Cost-effective Protection Research Articles

Structural frequency-based maintenance management method for steel truss bridges under atmospheric corrosion

Deterioration of steel truss bridges due to atmospheric corrosion can result in a degradation of performance that fails to meet basic safety requirements before the structure has fulfilled its design life. In order to prevent unexpected costs and premature structural damages caused by deterioration in steel truss bridges, cost-effective corrosion protection and maintenance strategies are required. In this study, a novel maintenance management method was proposed to keep the structural frequencies of steel truss bridges in between predefined boundaries throughout the service life. To pursue this aim, preventive and essential maintenance techniques were applied to provide appropriate atmospheric corrosion protection to steel truss bridges in a cost-effective way. Different repetitive repainting intervals were used for preventive maintenance, and member replacement alternatives with different ratios of total members were applied for essential maintenance approaches. Moreover, the replacement of members using conventional carbon steel, or A709-50CR was investigated separately. For the illustration of the proposed maintenance management method, a planar and a spatial steel truss bridge were selected from the literature, and maintenance strategies were applied considering two different corrosion classes. Life cycle cost analyses of steel truss bridges were conducted to evaluate different maintenance alternatives. Consequently, a cost-effective maintenance strategy was determined for each steel truss bridge in different corrosion environments.

Review and Current Status of Systena frontalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): An Insect Pest Associated with Nursery Production Systems1

Abstract Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an insect pest of nursery production systems throughout the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the United States. The original scientific name was Galleruca frontalis F. before reclassification of the genus to Systena. There is minimal information in the scientific literature providing evidence that S. frontalis is native or an introduced species. In addition, the overwintering life stage is unknown. However, records indicate that S. frontalis is native to North America based on reports of this beetle being found in 5 provinces of Canada and 31 states in the United States. Records also indicate that the adult may be the overwintering life stage. Current management strategies implemented to reduce feeding damage caused by S. frontalis adults to container-grown nursery plants are associated with foliar spray applications of contact insecticides. However, applying contact insecticides to plant material in nursery production systems is labor intensive and not cost efficient. Application of systemic insecticides to the growing medium is a management strategy that nursery producers can use to reduce feeding damage caused by S. frontalis adults. Research demonstrates that the systemic insecticides dinotefuran and thiamethoxam protect container-grown nursery plants 45 d after application. Therefore, based on empirical, scientific-based research, applying systemic insecticides before S. frontalis adults are active provides practical and cost-effective plant protection from adult feeding damage during the growing season, thereby allowing nursery producers to grow, market, and sell container-grown nursery plants.

Identification of potential suitable areas and conservation priority areas for representative wild animals in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains.

Species geographic distribution and conservation priority areas are important bases for insitu biodiversity conservation and conservation decision-making. In view of the urgency of endangered species protection, eight representative endangered species in the typical forest ecosystem of the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains were studied. Based on 1127 occurrence points and environmental data collected from 2016 to 2021, used BIOMOD2 and Zonation to reconstruct the potential distribution area and identify conservation priority areas of eight species (Tetrao parvirostris, T. tetrix, Gulo gulo, Alces alces, Martes zibellina, Moschus moschiferus, Lynx lynx, Lutra lutra). The results showed potential distribution areas for almost all species concentrated in the northern part of the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM) and the central part of the Lesser Khingan Mountains (LKM). The potential distribution areas of each species were as follows: black-billed capercaillie, 102,623 km2; black grouse, 162,678 km2; wolverine, 63,410 km2; moose, 140,287 km2; sable, 112,254 km2; Siberian musk deer, 104,787 km2; lynx, 139,912 km2; and Eurasian otter, 49,386 km2. Conservation priority areas (CPAs) clustered in the north GKM and central LKM and totaled 220,801 km2, and only 16.94% of the CPAs were currently protected by nature reserves. We suggest that the Chinese government accelerate the integration of existing protected areas in the northern GKM and establish a larger GKM National Park based on cost-effective multi-species protection.

