Cost-benefit Research Articles

The impact of parkrun on life satisfaction and its cost-effectiveness: A six-month study of parkrunners in the United Kingdom.

An intervention suggested by the World Health Organisation that might increase life satisfaction is parkrun, a free, weekly, timed five kilometre run or walk. The issues with such interventions are (1) whether they impact on the life satisfaction of their participants, and (2) whether they are cost-effective. A study of 548 newly registered parkrunners were asked about their life satisfaction at baseline and six months later. A change of one life satisfaction point per year per participant was defined as one WELLBY (wellbeing adjusted life year), with a value of £13,000. Three approaches were used to estimate the additionality (added value) of parkrun: (1) by comparing a participant's number of parkruns to total activity; (2) by accounting for the participant's perceived impact of parkrun across 16 measures; and (3) combining these two methods equally. After six months, weighted, seasonally adjusted life satisfaction increased from a mean of 7.489 to 7.746, a change of 0.257. Both life satisfaction improvement and additionality were greatest for the least active. Assuming only half a year of benefit, the total value of the life satisfaction change for the 2019 parkrun population of 400,167 participants was estimated as £667.4m, with the least active accounting for almost half. Comparing to the cost of running parkrun in 2019 and using the activity, impact and combined methods for additionality, benefit-cost analysis ratios were found to be 16.7, 98.5 and 59.3 to 1, respectively. These were between 2.8 to 16.7 times that of other population-level physical activity interventions. Physical health was a mediator between activity and life satisfaction; mental health was only found as a mediator when combined with physical activity. Successful features of parkrun that might guide other interventions include its framing (role, time, place and cost) and ability to forge both strong and weak social ties.

Productivity and Profitability of Four Crops Based cropping Pattern in Jhenaidah District of Bangladesh

A field experiment was carried out at the farmers' field in the Kaliganj upazila for two consecutive years (2021-22, 2022-23). The experiment carried out in a multi-location testing site in the Jhenaidah district, under the Jashore region. The objective of the experiment was to enhance cropping intensity and productivity by incorporating T. Aus into the existing cropping pattern. The current cropping sequence consisted of T. Aman-Mustard-Mungbean, while the suggested cropping sequence included T. Aman- Mustard-Mungbean-T. Aus. The research findings showed that the rice equivalent yield (REY) in the suggested cropping pattern was 21 t ha-1, representing a 31.25% increased over the yield of existing pattern (16 t ha-1). The greater gross return (Tk. ha-1), gross margin (Tk. ha-1), and slightly higher marginal benefit cost ratio obtained from this four-crop-based cropping pattern suggest that the proposed pattern could be recommended for higher productivity and economic benefit in other parts of the Jashore region. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 93-100, 2024

Con: indwelling pleural catheters cause harm to patients

Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) have rapidly grown in popularity since their introduction for the management of recurrent pleural effusions. In malignant pleural effusions especially, there has been a shift away from measuring pleurodesis success and towards more patient-centred outcomes. Multiple randomised controlled trials have shown that despite lower rates of pleurodesis, symptom control and quality of life outcomes are comparable when compared to alternatives such as talc pleurodesis. IPCs have the added benefit of minimising inpatient hospital stays and reducing the need for recurrent pleural interventions, key priorities for patients with palliative disease. As a result, IPC treatment is associated with excellent patient satisfaction coupled with acceptably low complication rates. Furthermore, in patients with a short life expectancy they confer a cost benefit for the healthcare system.Far from causing harm, IPCs are now recommended as first-line treatment by current clinical guidelines. In malignant pleural disease, guidance advocates IPCs should be offered as a first-line option with the focus on patient priorities and preferences. Ultimately IPCs provide a safe, effective, ambulatory option for managing recurrent pleural effusions.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN HARGA JUAL DALAM PERSAINGAN PASAR PRODUK SYNTHETIC THICKENER

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of the selling price of synthetic thickener products in tight market competition based on financial aspects of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Profitability Index (PI) with three price levels from the price range requested by customers. The research was conducted using a qualitative research method with five stages, namely 1) defining the problem, 2) identifying each alternative, 3) analyzing the feasibility of the selling price with a three-level price scenario, 4) conducting a comparative analysis and 5) recommending the decision given. The results of the research with the NPV, PI and BCR methods are not feasible for price as well as level 1 and feasible for selling prices 2 and 3.

