Production Cost Efficiency Research Articles

Efficient bioflocculation and biodiesel production of microalgae Asterococcus limneticus on streptomyces two-stage co-cultivation strategy

The green algae Asterococcus limneticus WL2 and phytohormone producing Streptomyces rosealbus MTTC 12951 were grown in a co-cultivation process to quantify the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and its precursors. The increased concentration of exogenous hormonal activity was detected in the co-cultivation due to the symbiotic interaction between Streptomyces and microalgae. In comparison to monocultivation, co-cultivation of microalgae produced 52% and 83% more tryptophan and IAA in the extracellular space, respectively. A significant amount of tryptophan (Trp) released by microalgae stimulates Streptomyces's production of IAA at an increased level. As a result, the productivity of co-cultivated microalgae increased by 24% and 22%, respectively, in terms of biomass and lipid. Within 24 h of resting time, early deceleration phase co-cultivated cells demonstrated significant bioflocculation efficiency (88%). Using the microalgal growth dynamics as a guide, stages I (0–8 days) and II (9–11 days) of the culture period were designed for assessing the biomass and lipid productivity. The two-stage co-cultivation technique generated 1.2 times more lipids than the single-stage co-cultivation approach. The production and harvesting expenses of in vitro-grown microalgal biomass as well as energy yield suggest co-cultivation, and a two-stage co-cultivation strategy has the potential to improve cost efficiency and energy conservation in biodiesel production.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI MIE PADA UD MIE UJANG KABUPATEN JEMBER

This study aims to measure the level of efficiency of raw noodle production costs at UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency with standard costs as a reference in the use of production costs. This research belongs to the type of quantitative descriptive research. The type of data used is the main data in the form of production cost report documents of UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency for the first quarter of 2022 and supporting data in the form of interview results related to the condition of production cost reports. The research informants are the owners and employees of UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency. The results showed that the use of raw noodle production costs at UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency in the first quarter of 2022 showed efficient results. The use of production costs is more efficient in producing super raw noodles compared to ordinary raw noodles. The results of cost efficiency can be used as a consideration and decision in determining the selling price of the next product.

Sustainable synthesis of L-phenylalanine derivatives in continuous flow by immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase

The application of phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) for the amination of a variety of cinnamic acids has been shown to be a cost-efficient method to produce a variety of phenylalanine analogues. Nonetheless, as many other biocatalytic tools, the process intensification, especially due to the high equivalents of ammonia needed, and the cost-efficiency of the catalyst production and use have been key points to further prove their usefulness. Here, we investigated the use of previously characterized PALs (AvPAL and PbPAL) for the amination of a series of substituted cinnamic acids. To enhance the process scalability and the reusability of the catalyst, we investigated the use of covalent immobilization onto commercially available supports, creating a heterogeneous catalyst with good recovered activity (50%) and excellent stability. The immobilized enzyme was also incorporated in continuous flow for the synthesis of 3-methoxy-phenyl alanine and 4-nitro-phenylalanine, which allowed for shorter reaction times (20 min of contact time) and excellent conversions (88% ± 4% and 89% ± 5%) respectively, which could be maintained over extended period of time, up to 24 h. This work exemplifies the advantages that the combination of enzyme catalysis with flow technologies can have not only in the reaction kinetics, but also in the productivity, catalyst reusability and downstream processing.

Effects of varieties and seasons on cost efficiency in rice farming: A stochastic metafrontier approach