Bacillus thuringiensis promotes systemic immunity in tomato, controlling pests and pathogens and promoting yield

AbstractPlant pathogens and pests pose an increasing threat to worldwide food security. To improve and strengthen food security under increasingly difficult environmental, economic, and geopolitical conditions, the prospect of using microbial biocontrol agents becomes increasingly desirable. One of the most studied, and commercially used, biopesticide microorganisms is the entomopathogenic, gram-positive, soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). While Bt has been known for many years as an insecticidal microorganism and used extensively in agriculture, its possible anti-phytopathogen and plant growth-promoting activities have received comparatively limited attention thus far. Here, we examine the ability of Bt to promote systemic immunity in tomato plants. We investigate how Bt influences plant immunity and disease resistance against several fungal and bacterial plant pathogens, as well as several arthropod pests. In order to determine which component of Bt (i.e., Bt spores or pure crystals) is responsible for the observed effects on pathogens or pests, we dissected the different fractions present in a commercial preparation and assessed their effects on pest and pathogen control. As previously reported in the Bt literature, our results indicate that proteins produced by Bt are likely the primary acting components against pests. In the case of pathogens, however, it appears that both the Bt spores and proteins directly act against pathogens such as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Bt Spores and produced proteins also both induce plant immunity. Understanding the different Bt mode of action mechanisms will help in developing cost-effective and safe plant protection strategies for enhancing food security. Taken together, our findings suggest that Bt could be used in broad-spectrum pest and disease management strategies. Pending validation in agricultural settings, Bt products on the market could have additional uses in sustainable pest management and plant growth promotion.

Chrysophyllum Albidum extract as a new and green protective agent for metal

ABSTRACT Gravimetric measurements and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were employed to investigate the protective performance of the metal in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions by the C. albidum leaf extract at different concentrations (400-1600 mg/L) and time periods (1-4 days). The results showed the highest protection ability of over 96-97%, with inhibition increasing with higher extract concentrations. Polarization studies indicated a mixed inhibition mechanism, reducing both anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution rates. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified major organic constituents in the extract. Thermodynamic data fit the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting chemisorptive adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface. Computational methods, including density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum chemical calculations, provided insight into inhibitor-metal interactions and adsorption behaviour at the molecular level. Overall, the study establishes C. albidum leaf extract as an effective, sustainable alternative to commonly used toxic chromate and phosphate inhibitors. It performs competitively even at low concentrations and in environments. The promising green inhibition properties, combined with the extract's nontoxicity and abundance from a natural source, suggest its potential as a cost-effective corrosion protection solution, especially for applications in developing economies.

Cost-effective biodiversity protection through multiuse-conservation landscapes

ContextIntensive land use and exploitation of natural resources are the main direct drivers of biodiversity loss. Transformative changes in land management are called for as conservation and management actions have not been sufficient to support the viability of species populations. It has been proposed that to solve the sufficiency problem one could segregate the landscape into an intensively managed part, and into so-called multiuse-conservation landscapes that aggregate set asides with managed areas for multiple uses.ObjectivesWe describe a scenario analysis where we evaluate the effects and cost-efficiency of transforming the boreal forest from intensively managed production landscapes progressively towards multiuse-conservation landscapes.MethodsWe simulated Finnish boreal forests under various managements and optimized management to produce six scenarios to reveal the ecological, economic, climate and management regime implications of multiuse-conservation landscapes. Ecological effects explored included habitat availability and metacommunity capacity of dead wood dependent species.ResultsIncreasing the area of set aside and multiuse management increased the habitat availability and metacommunity capacity as well as climate benefits but caused economic losses in terms of timber revenues. Pooling the set asides and multiuse management areas together into the same landscapes reduced the economic losses, had negligible added climate benefits and produced mixed biodiversity effects: pooling decreased habitat availability but increased metacommunity capacity across all landscapes.ConclusionsChanging land management and aggregating conservation efforts can be a cost-efficient way to protect biodiversity. Our results suggest biodiversity benefits in landscapes where the set aside and multiuse is aggregated. Careful spatial planning can also alleviate the conflicts between ecological and economic values of land.