Economic study of Binadhan-22 production in some selected areas of Bangladesh

This study was conducted in four districts of Bangladesh, namely Mymensingh, Bogura, Naogaon and Rangpur to estimate the profitability and factors affecting gross return of the variety. This study was based on primary data which were collected from 200 Binadhan-22 growing farmers. In the sampled areas data were collected through pre-designed interview schedule from January-February, 2023. Tabular, descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function model were used to fulfill the objectives. It was found that Binadhan-22 production is profitable. The average net return per hectare was Tk. 28876. The net return was highest in Rangpur (Tk. 32480/ha) followed by Naogaon (Tk. 28554/ha), Mymensingh (Tk. 27331/ha) and Bogura (Tk. 27139/ha), respectively. Benefit cost ratio was estimated at 1.39 and 2.04 on full cost and variable cost basis. Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen to determine the factor affecting gross return of Binadhan-22 production. All of the factors namely, human labour cost, power tiller cost, seed cost, fertilizer cost, irrigation cost, insecticides cost were statistically significant and positive. The regression coefficients for farming experience and agricultural training under all areas had negative but significant relationship at 5% and 10% level, respectively. The regression coefficient of age was positive and significant at 10% level. Under all areas, the regression coefficients of education and farm size were positive but not significant. Farmers faced some constraints in cultivating of the variety. The first ranked constraint was lack of availability of seeds (93%). Other constraints were lack of training (61%), lack of capital (38%) and lack of technical know-how (16%). In addition to helping farmers use a better combination of inputs that will create higher productivity and return, effective extension services may also assist farmers in cultivating rice in a way that will contribute to food security and self-sufficiency. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 81-91, 2024

Improving Sunflower Yield through Liming and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application in the South-Central Coastal Region of Bangladesh

Along with salinity, low soil pH is the major constraint for growing winter crops in the south central coastal region of Bangladesh. Extensive research has been done to manage soil salinity, where managing low soil pH for crop production is scarce. The aim of the experiment was to improve sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hybrid Unisun) yield through liming and phosphorus fertilizer application in the acidic saline soil of Amtali upazila of Barguna district, Bangladesh. During the winter season of 2024 a field experiment was carried out comprising two rates of lime 0 and 2 t ha-1 and four levels of phosphorus (P) having 0, 12, 24 and 36 kg P ha-1 using RCBD design. Lime application at 2 t ha-1 rate significantly increased stem girth, head diameter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, and seed, stover and root yields of sunflower. The application of P up to the highest level (36 kg P ha-1) significantly increased the growth and yield of sunflower. Lime application increased the soil pH by 0.72 unit compared to non-liming plot. The application of lime (2 t ha-1) along with 36 kg P ha-1 recorded the highest sunflower seed yield of 3.21 t ha-1 in the soil of Amtali upazila of Barguna district, Bangladesh. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of different rates of P application without liming ranged from 5.28-10.09 but it decreased drastically while P was applied with lime having the BCR between 0.15-1.82. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3):352-359, 2024

Quantitative flow ratio-guided staged percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

