation of wood properties that enable efficient conversion of biomass to biofuel reduces cost of biofuel production. Wood cell wall composition is regulated at several levels that involve expression of transcription factors such as wood‐/secondary cell wall‐associated NAC domains (WND or SND). In Arabidopsis thaliana , SND1 regulates cell wall composition through activation of its down‐stream targets such as MYBs. The functional aspects of SND1 homologs in the woody Populus have been studied through transgenic manipulation. In this study, we investigated the role of PdWND1B, Populus SND1 sequence ortholog, in wood formation using transgenic manipulation through over‐expression or silencing under the control of a vascular‐specific 4‐coumarate‐CoA ligase (4CL) promoter. As compared with control plants, PdWND1B‐RNAi plants were shorter in height, with significantly reduced stem diameter and dry biomass, whereas there were no significant differences in growth and productivity of PdWND1B over‐expression plants. Conversely, PdWND1B over‐expression lines showed a significant reduction in cellulose and increase in lignin content, whereas there was no significant impact on lignin content of downregulated lines. Stem carbohydrate composition analysis revealed a decrease in glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose, but an increase in xylose in the over‐expression lines. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of several downstream transcription factors and secondary cell wall related structural genes in the PdWND1B over‐expression lines, partly explaining the observed phenotypic changes in cell wall chemistry. Relative to the control, glucose release efficiency and ethanol production from stem biomass was significantly reduced in over‐expression lines. Our results show that PdWND1B is an important factor determining biomass productivity, cell wall chemistry and its conversion to biofuels in Populus.

Optimization of Biofuel Production from Used Cooking Oil Using Natural Zeolite Catalyst

Petroleum is still the primary energy used in the world. Its diminishing production is the trigger to find alternative energy to replace it. Biofuel is an alternative energy that has the potential to replace petroleum because it is renewable, environmentally friendly, and easy raw material. Waste such as used cooking oil can be used as raw material for making biofuels. The low price can reduce the cost of biofuel production. The conversion of oil into biofuel can be done using catalytic cracking with natural zeolite as a catalyst. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for making biofuel from used cooking oil and determine its physical and chemical properties. The catalytic cracking process is carried out using an autoclave reactor. Used cooking oil and natural zeolite were introduced into the reactor, and the reaction was carried out by varying the time (1, 2, 3 hours), temperature (325, 350, 375 o C), catalyst concentration (3, 5, 7%), and catalyst size. The product is distilled to produce biofuel (liquid), gas, and residue. The optimization results show that 3 hours, a temperature of 375 o C, a catalyst concentration of 7%, and a catalyst size of 180 µm are the optimum conditions for catalytic cracking with 44.94% biofuel yield. The resulting biofuel contains 73.48% hydrocarbons and 26.52% fatty acids. The hydrocarbon composition consists of 19.32% gasoline, 12.82% kerosene, and 35.11% diesel. The density of the biofuel produced is 0.8835g/mL, the flashpoint is 68 o C, and the pourpoint is 27 o C.

Double Yields and Negative Emissions? Resource, Climate and Cost Efficiencies in Biofuels With Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization

As fossil-reliant industries turn to sustainable biomass for energy and material supply, the competition for biogenic carbon is expected to intensify. Using process level carbon and energy balance models, this paper shows how the capture of residual CO2 in conjunction with either permanent storage (CCS) or biofuel production (CCU) benefits fourteen largely residue-based biofuel production pathways. With a few noteworthy exceptions, most pathways have low carbon utilization efficiencies (30–40%) without CCS/U. CCS can double these numbers and deliver negative emission biofuels with GHG footprints below −50 g CO2 eq./MJ for several pathways. Compared to CCS with no revenue from CO2 sequestration, CCU can offer the same efficiency gains at roughly two-third the biofuel production cost (e.g., 99 EUR/MWh vs. 162 EUR/MWh) but the GHG reduction relative to fossil fuels is significantly smaller (18 g CO2 eq./MJ vs. −99 g CO2 eq./MJ). From a combined carbon, cost and climate perspective, although commercial pathways deliver the cheapest biofuels, it is the emerging pathways that provide large-scale carbon-efficient GHG reductions. There is thus some tension between alternatives that are societally best and those that are economically most interesting for investors. Biofuel pathways vent CO2 in both concentrated and dilute streams Capturing both provides the best environomic outcomes. Existing pathways that can deliver low-cost GHG reductions but generate relatively small quantities of CO2 are unlikely to be able to finance the transport infrastructure required for transformative bio-CCS deployment. CCS and CCU are accordingly important tools for simultaneously reducing biogenic carbon wastage and GHG emissions, but to unlock their full benefits in a cost-effective manner, emerging biofuel technology based on the gasification and hydrotreatment of forest residues need to be commercially deployed imminently.

Biofuel Generation from Potato Peel Waste: Current State and Prospects

Growing environmental concerns, increased population, and the need to meet the diversification of the source of global energy have led to increased demand for biofuels. However, the high cost of raw materials for biofuels production has continued to slow down the acceptability, universal accessibility, and affordability of biofuels. The cost of feedstock and catalysts constitutes a major component of the production cost of biofuels. Potato is one of the most commonly consumed food crops among various populations due to its rich nutritional, health, and industrial benefits. In the current study, the application of potato peel waste (PPW) for biofuel production was interrogated. The present state of the conversion of PPW to bioethanol and biogas, through various techniques, to meet the ever-growing demand for renewable fuels was reviewed. To satisfy the escalating demand for biohydrogen for various applications, the prospects for the synthesis of biohydrogen from PPW were proposed. Additionally, there is the potential to convert PPW to low-cost, ecologically friendly, and biodegradable bio-based catalysts to replace commercial catalysts. The information provided in this review will enrich scholarship and open a new vista in the utilization of PPW. More focused investigations are required to unravel more avenues for the utilization of PPW as a low-cost and readily available catalyst and feedstock for biofuel synthesis. The application of PPW for biofuel application will reduce the pump price of biofuels, ensure the appropriate disposal of waste, and contribute towards environmental cleanliness.

Optimisation of Logistic Model Using Geographic Information Systems: A Case Study of Biomass-based Combined Heat & Power Generation in China

Biofuel large-scale application was constrained due to cost control. In order to reduce biofuel production cost and increase profitability, long-term strategy (strategic) and medium-term strategy (tactical) combined logistic model were assessed in this study. Geographic information system has been integrated into logistic model to minimize the effect of uncertainty on logistic modelling accuracy, with aims of transferring uncertainty problem to be certain. Combined heat and power generation plant as a case study present in logistic model, which provide a method in plant location and capacity selection criteria; logistic model design; and interaction between logistic model and local conditions. The logistic plan with compression as a pre-treatment technology has the optimal profitability performance, their properties affect the selection of the transport route, especially optimal for a lower availability of agricultural residues. With increased availability, torrefaction turns to more efficiency biomass pre-treatment technology due to storage cost significant reduction. With geographic information system transportation route assistance, logistic model transportation cost and CO2 emission has a 0.02% and 0.01% reduction.