Evolution Of The Universe Research Articles

A Unified Model of Natural Evolution and the Crises in Particle Physics and Cosmology

A unified model of the evolution of the universe is presented. The model consists of four stages: Planckian, Einsteinian, Darwinian, and Intellectual. The evolution of the universe is described as a single flow of information processing that begins at the Planckian stage and continues into the emergence of the most complex information processor: the human brain and the technologically developed human civilization. Each stage has its own structural and functional unit, carriers of evolutionary information, and driving evolving objects. The Planckian stage is described as a system of quantum-mechanically entangled PlanckITs: an entity that represents existence in a randomized space and randomized time. The space-time continuum is presented as a collection of addressable PlanckYTEs. APlanckYTE contains a fixed number of PlanckITs. In the Einsteinianstage, the leptons and quarks of the latest appeared generation carry the information that define the conditions for the transition to the Darwinian stage. Leptons and quarks code a set of parameters that define the conditions for the origin of life and its subsequent evolution. The following expression: ME = (9ℏc3)/(2αGkTE) is one of the results that supports this fact. The Darwinian stage describes biological evolution. The intellectual stage uses the concepts of life symmetry and intellectual fields to describes the intellectual or cultural evolution of social systems. This paper is the first of three papers: ”A Unified Model of Natural Evolution and the Crises in Particle Physics and Cosmology”; ”Space and Time at Planck’s Scale, Carriers of the Evolutionary Information, and the Evolution of the Universe”; ”Evolutionary Anthropodynamics: The Evolution of Intellectual Systems”. Some calculations are done to support the unified model of natural evolution.

Improving H2RG Performance in SPHEREx Brassboard Model

Abstract Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer is an upcoming NASA satellite mission to study the physics of inflation, the history of galaxy formation, and the abundance of biogenic ices in the Milky Way, obtaining the first all-sky spectroscopic survey at infrared wavelengths 0.75–5.0 μm. The instrument implements HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) detectors and custom-built Video8 electronics with multiple sampling features to optimize the H2RG noise performance, including nonsequential row reads, voltage monitoring, multiple visits to optically dark reference pixels, as well as onboard slope fitting and cosmic-ray removal. We report here the performance of a single H2RG with the readout electronics. We focus on the effectiveness of multiple reference samplings to reduce 1/f noise most relevant to the galaxy formation analysis, in particular the noise on large angular scales k <0.13 [pix−1] (∼5″–20″) where the imprints of galaxy clustering will be measured. Our characterization confirms that increased sampling of reference pixels successfully reduces the 1/f noise by ∼50% at these scales. However, the effectiveness of multiple reference reads is limited by irreducible per-pixel telegraph noise. Further noise reduction can be achieved by using optical pixels in addition to the reference pixels to remove common-mode signal offsets in each channel. Additionally, we observe that the gain of optical pixels is consistently ∼90% that of the reference pixels, prompting additional correction steps in the data reduction pipeline.

The onset of bar formation in a massive galaxy at z ∼ 3.8

Abstract We examine the morphological and kinematical properties of SPT-2147, a strongly lensed, massive, dusty, star-forming galaxy at z = 3.762. Combining data from JWST, HST, and ALMA, we study the galaxy’s stellar emission, dust continuum and gas properties. The imaging reveals a central bar structure in the stars and gas embedded within an extended disc with a spiral arm-like feature. The kinematics confirm the presence of the bar and of the regularly rotating disc. Dynamical modeling yields a dynamical mass, Mdyn = (9.7 ± 2.0) × 1010 M⊙, and a maximum rotational velocity to velocity dispersion ratio, V/σ = 9.8 ± 1.2. From multi-band imaging we infer, via SED fitting, a stellar mass, M⋆ = (6.3 ± 0.9) × 1010 $\rm {M}_{\odot }$, and a star formation rate, SFR = 781 ± 99 ${\rm {\rm M}_{\odot } yr^{-1}}$, after correcting for magnification. Combining these measurements with the molecular gas mass, we derive a baryonic-to-total mass ratio of Mbar/Mdyn = 1.1 ± 0.3 within 4.0 kpc. This finding suggests that the formation of bars in galaxies begins earlier in the history of the Universe than previously thought and can also occur in galaxies with elevated gas fractions.