BackgroundThe need for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and staged PCI strategy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with multivessel coronary disease is well documented. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency, safety, and cost benefit of quantitative flow ratio (QFR)-guided staged PCI in patients with STEMI. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study involving 2256 patients meeting STEMI criteria having at least one lesion (≥50 %) in non-infarct-related (NIR) arteries. These patients had undergone primary PCI for infarct-related (IR) arteries and staged PCI for NIR arteries. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the strategy guided either by QFR or quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) as determined by the clinicians during primary PCI in real-world. For patients guided by QFR, a threshold of ≤0.80 serves as the cut-off value for determining the need for PCI. We recorded the demographics, clinical data, and QFR values of none-infarct-related arteries. The efficiency, safety, and cost benefit of the QFR-guided staged PCI were evaluated. ResultsThe QCA-guided group had a higher rate of Killip II. In the QFR-guided group, there was a higher proportion of left anterior descending coronary artery lesions in infarct-related arteries. The mean QFR value of non-infarct-related (NIR) arteries remained consistent at 0.83 across both groups, irrespective of whether the measurement was taken during the primary PCI or the staged PCI phase. Among patients with QFR ≤0.8, the QFR values during staged PCI were significantly higher than that during primary PCI, with a significantly greater increase compared to patients with QFR >0.8. The proportion of staged PCI, number of stents per patient, and cost of staged PCI per patient were significantly lower in the QFR-guided group compared to the QCA-guided group. In the long-term follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of major adverse cardiac events and clinic visits, except for target vessel revascularization. ConclusionsQFR resulted in a reduction in the proportion of STEMI patients with multivessel coronary disease undergoing invasive coronary angiography and staged PCI. Furthermore, it decreased the incidence of target vessel revascularization (TVR) and medical costs, without increasing major adverse cardiovascular events. Our future work will focus on large multi-center perspective studies for the feasibility of QFR guided staged PCI in patients with STEMI.

Innovative Strategies for Controlling Sorghum Shoot Fly: Seed Treatments and Botanical Insecticides

Aim: To assess the efficacy of various treatments for managing sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani, and their effects on plant vigour, growth, yield, and Incremental Cost-Benefit Ratio (ICBR). Study Design: A field experiment with a Randomized Block Design, involving three replications and nine treatments. Place and Duration of Study: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (29.1492° N, 75.7217° E), during the Kharif season of 2020. Methodology: Sorghum variety Swarna was sown in August 2020. Treatments included Imidacloprid 70WS, Thiamethoxam 30FS, Neem oil, Karanj oil, and their combinations. Treatments were applied at 7 and 17 days after emergence. Data on plant stand, egg counts, dead hearts (%), plant height, green fodder yield, and ICBR were analyzed. Results: Thiamethoxam 30FS @ 10ml/kg + neem oil @ 2% showed the best performance, significantly reducing shoot fly infestation (19.98%) and enhancing plant vigour (1.00), height (86.93 cm), and yield (309.60 q/ha). Neem oil @ 2% was more effective than Karanj oil @ 2%. Imidacloprid 70WS had the highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) (1:21), while Karanj oil @ 2% had the lowest (1:0.78). Conclusion: Thiamethoxam 30FS @ 10ml/kg + neem oil @ 2% was the most effective for managing shoot fly and improving crop performance. Imidacloprid 70WS offered the highest economic benefit, indicating its cost-effectiveness in pest management.

Effect of nano urea on yield and benefit cost ratio of onion in kharif cv. Phule Samarth

Effect of nano urea on yield and benefit cost ratio of onion in kharif cv. Phule Samarth

Optimizing feed restriction strategies for profitable Oreochromis niloticus culture in floating cages in riverine ecosystems

High feed cost is a major obstacle for promoting the growth of nutrient-rich fish species like Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in cage aquaculture. To address this issue, cage farming of O. niloticus was studied for a 75-day period in the Gurukchi River of Bangladesh. Three different feeding strategies (FS) were tested in floating cages: FS5- weekly restriction on feed supply for two days, FS6- weekly restriction on feed supply for one day, and FS7- no weekly restriction on feed supply, with three replications for each treatment. Water quality parameters were monitored weekly and found within suitable levels for fish cultivation. The analysis of length–weight relationship and the condition factor of O. niloticus showed positive allometric growth regardless of the diverse feeding tactics employed that consistently exhibit stability across all treatments. Both FS6 and FS7 had significantly higher (p < 0.05) final individual length, final individual weight, net yield, total yield, and specific growth rate than FS5. FS6 yielded significantly higher fish production with significantly lower feed conversion ratio than FS7. Economic analysis revealed the highest benefit–cost ratio and net revenue in FS6, recommending its use to minimize the need for supplemental feed and reduce production costs in tilapia cage culture.