Comparison between key crop production and farmers' perspectives in Eastern Hungary: A regional study

<abstract> <p>Agricultural production and technology are crucial in supplying agricultural commodities and ensuring food security. Farmers are pivotal in this process. However, there is a noticeable gap in research: While numerous researchers focus on the national perspective, there is a relative scarcity of research conducted at the regional level. This lack of regional-scale studies highlights the need for more localized research to understand and address the unique agricultural challenges and opportunities in specific areas. We aimed to analyze wheat and maize production in a county in Eastern Hungary. We also aimed to delve into farmers' perspectives regarding the agricultural sector and research. Key findings included the average maize, with a yield at 5,896.2 ± 1,624.2kg/hectare (2000–2020), which appeared to be superior to wheat, which had a mean yield of 4,135.7 kg/hectare with a standard deviation of 788.4. The Tukey test confirmed significant differences between wheat and maize in terms of harvested area, production, and yield, highlighting distinct performance variations of these crops in the region. Moreover, we identified a weak but significant correlation between the value of the golden crown and aspects such as cost-effective crop protection, reduced tillage costs, and increased production value and income. A similar weak significant relationship was found between farmers' age and research topics related to increasing sales revenue. We aimed to analyze wheat and maize production in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County in Eastern Hungary. We found that 58% of farmers did not maintain accurate records of production-related costs and income, which could have significant implications for revenue calculation and decision-making. The outcomes of this research are instrumental for decision-makers, providing insights that could guide the development and implementation of agricultural policies and practices at a regional scale.</p> </abstract>

Study on the Value Evaluation of Biodiversity Maintenance Services at Xiamen Xiatanwei Coastal Wetland Park Using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)

Ecological diversity maintenance services are a part of ecosystem support services, referring to the ecosystem's ability to provide essential services such as spawning, habitat, wintering, and refuge for biological populations. Taking Xiamen Xiatanwei Coastal Wetland Park as a case study, this paper identifies its ecological service functions, conducts a survey among local residents to assess their willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation, and employs the Contingent Valuation Method to evaluate the value of its biodiversity maintenance services. The results indicate that in 2023, the average household willingness to pay for biodiversity maintenance services at Xiamen Xiatanwei Coastal Wetland Park is 387.59 RMB per year, with an individual willingness to pay of 102.27 RMB per year. Using the Contingent Valuation Method, the value of biodiversity maintenance services at Xiamen Xiatanwei Coastal Wetland Park in 2023 is estimated to be 543 million RMB. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for the establishment of cost-effective protection policies such as ecological damage compensation for Xiamen Xiatanwei Coastal Wetland Park in the future.

Novel busbar protection scheme for impedance-earthed distribution networks

Due to the vast number of substations at the distribution level and increased costs of differential busbar protection, DSOs are in search of cost-effective protection schemes for busbar protection. This includes the use of various communication-based protection schemes, such as the reverse-blocking schemes used at Stedin. However, due to impedance grounding, the single-phase-to-ground short circuit currents have small values in medium voltage impedance-earthed distribution grids. As a result, the reverse-blocking scheme fails to detect this type of fault. This paper introduces a novel distributed protection scheme based on the detection of zero-sequence components of the currents and voltages and the negative-sequence current component. The proposed scheme successfully detects single-phase-to-ground busbar faults by using the standard settings of the widely available overcurrent IEDs, and an IEC 61850 communication between them. Firstly, the detection of the zero- and negative-sequence current components is used to distinguish between a busbar and a feeder fault. Secondly, zero-sequence voltage detection is used to distinguish between the faulty and healthy sections of the busbar when the busbar coupler is opened. This also increases the proposed scheme’s reliability by avoiding miss-operation due to human errors during maintenance or testing. The grid is modeled in a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), and a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation is carried out to test the protection scheme. The extensive simulations show the strengths and the limitations of the proposed scheme. Based on the research results, the developed protection scheme is implemented as a standard protection scheme in all of Stedin’s new distribution substations.