Signatures of high-redshift galactic outflows in the thermal Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect

Abstract Anisotropies of the Sunyaev Zel’dovich (SZ) effect serve as a powerful probe of the thermal history of the universe. At high redshift, hot galactic outflows driven by supernovae (SNe) can inject a significant amount of thermal energy into the intergalactic medium, causing a strong y-type distortion of the CMB spectrum through inverse Compton scattering. The resulting anisotropies of the y-type distortion are sensitive to key physical properties of high-z galaxies pertaining to the launch of energetic SNe-driven outflows, such as the efficiency and the spatio-temporal clustering of star formation. We develop a simple analytic framework to calculate anisotropies of y-type distortion associated with SNe-powered outflows of galaxies at z > 6. We show that galactic outflows are likely the dominant source of thermal energy injection, compared to contributions from reionized bubbles and gravitational heating. We further show that next-generation CMB experiments such as LiteBIRD are likely to detect the contribution to y anisotropies from high-z galactic outflows through the cross-correlation with surveys of Lyman-break galaxies by e.g. the Roman Space Telescope. Our analysis and forecasts demonstrate that thermal SZ anisotropies can be a promising probe of SN feedback and outflows in early star-forming galaxies.

Minimal decaying dark matter: from cosmological tensions to neutrino signatures

The invisible decay of cold dark matter into a slightly lighter dark sector particle on cosmological time-scales has been proposed as a solution to the S 8 tension. In this work we discuss the possible embedding of this scenario within a particle physics framework, and we investigate its phenomenology. We identify a minimal dark matter decay setup that addresses the S 8 tension, while avoiding the stringent constraints from indirect dark matter searches. In our scenario, the dark sector contains two singlet fermions N 1,2, quasi-degenerate in mass, and carrying lepton number so that the heaviest state (N 2) decays into the lightest (N 1) and two neutrinos via a higher-dimensional operator N 2 → N̅ 1νν . The conservation of lepton number, and the small phase-space available for the decay, forbids the decay channels into hadrons and strongly suppresses the decays into photons or charged leptons. We derive complementary constraints on the model parameters from neutrino detectors, freeze-in dark matter production via νν → N 1 N 2, collider experiments and blazar observations, and we show that the upcoming JUNO neutrino observatory could detect signals of dark matter decay for model parameters addressing the S 8 tension if the dark matter mass is below ≃ 1 GeV.

Delicate curvature bounces in the no-boundary wave function and in the late universe

Theoretical considerations motivate us to consider vacuum energy to be able to decay and to assume that the spatial geometry of the universe is closed. Combining both aspects leads to the possibility that the universe, or certain regions thereof, can collapse and subsequently undergo a curvature bounce. This may have occurred in the very early universe, in a pre-inflationary phase. We discuss the construction of the corresponding no-boundary instantons and show that they indeed reproduce a bouncing history of the universe, interestingly with a small and potentially observable departure from classicality during the contracting phase. Such an early bouncing history receives a large weighting and provides competition for a more standard inflationary branch of the wave function. Curvature bounces may also occur in the future. We discuss the conditions under which they may take place, allowing for density fluctuations in the matter distribution in the universe. Overall, we find that curvature bounces require a delicate combination of matter content and initial conditions to occur, though with significant consequences if these conditions are met.