Rice production costs vary substantially across rice varieties and cropping seasons; however, the effects of rice varieties and cropping seasons on the cost efficiency of rice farming have not been given much attention by researchers. In this paper, we attempt to examine these effects on the cost efficiency of rice production in Vietnam. We use a stochastic metafrontier approach to compare the cost efficiency of rice production between two rice variety groups (a high-quality rice variety and a conventional rice variety group) and three cropping seasons (Winter-Spring, Summer-Autumn, and Autumn-Winter). The data consist of 918 observations collected from rice farmers in the Mekong River Delta, the main rice-cultivation region of Vietnam. The results show that there is statistical evidence for the effects of rice varieties and cropping seasons on cost efficiency. High-quality rice variety adopters performed less efficiently (0.837) than non-adopters (0.864). Rice farmers exhibited a lower mean cost efficiency in the Winter-Spring season (0.883) than in the Summer-Autumn (0.907) and Autumn-Winter (0.905) seasons. This research suggests that policies should support inefficient rice farmers to reduce their inefficiency in the Winter-Spring season as well as support high-quality rice variety adopters to catch up with the cost-efficiency level of conventional rice variety farmers.

Analisis Potensi Limbah Peternakan Sapi Potong Sebagai Penyedia Pupuk Organik Di Kecamatan Losarang Kabupaten Indramayu

This research was conducted at the Banteng Tani Livestock Group, Losarang District, Indramayu Regency from February 20 to March 30, 2022. This study aims to analyze the potential of beef cattle farm waste in providing organic fertilizer needs for the community in Losarang District, Indramayu Regency. This study uses a descriptive method that is analyzing the cost efficiency of organic fertilizer production using R/C ratio analysis. The results of the feasibility analysis of farming using the balance of revenues and costs (R/C ratio) with a value of 1.84. This means that each expenditure of Rp. 1 will generate revenue of Rp. 1.84. The coefficient value of the R/C ratio shows a number more than 1, so it can be concluded that the use of costs in the organic fertilizer production process in the Banteng Tani group is efficient.

Strategies for flexible operation of power-to-X processes coupled with renewables

Power-to-X (PtX) is a large-scale, long-term energy storage approach for converting renewable electrical energy into various chemical fuels. Unlike conventional fossil fuel production processes that operate continuously, PtX processes encounter operational challenges due to fluctuations in renewable power supply. To improve the operational flexibility of PtX processes for industrial applications, it is crucial to develop systematic strategies that can adapt to these fluctuations, which will increase PtX's energy and cost efficiencies. This study comprehensively explores various strategies for flexible operation of renewable-powered PtX processes, which include the use of additional energy buffers and grid connections. Power and material allocation models are developed for PtX processes based on islanded; grid-assisted; and grid-assisted, bidirectional connections by using three possible energy buffers (i.e., hydrogen intermediate storage, Li-ion batteries, and Carnot batteries). Surrogate model-based optimization is performed to establish an economically optimal design for each case. A power-to-methanol process implemented in Kramer Junction, California is studied to investigate the effects of flexible operation strategies on process performance in terms of production cost, renewable penetration, and energy efficiency. The findings of this study offer new insights into the operational flexibility of PtX processes and provide general recommendations for improving the flexibility and performance of PtX, particularly with respect to the establishment of a grid connection and the selection of an appropriate energy buffer.

Pengembangan Mina Bisnis Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) dengan TTG Blue Crab Boiler Pada UD. Selat Madura 33 untuk Meningkatkan Daya Saing

Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the most popular export commodities. One of the activities carried out by crab fishermen is traditional steaming so the steaming time is relatively long and the quality of the crab meat obtained is not good because it contains a lot of water. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to improve the quality of the crab by using a mechanical boiler. The target partners are Mr. Abd. Malik, the owner of UD. SM 33 (Madura Strait 33). The mechanical steamer machine is a stainless steel frame cabinet model with dimensions of 50 cm x 50 cm x 120 cm which has 5 shelves inside. This service method provides socialization and training on the use of this machine. The results of this activity can improve the skills of partners so that the quality of crab meat is better maintained because it reduces water content by 70% and production cost efficiency by 60%.