Influence of Front-Line Demonstrations on Yield, Yield Gap and Economics of Field Pea under Hill Region of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Yachuli, Lower Subansiri district, gave a front-line field pea demonstration in 06 villages across two blocks with 44 farmers during the 2019-20 and 2020-21 seasons. FLD on the VL Matar 42 variety of field pea was carried out over the course of two years in a 15 ha area using the recommended improved practices. Additionally, a control plot with farmer practices was maintained. The yield in the farmers' plot (1110 kg ha-1) and demonstration plot (1510 kg ha-1) in the year 2020-21 was higher than in the year 2019-20. In the years 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, the demonstration plots' mean yield exceeded that of the farmers' plot by 35.23 and 36.03 percent. The VL Matar 42 variety of field pea had a mean yield of 1465 kg ha-1, which was lower than the potential yield of 1868 kg ha-1. The yield gap of 403 kg ha-1 indicates that there is a technology gap. Interestingly, the average extension yield gap was lower (385 kg ha-1) during the study period. The technology index varied from 19.16 to 23.98 percent, showing the feasibility of the evolved technology at the farmer's fields. Cultivating field pea using improved technologies resulted in an average higher net return of Rs. 59,050 ha-1 compared to Rs 34,500 ha-1 from local farming practices. The benefit cost ratio of field pea was higher (2.16) when using improved technologies compared to (1.83) when using farmers' practices.

Potentiality of Formulated Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Bacillus Subtilis for the Management of Sheath Blight Disease of Rice Under Field Condition

Rice production is severely affected by sheath blight disease in Bangladesh which is caused by a fungus Rhizoctonia solani that is still merely managed by synthetic chemical fungicides. In this study, different isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated to assess their inhibitory effects against R. solani both in- vitro and field condition following dual culture method in order to formulate technique for the management of sheath blight of rice. Among all the isolates, P. fluorescens (Pf- 7 and Pf- 8) and B. subtilis (Bs-17 and Bs-21) showed the highest in –vitro mycelial growth suppression of the pathogen. Based on the in-vitro mycelial growth suppression performance, fourteen treatments combinations, either single or in consortia of antagonistic bacteria in talc-based formulations were applied by root dipping. All the formulated bacterial isolates showed significant reduction in disease and severity compared to untreated control and chemical fungicide. At 90 DAT, both the disease incidence and severity were found lowest in T11 (31.67 % and 37.33 % respectively) where the seedlings were treated for 24 hours with consortium of Pf-7 + Pf- 8 formulated in talc followed by in T12 (32.00 % and 38.00 %) where the seedlings were treated for 24 hours with consortium of Bs-17 + Bs-21 formulated in talc respectively. Vegetative and yield parameters were also significantly increased in both T11 and T12. The highest yield as well as Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) were found in T11 (2.50 kg/ m2 and 2.20) followed by T12 (2.49 kg/m2 and 2.18). Thus, the consortia of bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) with seedling dipping time for 24 hour represents a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for the management of sheath blight of rice in field condition. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 342-351, 2024

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic exercise versus myofascial trigger point therapy in the treatment of shoulder tendinopathies: a randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveShoulder pain, primarily due to rotator cuff tendinopathy, significantly impacts function and quality of life, with considerable socioeconomic implications. Physiotherapy myofascial trigger point therapy (MPT) is traditionally used, but therapeutic...