Traces of Postmodernism and Posthumanism in the Construction of Body and Identity in Greek Mythology

This paper intends to explore how the notions of the body and identity are conceptualized, represented, and experienced in Greek mythology by pointing out the parallelism between Greek mythology and postmodernism since postmodern concepts and theories of the body and identity politics can be traced back to myths. Myths offer enchanting narratives about the creation of the universe, the nature of existence, and natural events, alongside fantastical tales of deities, extraordinary beings such as monsters, superhuman heroes, magical transformations, and polymorphous metamorphoses. Classical mythology is also fascinated with etiology, the study of first causes, and the origins of the conditions in our lives. In this sense, how mythical bodies emerge and identities take on certain shapes and develop in various ways gain importance. Myths are full of boundary-breaking forms of existence, transgressive and subversive identities, fluid beings, indeterminate origins, and hybrid bodies, through which we are transported into alternative visions. They defy all kinds of rigid categories, unalterable formations, and the hierarchical order of existence. Similarly, postmodern bodies blur the boundaries among different forms of beings and they are characterized by fluidity, hybridity, multiplicity, fragmentation, discontinuity, and uncertainty. In this sense, this paper sets out to argue that myths align with postmodern and posthumanist understanding of body and identity and mythic thinking is integral to human intellectual dimension and has influenced the emergence of bodies and identities in postmodern texts.

Merging Black Holes: Insights from Gravitational Wave Observations

Before the first formal and direct detection of gravitational waves happened in 2015 by LIGO, Einstein had already predicted its presence in 1916 through his theory of general relativity. These gravitational waves are produced in cosmic events such as colliding and merging black holes, which means that their detection and investigation can be used to study the characteristics and properties of Black Hole Mergers. Studying black hole mergers can enable us to gain a deeper understanding of the universe’s cosmic history and structure. This paper provides a brief summary on the insights of Black Hole mergers from Gravitational Wave Observations, while also exploring some of the observational technique used, such as the technique of interferometry and Pulsar Timing arrays.

Zazaca Halk Anlatılarında Dev Miti

Mythology comprises sacred narratives involving symbolic and allegorical stories such as gods, goddesses and the creation of the universe, which change over time and are influenced by the collective imagination of societies and passed down from generation to generation. Mythological elements, which have influenced many communities worldwide, are also crucial subjects to be explore and evaluate in Zaza folk literature. Indeed, the impact of myths and mythological elements on the cultural fabric of the Zaza people continues to shape their societal life from past to present. This study identifies and interprets the giant myth in Zaza folktales, legends, and folk stories. The aim is to delve into the depths of this giant myth in these genres, bringing its mythological elements to light and analyzing them. Rather than traditional fieldwork or compilation methods, this study prefers to focuses on compiled folk narratives and materials gathered from Zaza works to examine these mythological elements. This research is an important step towards understanding how the giant myth, ingrained in the cultural memory of the Zaza people, has evolved and influenced societal life. It aims to explore the depths of Zaza mythology and introduce this cultural treasure to a broader audience.

Poseidon and Pluto as Creators of the Human Soul in George Gemistos Plethon’s Pantheon

Introduction. The article examines the place of the creators of the human soul in the theological system of George Gemistos Plethon. In his interpretations of the Chaldean Oracles, Plethon calls the “second god” the “direct creator of the soul”; in the Plethon’s “Book of Laws,” this god is Poseidon, second after the supreme god Zeus, called the “immediate head” of humans. At the same time, in the “Book of Laws,” the gods-children of Zeus are called “creators” and “co-creators,” assistants of Poseidon in the creation of the universe; in particular, Pluto is the “head” and “ruler” of souls, the “leader” of humans. Why, then, is Pluto not the direct creator of the soul, if Poseidon uses him as an intermediary? Methods. Methods employed in this article are source research, information analysis, and comparative research. Sources on the subject include Plethon’s “Book of Laws,” commentaries on the Chaldean Oracles, and “On the differences of Aristotle from Plato.” Analysis. A consideration of the hierarchy of gods and their functions in the pantheon of Plethon shows that Gemistos calls Poseidon “the immediate creator” of the soul and “the immediate head” of humans, meaning that Poseidon is such as the immediate, in contrast to Zeus, creator of the world as a whole. Thus, Poseidon, like his father Zeus, whose only possible accurate image he is, is called δημιουργός and παραγωγός not in the same sense in which the other gods, whose assistance he uses in the creation of separate parts of the universe, can be so called. Results. Poseidon, as the totality of all forms of beings, is the immediate creator of the entire world as a whole, including the human soul. Other gods, including the “chief of human nature” and the “head of our immortal part,” Pluto, are responsible only for separate parts of the universe, and for them, “creation” and “production” of the corresponding parts of the universe turn out to be closer to “ordering,” “decoration,” and “guidance.” Appendix. The article is accompanied by a Russian translation of Plethon’s “Summary of the doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato.”