Cost-effective memory protection and reliability evaluation based on machine error-tolerance: A case study on no-accuracy-loss YOLOv4 object detection model

In this paper, we investigate and present a cost-effective memory protection and reliability evaluation methodology for machine learning systems based on machine error-tolerance. We show that by well exploiting the inherent error-tolerability, the incurred cost of the typical memory protection methods including ECC (Error Correction Code) and TMR (Triple Modular Redundancy) can be greatly reduced, making these methods attractive to be adopted to implement a reliable machine learning system. In particular, we also target the up-to-date powerful object detection machine learning model YOLOv4 as a case study. To the best of our knowledge, there is no work in the literature addressing reliability evaluation and enhancement for YOLOv4. Based on identifying the set of error-sensitive (critical) memory blocks and protecting only this set, we develop more efficient ECC and TMR methods. Our ECC method does not require any additional memory cost, while the area cost of our TMR method can be reduced from 200 % to only 47.5 %. The reliability evaluation results show that the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) of the YOLOv4 object detection system can be extended by about 12 times by the proposed ECC method, while the TMR method can even achieve 108 times longer than that of ECC. We also present a generic methodology to exploit machine error-tolerance for developing a cost-effective memory protection method.

Non-unit Protection for Asymmetrical DC Line Faults in Bipolar LCC-HVDC Transmission Systems

The faults in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines cause a sudden rise in DC, resulting in over-stressing of converter valves and transformer windings. DC line faults of longer duration, or permanent nature, will lead to a severe disturbance in the associated AC network as well. Thus, the HVDC line faults must be detected immediately to interrupt the fault current by initiating proper actions of control and protection. This paper implements a new method to detect the asymmetrical (pole-to-ground) faults in the conventional bipolar LCC-HVDC transmission system. The proposed method defines a Fault Indicating Parameter (FIP) based on the transient voltage and current elements of each pole. The transient elements are obtained based on single-end measurements. Single-end or non-unit measurements lead to the development of simple, cost-effective and fast protection criteria. Also, the method is applicable to faults close to the line boundary and of high resistivity. A two-terminal bipolar LCC-HVDC transmission system, based on ±500 kV, 1000 MW and 900 km length, is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in offline mode, using MATLAB/Simulink software. Also, the results are validated using an OPAL-RT real-time simulator under divergent fault conditions. The simulation results prove the robustness, selectiveness and accuracy of the proposed scheme.

Habitat quality assessment based on InVEST model - Zhengzhou, China

Human activities and global urbanisation have affected the integrity and continuity of ecological land, and resulted in the fragmentation of natural habitats and worldwide ecological security issues. Some ecological functions of landscape patches have been degraded or even lost. We need to study the impact of land use changes on natural habitats that are caused by urbanisation. As the research area, we selected Zhengzhou, a city in central China that has undergone rapid urbanisation in the early 21st century. By using the InVEST-habitat quality model and ArcGIS geographical analysis, we evaluated changes in land use and habitat quality in Zhengzhou from 2000 to 2020. The results show that: The area of construction land increased sharply by 806.76km2 from 2000 to 2010, while during 2010-2020 the growth rate slowed to 33km2 per year, and most of it was converted from arable land. The area of forest and grassland was also greatly reduced in 2000-2010, but did not change significantly in 2010-2020. This indicates that urban expansion gradually shifted from the acceleration of 2000-2010 to a period of stability in 2010-2020, and construction land has taken over a large amount of arable land. Habitat quality was higher in the mountain forests to the west and the south, while the low habitat quality areas in the eastern plain gradually expanded with the development of urban construction. The Yellow River, the most important river in China, was also negatively affected by urbanisation in the north of Zhengzhou, but its habitat quality gradually improved during 2010-2020. In the central urban area, habitat quality was improved in some places due to the creation of green spaces and artificial lakes in recent years, and also through with the improved maintenance of green spaces. However, it is worth continuing to explore whether artificial lakes and large-scale green spaces are the optimal solutions to improve habitat quality. In the future, we will be able to seek the best cost-effective ecological protection methods in terms of economic investment and ecological benefits.