The Challanges In Implementing Thematic Learning Based On Scientific Approach At Elementary School In The Industrial Revolution 5.0

The objective of this research was to provide an appropriate perspective for Indonesia to adopt innovations, application technique and sustainable technology based on the conditions faced by Indonesia due to the development of the industrial revolution 5.0. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative methods. The method was used to des­­cribe, illustrate, or portrait the facts systematically, factually and accurately, as well as the correlation between the phenomena investigated. The positive influence of industry 5.0 is the effectiveness and efficiency of resources and production costs despite the impact on reducing in the number of jobs. Industry 5.0 needs a workforce that has skills in digital literacy, technological literacy, and human literacy. What should be done by teachers in the era of the industrial revolution 5.0; first is applying 4C (Communication, Collaboration, Critical thinking, and Creativity). Second, teachers should master technology. Third, teachers should open toward globalization. Fourth, teachers should improve their competence. Fifth, besides teachers, everyone should open with globalization too and improve their technology knowledge and skill. Sixth, learning should be relevant to students. Thus, the industrial revolution 5.0 not only provides opportunities, but also challenges for millennial

SISTEM PERTANIAN TERPADU TANAMAN PADI DAN BEBEK PETELUR

ABSTRACTThe integrated farming system is an effort to take advantage of the linkages between food crops, horticulture, plantations with livestock and fisheries. One of the activities carried out by the Benteng Mikro Indonesia Sharia Cooperative is through member empowerment activities, namely rice cultivation and duck farming. Rice cultivation activities carried out on an area of 10 hectares. The yield obtained during the cultivation period was 32 tons, of the 32 tons of GKP produced as many as 27 tons of GKG. Laying duck feed is obtained from the bran produced from the grain milling process using a micro-scale milling machine. The micro-scale machine used has a capacity of 1 ton per hour to produce rice into rice, with the production of 1 ton of milled dry grain can produce 30-40% bran. The bran is used by farmers to feed laying ducks, the aim is to minimize production costs, especially feed costs. The need for bran in 100 ducks per day is 15 kg to 20 kg, so the costs incurred are Rp. 30.000/day for feed. Other feed is in the form of snails which are also obtained from rice fields cultivated by farmers. The income of duck egg farmers is Rp. 78,000,00. If it is assumed for 30 days then per month the income received by the farmer is Rp. 2,340,000,00. The role of the integrated farming system in the Indonesian Benteng Mikro Syariah Cooperative in empowering members of farmers or breeders through production cost efficiency and increasing daily income by combining rice cultivation and laying ducks..Keywords: paddy, duck

Artificial Intelligence and Efficiency Operations in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company in UAE

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artificial intelligence on the efficiency operations in Abu Dhabi oil and gas industry in UAE. This most especially in relation to quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operations. The researcher used the survey descriptive research design, structured questionnaire and sampling strategies such as simple and stratified random sampling to garner data from participants. Primary data for the research scientific study was collected from 253 respondents as sample size out of 10563 people as target population in Abu Dhabi oil and gas industry in UAE. The tools for data analysis that were used include descriptive statistics, Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient, regression analysis and Analysis of Variance. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used as a software to enter data into the computer for analysis. It was found out that the adoption of technological innovation of artificial intelligence has positive effects on quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operations at UAE oil and gas companies. It was concluded that all governments in the world must put more emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI) implementation strategies because it has a positive impact on quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operation which may act as an impetus to growth and development in any country. It was recommended that the top management of UAE should make more proactive policies that can help guide government and company officials in the best ways to execute artificial intelligence (AI) activities and programs so as to be more effective in government and organisational settings.

ANALISIS BIAYA STANDAR SEBAGAI KATALISATOR EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI (Studi pada UMKM Gula Aren Langko)

Standard costs are costs that are determined in advance before starting the production process. Applying standard costs is useful for improving planning and control, and for facilitating product costing. Standard costs used by companies include standard raw material costs, direct labor standard costs and factory overhead standard costs. The standards set must be prepared at the beginning of the year so that they can be used as a benchmark in the production process which is an important factor for the company for production cost efficiency. The purpose of this study is to analyze using standard costs as a catalyst for production cost efficiency. This research uses descriptive research with a quantitative approach. This study focuses on determining production standards and production cost efficiency with analysis of variance. The object of this research is Langko palm sugar SMEs. The data collection technique used in this study was through interviews and documentation. The analysis used is analysis of variance. The results of research on Langko palm sugar SMEs show that by setting production cost standards it can support production cost efficiency, which means standard costs can be used as a catalyst for production cost efficiency.Keywords: biaya bahan baku, biaya tenaga kerja langsung, biaya overhead pabrik, biayastandar, katalisator biaya produksi, efisiensi biaya