The spectrometer development of CosmoCube, lunar orbiting satellite to detect 21-cm hydrogen signal from cosmic dark ages

Abstract The cosmic Dark Ages represent a pivotal epoch in the evolution of the Universe, marked by the emergence of the first cosmic structures under the influence of dark matter. The 21-cm hydrogen line, emanating from the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen, serves as a critical probe into this era. We describe the development and implementation of the spectrometer for CosmoCube, a novel lunar orbiting CubeSat designed to detect the redshifted 21-cm signal within the redshift range of 13 to 150. Our instrumentation utilizes a Xilinx Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC), which integrates both Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), tailored for the spectrometer component of the radiometer. This system is characterized by a 4096 FFT length at 62.5 kHz steps using a Polyphase Filter Bank (PFB), achieving an average Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) of 11.5 bits throughout the frequency of interest, from 10 MHz to 100 MHz. The spectrometer design is further refined through loopback tests involving both DAC and ADC of the RFSoC, with DAC outputs varying between high (+1 dBm) and low (-3 dBm) power modes to characterize system performance. The power consumption was optimized to 5.45 W using three ADCs and one DAC for the radiometer. Additionally, the stability of the ADC noise floor was investigated in a thermal chamber with environmental temperatures ranging from 5○C to 40○C. A consistent noise floor of approximately -152.5 dBFS/Hz was measured, with a variation of ±0.2 dB, ensuring robust performance under varying thermal conditions.

The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Looking for Signs of Discreteness in the Gravitational-wave Background

Abstract The cosmic merger history of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) is expected to produce a low-frequency gravitational wave background (GWB). Here we investigate how signs of the discrete nature of this GWB can manifest in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) through excursions from, and breaks in, the expected f GW − 2 / 3 power law of the GWB strain spectrum. To do this, we create a semianalytic SMBHB population model, fit to North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav’s) 15 yr GWB amplitude, and with 1000 realizations, we study the populations’ characteristic strain and residual spectra. Comparing our models to the NANOGrav 15 yr spectrum, we find two interesting excursions from the power law. The first, at 2 nHz, is below our GWB realizations with a p-value significance p = 0.05–0.06 (≈1.8σ–1.9σ). The second, at 16 nHz, is above our GWB realizations with p = 0.04–0.15 (≈1.4σ–2.1σ). We explore the properties of a loud SMBHB that could cause such an excursion. Our simulations also show that the expected number of SMBHBs decreases by 3 orders of magnitude, from ∼106 to ∼103, between 2 and 20 nHz. This causes a break in the strain spectrum as the stochasticity of the background breaks down at 26 − 19 + 28 nHz , consistent with predictions pre-dating GWB measurements. The diminished GWB signal from SMBHBs at frequencies above the 26 nHz break opens a window for PTAs to detect continuous GWs from individual SMBHBs or GWs from the early Universe.

Stability of f(Q, B) Gravity via Dynamical System Approach: A Comprehensive Bayesian Statistical Analysis

Abstract In this work, we explore the cosmological stability of f(Q, B) gravity using a dynamical system approach, where Q denotes the nonmetricity scalar and B represents the boundary term. We determine the model parameters of f(Q, B) through Bayesian statistical analysis, employing Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. This analysis incorporates numerical solutions and observational data from cosmic chronometers, the extended Pantheon+ data set, and baryonic acoustic oscillation measurements. Our findings reveal a stable critical point within the dynamical system of the model, corresponding to the de Sitter phase, which is consistent with current observations of the Universe dominated by dark energy and undergoing late-time accelerated expansion. Additionally, we utilize center manifold theory to examine the stability of this critical point, providing deeper insights into the behavior of the model. The cosmological implications of f(Q, B) gravity indicate a smooth transition in the deceleration parameters from deceleration to the acceleration phase, underscoring the potential of the model to describe the evolution of the Universe. Our results suggests that the f(Q, B) model presents a viable alternative to the standard ΛCDM model, effectively capturing the observed acceleration of the Universe and offering a robust framework for explaining the dynamics of cosmic expansion.