Ecotoxicological parameters of the application of biopesticides, development and adaptation of biological systems of apple protection against pests and diseases to the soil-climatic and phytosanitary conditions of the agrocenose

Goal. Ecotoxicological and economic substantiation of the biological system of apple protection against pests and diseases, its optimization and adaptation to the weather and climatic conditions and the phytosanitary state of apple agrocenosis in the Precarpathian province of the Carpathian mountain zone of Ukraine in order to reduce crop losses and improving its quality.
 Methods. Phytosanitary monitoring was performed visually and using pheromone traps. The degree of hazard of pesticides was assessed by an integrated 7-point scale, the risk — by agroecotoxicological index (AETI).
 Results. Based on the monitoring of the phytosanitary state of the apple agrocenosis in 2015—2017, scientific and methodological parameters of ecologically safe and cost-effective protection systems for apple trees adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Precarpathian province of the Carpathian mountain zone of Ukraine were developed: biological and biological-chemical. They are based on 7 treatments with biological or chemical and biological preparations, carried out in the phenophases of culture critical for the development of harmful organisms. The efficiency of the biological system against harmful organisms was in the range of 65.7—72.8%, the biological-chemical system — 66.4—96.5%. It is shown that replacing a number of chemical treatments with biological ones allows to minimize the negative impact of pesticides on the apple agrocenosis.
 Conclusions. A model of ecologically safe protection of an apple orchard against a complex of harmful organisms has been developed. It is shown that the modern assortment of biological protection means makes it possible to develop a system that provides effective protection of the apple orchard against a complex of diseases and pests. Calculations showed that the system of biological and chemical protection was more effective in terms of profitability during the years of research (71.4—127.23%). The profit obtained from the use of this system was from 49 898.9 to 107 586.4 UAH/ha.

Lightning Efficient Counterpoise Configurations for Transmission Line Grounding

Different configurations of counterpoises are often used to reduce the resistance and impulse impedance of the transmission line grounding. However, there are no general rules for an actual design. This paper analyses the performance of several configurations of counterpoises under typical lightning current impulses. The basis is a parametric analysis derived from time responses of 11,386 test cases for each configuration with parameters in broad ranges computed using a rigorous electromagnetic model based on the method of moments. The contributions of the paper are: Simple formulas for the resistance, impulse impedance, and effective length of counterpoise configurations are derived from and verified by the simulation results; a configuration with an 8-leg counterpoise bent parallel to the line is proposed, which extends the effective length and is efficient in high resistivity soil; and the method does not depend on the different lightning current impulse waveform representations based on Heidler, CIGRE, and double-exponential formulas, since the results can be easily converted. A simple procedure is provided to compare the capabilities and limitations of counterpoise configurations. New formulas and procedures make up a general and straightforward method for analyzing the optimal design, considering the cost-effective and best protection against lightning.

A Deep-Learning-Based Detection Approach for the Identification of Insect Species of Economic Importance.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation are fostering more sustainable and effective solutions for a wide spectrum of agricultural problems. Pest management is a major challenge for crop production that can benefit from machine learning techniques to detect and monitor specific pests and diseases. Traditional monitoring is labor intensive, time demanding, and expensive, while machine learning paradigms may support cost-effective crop protection decisions. However, previous studies mainly relied on morphological images of stationary or immobilized animals. Other features related to living animals behaving in the environment (e.g., walking trajectories, different postures, etc.) have been overlooked so far. In this study, we developed a detection method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) that can accurately classify in real-time two tephritid species (Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera oleae) free to move and change their posture. Results showed a successful automatic detection (i.e., precision rate about 93%) in real-time of C. capitata and B. oleae adults using a camera sensor at a fixed height. In addition, the similar shape and movement patterns of the two insects did not interfere with the network precision. The proposed method can be extended to other pest species, needing minimal data pre-processing and similar architecture.

Review on Automatic Variable-Rate Spraying Systems Based on Orchard Canopy Characterization

Pesticide consumption and environmental pollution in orchards can be greatly decreased by combining variable-rate spray treatments with proportional control systems. Nowadays, farmers can use variable-rate canopy spraying to apply weed killers only where they are required which provides environmental friendly and cost-effective crop protection chemicals. Moreover, restricting the use of pesticides as Plant Protection Products (PPP) while maintaining appropriate canopy deposition is a serious challenge. Additionally, automatic sprayers that adjust their application rates to the size and shape of orchard plantations has indicated a significant potential for reducing the use of pesticides. For the automatic spraying, the existing research used an Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Also, spraying efficiency can be increased by lowering spray losses from ground deposition and off-target drift. Therefore, this study involves a thorough examination of the existing variable-rate spraying techniques in orchards. In addition to providing examples of their predictions and briefly addressing the influences on spraying parameters, it also presents various alternatives to avoiding pesticide overuse and explores their advantages and disadvantages.