Welding Product Quality Improvement Using The Seven Tools Method

PT. SRM is an organization that provides steel construction services. Welding is the most essential step in the production of construction materials. A significant number of defective welds is a factor that contributes to high production costs. The Seven tools technique is a tool that assists quality control and 5W+1H analysis in the development of plans to address existing product issues. This study's objective is to identify the types of defects, their underlying causes, and the steps taken to reduce the amount of defects in order to increase production cost efficiency. According to the results of the discussion, the total production was 13,309 units with 2,767 faults. The flaw with the highest percentage is the porosity defect, which is equal to 26.7%. Improvements include providing operator training to improve machine operating skills, periodically inspecting materials to maintain material quality, performing periodic machine repairs to prevent a decline in production quality, and compiling quality and accurate standard operating procedures for welding techniques.

Evaluation of local ingredient formulated diet for golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus grow-out

Golden rabbitfish, S. guttatus culture is feasible to be developed in ponds and floating net cages. To support rabbitfish culture, cheap and good quality feed using local ingredients is necessary. The study aimed to evaluate the local ingredients formulated feed for golden rabbitfish S. guttatus grow-out. Feed was formulated based on the least cost feed formulation. The feeding trial was carried out using 15 units of 1x1x2 m3 floating net cages, with a fish density of 23 fish/cage with an initial weight of 39.88±8.05 g. The study was completely randomized, with four treatments of feed formulation (A, B, C, D) and commercial feed as control (E) in triplicates for each treatment. Parameters observed included growth response, feed utilization, digestibility, carcass composition, and feed cost per kg of fish production. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed feed B gave the highest growth rate (1.05±0.09%) and was not significantly different from commercial feed (P>0.05). Still, it had a cheaper cost of production (IDR 15,000/kg of fish production) compared to commercial feed (IDR 22,000/kg of fish production) (P<0.05) with a 31.82% efficiency of production cost.

Recent advances on the methods developed for the identification and detection of emerging contaminant microplastics: a review.

The widespread use of plastics, popular for their versatility and cost-efficiency in mass production, has led to their essential role in modern society. Their remarkable attributes, such as flexibility, mechanical strength, lightweight, and affordability, have further strengthened their importance. However, the emergence of microplastics (MPs), minute plastic particles, has raised environmental concerns. Over the last decade, numerous studies have uncovered MPs of varying sizes in diverse environments. They primarily originate from textile fibres and cosmetic products, with large plastic items undergoing degradation and contributing as secondary sources. The bioaccumulation of MPs, with potential ingestion by humans through the food chain, underscores their significance as environmental contaminants. Therefore, continuous monitoring of environmental and food samples is imperative. A range of spectroscopic techniques, including vibrational spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, facilitates the detection of MPs. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods employed for sample collection, characterization, and analysis of MPs. It also emphasizes the crucial criteria for selecting practical and standardized techniques for the detection of MPs. Despite advancements, challenges persist in this field, and this review suggests potential strategies to address these limitations. The development of effective protocols for the accurate identification and quantification of MPs in real-world samples is of paramount importance. This review further highlights the accumulation of microplastics in various edible species, such as crabs, pelagic fish, finfish, shellfish, American oysters, and mussels, shedding light on the extreme implications of MPs on our food chain.