Farmers’ Perception and Financial Profitability of Mustard Production in Bangladesh

The study was undertaken to assess farmers’ perception and explore the factors affecting farmers’ decision to adopt mustard production along with estimate financial profitability and identify potentials and problems of mustard production. Based on stratified random sampling, 120 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect primary data from different villages of Ullahpara upazila under Sirajganj district of Bangladesh. A combination of descriptive statistics, mathematical and statistical technique was used to analyze the data and to achieve the objectives. The study depicts that the highest number of the respondents (35%) belong to the 31-45 age group. Seventy two percent respondents were small farmers having land less than 1.0 hectare and they allocated 34% of their farm area for mustard production. Financial profitability analysis shows that mustard production was profitable on both variable cost and total cost basis and its benefit cost ratio (BCR) was more than one. In case of farmers perception, it was revealed that short duration crop, consumers’ preferences, product price, extension services and sharing of work among household members were the main driving factors for mustard production. Applying dichotomous logistic regression model, four factors namely, farmers’ age, number of family members, experience and farm size were found as significant determinants of adoption of mustard production. Large domestic market, limited use of high-yielding varieties, growing demand for mustard oil and attack of pests and diseases were found as important strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of mustard production, respectively. Finally, the study recommends that there are ample opportunities to enhance mustard production by ensuring access to quality seeds, adopting new technologies, securing fair prices, providing input subsidies, and improving institutional credit facilities with favorable terms and conditions. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 65-80, 2024

Growth performance, cost benefit analysis, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broilers fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, cost benefit analysis, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four (144) day-old were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments group of 3 birds per group each after 3 weeks brooding. Each replicate had 12 birds. The birds in T1 (control) group were offered a basal diet only; the T2 were given basal diet with 300g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed; T3 were given basal diet with 500g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed; T4 were given basal diet with 700g of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in 100kg of feed. The experiment lasted till the birds were 56 days of age. Significant differences were observed in the feed intake of the birds and body weight gain. The hematological parameters measured differ significantly. Alanine transaminase (ALT) differed among the dietary treatments. Significant differences were observed in the other serum biochemical indices measured. Cost incurred per kilogram weight gain was higher for birds on Moringa diets than birds on the control diet. The results of this study indicate that Moringa oleifera leaf meal significantly (P&lt;0.05) enhanced growth performance - weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, in the treated birds compared to the control group with the best result at level 700 g inclusion. Feeding the birds with Moringa oleifera leaf meal brought about changes in the serum biochemical parameters but without any deleterious effect on them and should be considered as a good source of protein in livestock nutrition.

Costing of nature-based vs grey solutions for water management: cases from Nairobi

Climate change adaptation in urban Africa is a critical development issue of this century. Informal and low-income neighbourhoods in African cities are particularly vulnerable as they are often located on flood pathways. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have been put forward as an approach to enhance flood and climate resilience in urban settings. While social and environmental benefits of urban NbS are increasingly well documented, a key gap in the literature is robust data on the cost of implemented NbS, particularly from African cities. In this paper, we compare lifecycle costs of two significant implemented NbS projects against hypothetical equivalent grey solutions, in two different informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. We apply comparative Life Cycle Costing (LCC) for both cases and a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for one case study where historical data is available. In one of the two cases NbS was significantly cheaper, while in the other higher costs were attributed to costs required to create understanding of the new approach. We find that the cost of any solution is highly context dependent, although the NbS approach shows competitive lifecycle costs, potential for cost-optimisation as the concept matures, and highly attractive for investment when the documented co-benefits are considered.

Techno economic analysis and performance based ranking of 3–200 kW fuel flexible micro gas turbines running on 100% hydrogen, hydrogen fuel blends, and natural gas