An Industrial Perspective on Magnesium Alloy Wheels: A Process and Material Design

Light weights wheels improve vehicle performance with respect to road handling, cornering as well providing fuel economy and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Aluminum wheels are currently used in many models and are produced usually by low pressure assisted gravity casting. Important property requirements are fatigue strength, pressure tightness, tensile strength, impact resistance, and corrosion resistance. Many attempts have been made to convert aluminum road wheels to magnesium. Race cars and some of the high end models (Porsche, Ferrari, etc.) have used magnesium wheels. These wheels have been gravity cast or forged. Viable corrosion protection systems have been developed and magnesium wheels have been used with success on these models. To use magnesium on more modest models is a challenge due to cost issues. Higher productivity casting processes or more cost effective coating systems need to be utilized. The project consists of selecting magnesium alloys for road wheels, examining the possible cost effective casting processes and corrosion protection systems, evaluating the cost per one wheel and comparing it to aluminum wheel costs. The wheels will also be compared with respect to fatigue and impact properties, pressure tightness, and corrosion.

Intranasal Delivery of Liposomes-Based Lipopeptide Hookworm Vaccine Diminished its Ability to Protect Mice Against Hookworm Challenge

Background Hookworm infection is particularly problematic for middle- to low-income countries. While treatment methods are currently available, vaccination may be the ideal intervention, as it could offer cost-effective long-term protection against infection and reinfection. Methods Previously established lipopeptide-based vaccine formulations, proven to be effective in an oral application, were adapted for an intranasal administration using a predicted B-cell peptide epitope derived from the hookworm Necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1) protein and a universal T-helper epitope attached to two lipid moieties, Pam2Cys or lipid core peptide (LCP). The lipopeptides were encapsulated into liposomes or self-assembled into nanoparticles. The intranasal vaccine candidates were evaluated in a rodent hookworm challenge model. Results The vaccine candidates were formulated to optimal sizes and charges for uptake by immune cells. However, no significant serum antibody response was elicited, and no protection was demonstrated following hookworm challenge. Conclusion In contrast to the previously reported effective oral immunization, intranasal delivery of lipopeptide-based vaccine failed to trigger significant antibody responses in mice against hookworm and had no effect on parasite numbers following challenge infection.

Biologically and Cost Effective Protection Systems of Domestic and Foreign Sugar Beet Hybrids in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Biologically and Cost Effective Protection Systems of Domestic and Foreign Sugar Beet Hybrids in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Selectivity Problem in Adaptive Overcurrent Protection for Microgrid With Inverter-Based Distributed Generators (IBDG): Theoretical Investigation and HIL Verification

The advancements in smart grid technologies had brought forth the prospect of self-healing distribution grid through intentional islanding, aided by the steadily rising penetration of inverter-based distributed generations (IBDGs). Adaptive protection is the key enabler for this resilient grid architecture. For cost-effectiveness, overcurrent relays (OCRs) with adaptive features had been proposed, often with the sensitivity problem due to low short-circuit current magnitude from the IBDG taken into consideration and largely addressed. However, apart from this widely discussed sensitivity problem, there is an underlying issue on selectivity of the OCR which is frequently disregarded when designing an adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for IBDG dominated microgrid. This selectivity problem is mainly caused by the current diversion to load during fault, which is often disregarded when performing OCR grading for a conventional grid. In this paper, this selectivity problem of the OCR is discussed in depth through a comparative study of conventional grid and a modern IBDG dominated grid. The coordination time interval margin violations problems are demonstrated through theoretical calculations and real-time hardware-in-the-loop experiments. This research aims to provide better insights into the selectivity problem as a step towards achieving a cost-effective yet reliable overcurrent-based adaptive protection for IBDG dominated microgrid.