Industry 4.0 and the Future of the Labor Market

After the introduction of computers and the Internet into our lives with the Third Industrial Revolution, digital developments such as wireless networks, computing, cloud infrastructures, big data technologies, artificial intelligence-enhanced robots, internet of things (IoT), and cyber-physical systems (CPS) are starting of a new technological age. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, known as Industry 4.0, will initiate a transformation in production models, as in many areas, with its technological tools. The aforementioned components of Industry 4.0, cyber-physical systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, artificial intelligence and robotic technologies have transformed production and changed the nature of many businesses. This digital transformation puts pressure on the labor market and the transformation of the labor factor and stands before us as a multidimensional problem that needs to be resolved. While these technologies increase competitiveness in terms of cost advantage and efficiency in production, they bring about changes in the production structure. The technology mentioned in all areas of life is planned to serve the "unmanned" mission. With unmanned transportation vehicles, educational institutions, hospitals, factories and many others, human labor will be replaced by artificial intelligence wonder robots, robotic arms and machines in daily life. The perfect example of full automation, dark factories, robots with artificial intelligence technology, robotic arms and machines that communicate with each other, seem to seriously shake the place of labor in production. In this process, the following question comes to mind: Will the machines that are expected to replace labor affect employment negatively or is it possible for labor to keep up with this technological transformation? Considering the unmanned mission of technological transformation, it means that this situation will negatively affect the employment of the labor factor and technological unemployment will increase. However, the disadvantaged position of labor in an environment with a high level of automation should be evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the current labor market. The jobs of the future undergoing technological transformation require more technological knowledge and human skills. Although technological developments leave production to artificial intelligence, robots and smart machines, human intelligence is still needed behind these technological wonders. In all production and service units built on full automation, there will always be a need for technicians and engineers working in the background of the flawless operation of that technology. Although this shows that unskilled labor force will lose the war against technology, it shows that there is always hope for qualified labor force. In the study, the current situation is revealed by making a literature study on the effect of technological developments in the labor market, and the effects of this technological transformation on the labor market are mentioned by giving information about the concept of industry 4.0 and its components.
 Possible changes in the labor market due to the intensive use of smart technologies in the production of goods and services are also included.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN TARGET COSTING DALAM SISTEM PENGENDALIAN BIAYA PRODUKSI PADA TOKO ULUMUNA PAMEKASAN

This study aims to determine the classification of production costs Petis Toko Ulumuna Pamekasan, to analyze the target costing approach in order to increase the cost efficiency of Petis production and to compare between standard costs and target costing. From the results of the analysis regarding the calculation of standard production costs in producing Petis, it appears that the standard production cost for Tuna Petis is Rp. 1,915,580 Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the application of target costing with the company's standard production costs regarding the implementation of target costing is much more efficient, whereby the application of target costing, with production prices as follows: Production costs for Tuna Petis Rp. 1,558,538.

KAJIAN EFISIENSI BIAYA PELAKSANAAN PROYEK DENGAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG SAWIT PADA PROSES DRYER AMP (Studi Kasus : Peningkatan Jalan Ruas Tumbang Talaken-Tumbang Jutuh Kalimantan Tengah)

<p>Infrastructure Improvement which is located on Jl.Tumbang Talaken - Jl.Tumbang Jutuh with a length of 40,920 meters and a distance of 141 km to the capital city of Palangka Raya. The condition of the remote location and the fluctuating price of diesel fuel will require large costs. While around the project is an oil palm plantation and the waste is piling up. If left untreated, palm shell waste will have a negative impact and cause disease, by utilizing palm shell waste as a dryer heater in Hotmix production as a substitute for diesel fuel with the hotmix production cost efficiency analysis method on AMP so that it can reduce production costs in the project. The results of the analysis of validity and reliability show that production by gasifying palm shell waste is feasible to replace diesel fuel. The results of the BEP analysis, that the use of shells as a substitute for diesel fuel has great potential to reduce production costs, when hotmix production is at a volume of 3,826 tons. So, with a planned hotmix production volume of 22,667 tons, it is feasible to procure or invest in shell combustion equipment. Suggestions from this study that replacing dryers with palm shell waste material as a substitute for diesel fuel can be done if the road infrastructure development project is around oil palm plantations, because in addition to being able to reduce hotmix production costs on AMP it is also an environmentally friendly waste management because it has no impact negative on the environment. If the project is not located in the vicinity of an oil palm plantation, then the use of palm shell waste as a substitute for diesel fuel needs to be further researched because the efficiency value will be different</p>