Micro gas turbines ranging from 3 to 200 kW are vital for decentralized power generation due to their reliability, rapid load response, and adaptability to 100% hydrogen and hydrogen fuel blends. This paper conducts a techno-economic assessment of MGTs powered by hydrogen, focusing on their environmental, economic, and technical viability. Key factors include the transition from natural gas to hydrogen to achieve net-zero emissions and enhance grid stability. Despite hydrogen's higher initial costs, its declining production costs and cleaner combustion make it a promising alternative. The study utilizes five micro gas turbine models (3, 30, 65, 100, and 200 kW) to evaluate a techno-economic analysis using 100% hydrogen, a 30% hydrogen and 70% natural gas blend, and 100% natural gas as fuels. Technical results are supported by experimental data from the world's first 100% hydrogen-fired micro gas turbine unit in Stavanger, Norway. Standard cost estimations for capital, operation and maintenance, and fuel costs are provided. The study introduces a novel technique for cost estimation and assesses econometric indicators such as net present value, internal rate of return, return on investment, payback period, and cost-benefit analysis. It compares economic scenarios for 2024, 2030, and 2040, highlighting the impact of fuel price volatility and regulatory changes on micro gas turbine techno-economics. Micro gas turbines are ranked using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution-Multi-Criteria Decision Making (TOPSIS-MCDM) method based on their techno-economic performance. The ranking of microturbines based on techno-economic analysis performance is a novel contribution of this paper. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the five micro gas turbines is carried out by changing the hydrogen fuel price. This research provides a comprehensive framework for stakeholders to make informed investment decisions, ensuring a smooth transition to 100% hydrogen-based power generation. The findings support the adoption of hydrogen and natural gas blends as an interim solution towards achieving a hydrogen economy.

Cost - benefit analysis of DISCOs by Optimal allocation of DGs and DSTATCOM using GTO algorithm

Electric power Distribution Companies (DISCOs) provide low-cost, reliable, and consistent voltage power from distribution substations. DISCOs have radial transmission lines with all buses as load buses and no generating buses. The voltage at each bus decreases, resulting in larger network losses and voltage variations, which lowers DISCO and customer costs and benefits. This study strategically uses Distributed Generation (DGs) and DSTATCOM to optimize cost-benefit analysis and voltage stability for Distribution Companies (DISCOs). We planned DG unit and DSTATCOM deployment using a new and comprehensive Group Teaching Optimization (GTO) method in this study. The algorithm considers Distribution Company and DG Owner profitability simultaneously. Group Teaching Optimization (GTO) is used on a 33-node test system. MATLAB simulations show the GTO's usefulness in Distribution System Operators.

Cost and Benefit Analysis of Different Buildings Through Reuse of Treated Greywater

The fact that the impacts of climate change cannot be prevented in the short term has increased the importance of climate change adaptation activities, and many national and international studies have been initiated in this regard. Greywater reuse (GWR) activities have become important methods recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for adaptation to climate change. This study selects GWR from 3 different real typologies, a hotel, a residential building, and an industrial plant planned in Izmir Province of Türkiye, to design greywater systems followed by cost-benefit analyses. The applicability of GWR systems in these typologies has been analyzed, and comparisons have been made. GWR systems at the project design stage eliminate the need for installation modifications. Therefore, it is concluded that new buildings should be designed to integrate these alternative water resource systems. Recovered water through the installation of GWR systems is recommended to be used as flushing water, and the excess for garden irrigation, car washing and cleaning. The payback periods were calculated as 12 years for the hotel and industrial plant and 6 years for the residential building. The water savings were calculated as 46% for the hotel, 44% for the residential building, and 29% for the industrial plant. The results put forth the feasibility of this alternative water resource.

The RAS Paradigm in Mainframe Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of Design Principles and Operational Benefits

This article examines the critical role of Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) in mainframe computing systems. We explore how RAS principles have become fundamental design features in modern mainframes, enhancing their ability to meet the demanding requirements of enterprise-level data processing. The article provides an in-depth analysis of each RAS component, detailing how reliability is achieved through robust hardware self-checking and extensive software testing, availability is maintained via seamless component failover and layered error recovery, and serviceability is ensured through advanced diagnostic capabilities and modular replacement units. We argue that the holistic integration of RAS principles in mainframe architecture not only maximizes system uptime and operational continuity but also significantly impacts application design and overall system efficiency. Through a comprehensive review of current mainframe technologies and industry practices, this article highlights the enduring importance of RAS in an era of increasing computational complexity and datadriven decision making. Our findings suggest that RAS principles will continue to evolve, playing a crucial role in shaping the future of high-performance, mission-critical computing systems.