Identifikasi Lokasi Potensial dan Prioritas Pengembangan Agroindustri Aren di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat

Sugar palm is a plantation crop that has benefits economic, ecological, social and cultural, but the exploitation of palm sugar is generally still taking the results of plants that grow naturally. Identification of the distribution of sugar palm plants needs to be done to obtain priority locations for the development of sugar palm agro-industry. The potential location shows that the sugar palm has a comparative and competitive advantage compared to other plantation commodities. Comparative and competitive advantages can be determined using the Location Quotient (LQ) and Differential Shift (DS) methods, while the priority for developing sugar palm agro-industry products is determined by the exponential comparison method with criteria 1) market potential, 2) environmental sustainability and waste minimization, 3) availability of raw materials and supporting material, 4) local government support, 5) human resource capability, 6) availability of applicable technology, 7) competitiveness of similar products and substitute products, and 8) efficiency of production costs. The results showed that the potential location of sugar palm plants were found in five districts in Tasikmalaya Regency, among others Ciawi districts, Cigalontang districts, Jamanis districts, Jatiwaras districts, and Sukahening Districts. The priority of developing agroindustry products based on the analysis of the corresponding exponential comparison method is palm sugar (10.21), palm fruit (10.20), palm fiber (10.19), ant sugar (10.17) and palm starch flour (10.06).

Strategies and Policies To Increase Competitiveness of Cassava in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Cassava is an important commodity and has a strategic role for the Indonesian economy, especially for Lampung Province as the main producer. However, prices and provitas that tend to be low, policies are not in favor of farmers, and weak institutions, so the commodity's is low competitiveness. Government intervention in encouraging the competitiveness of a commodity by providing protection to producing farmers is felt to be very effective, especially for cassava commodities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze appropriate strategies and policies in increasing the competitiveness of cassava commodities in Lampung Province. Therefore, strategies and policies are needed to increase the competitiveness of cassava commodities in Lampung Province. The research was conducted in 2020 in Central Lampung and East Lampung Regencies with a total of 120 farmers as respondents. This research uses policy matrix analysis or PAM analysis and qualitative descriptive. The results showed that cassava has comparative and competitive advantages even though it is low. Therefore, the best policy is needed to increase the competitiveness of cassava commodities. The policy in order to increase the competitiveness of cassava in Lampung Province can be done by increasing output by 20% even though the cost of fertilizer increases by 20%. Some of these policies and strategies can have an impact on production cost efficiency, improve the quality of cassava, increase the quantity of cassava, and increase the income of cassava farmers. Keywords: cassava, competitiveness, improvement policy, PAM, strategy

PENERAPAN ACTIVITY BASED MANAGEMENT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI PADA PT. MODEREN PLASINDO MUTIARA PLASTIK

This study aims to determine the application of Activity Based Management in increasing the efficiency of production costs at PT. Modern Plasindo Mutiara Plastik. The population in this study is Production Costs, Non-Production Costs, and Production Activity Data in 2020. The samples used in this study are Production Costs, Non-Production Costs, and Production Activity Data for 2020. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the analysis and evaluation, it can be concluded that the realization of production costs for each element of production costs using the Traditional method of cost realization is Rp. 179,847,642,267. Meanwhile, the realization of production costs using the Activity Based Management method is Rp. 178,339,161,857. Based on the comparison of the two methods, it can be seen that the difference in costs is Rp. 1,508,480,410. It can be seen that the implementation of Activity Based management can identify value-added activities and non-value-added activities. So the level of production cost efficiency by using the Activity Based Management method the company can save costs up to 2%. Therefore, companies need to apply the Activity Based Management method to eliminate these value-added activities so that production cost efficiency will be achieved. Keywords: Activity Based Management, Production Cost Efficiency, Value Added Activities, Non Value Added