Energy conditions in Gauss–Bonnet gravity

We study the Energy Conditions in modified f(G) gravity, with G being the topological Gauss–Bonnet term. Then we use the cosmographic parameters to constrain the functional form of the gravitational action and investigate the possibility to have standard inflation in the early time. Specifically, we select models containing symmetries within the modified f(G) theory and obtain conditions for which (i) the energy conditions can be violated and (ii) the magnitude of the slow-roll parameters is small, thus suggesting that under given limits the analyzed theory can potentially trace the cosmic history both at early and at the late times.

Analisis Karya Musique Concrete

Purpose: Musique concrete creation ‘The Genesis Chapter One’ explores the theme of the creation of the universe based on the Bible in Genesis 1:1-31. This composition encompasses natural soundscapes as sound sources and presenting the work in spatial audio. This project aims to articulate the aesthetics of musique concrete as a reference for future creations and to explore how communication is established with the audience through spatial audio techniques. Unlike conventional musique concrete, this work assigns meaning to each medium used and presents it in a spatial audio format. Methods:The creation process is guided by theories of musique concrete and Roland Barthes' semiotics, using a method developed from Alma M. Hawkins' approach, which includes three stages: pre-production (exploration and improvisation), production (forming), and post-production (recording). Results and Discussion: The mediums used include soundscape sampling, synthesizers, human vocals, and drums, with live presentation utilizing spatial surround 6.1. Conclusion: The work is divided into three parts: Part I depicts the state before creation, Part II focuses on the growth of the universe with rhythm, and Part III is inspired by the human heartbeat, symbolizing life and its correlation with the universe.

Analytical noise bias correction for precise weak lensing shear inference

Abstract Noise bias is a significant source of systematic error in weak gravitational lensing measurements that must be corrected to satisfy the stringent standards of modern imaging surveys in the era of precision cosmology. This paper reviews the analytical noise bias correction method and provides analytical derivations demonstrating that we can recover shear to its second order using the ‘renoising’ noise bias correction approach introduced by METACALIBRATION. We implement this analytical noise bias correction within the AnaCal shear estimation framework and propose several enhancements to the noise bias correction algorithm. We evaluate the improved AnaCal using simulations designed to replicate Rubin LSST imaging data. These simulations feature semi-realistic galaxies and stars, complete with representative distributions of magnitudes and Galactic spatial density. We conduct tests under various observational challenges, including cosmic rays, defective CCD columns, bright star saturation, bleed trails, and spatially variable point spread functions. Our results indicate a multiplicative bias in weak lensing shear recovery of less than a few tenths of a percent, meeting LSST DESC requirements without requiring calibration from external image simulations. Additionally, our algorithm achieves rapid processing, handling one galaxy in less than a millisecond.

Analytic primordial power spectrum in the dressed metric approach to loop quantum cosmology and thermodynamics of spacetime

In this paper, we investigate the primordial power spectrum of cosmological tensor perturbations in the dressed metric approach to Loop Quantum Cosmology. We compute the background-dependent effective mass that affects their propagation using the effective description of Loop Quantum Cosmology and show that this mass can be approximated in different cosmological epochs by appropriate analytic functions. Moreover, in each of those epochs we can analytically solve the propagation of the perturbations, then obtaining the general solution globally by continuity requirements. On the other hand, since there are regimes far away from slow roll in the considered background evolution, the Bunch–Davies state does not provide a privileged choice of vacuum that would pick out a specific solution for the perturbations. Instead, we select the state of these perturbations by a recently proposed criterion that removes unwanted oscillations in the power spectrum. We compute the spectrum of this vacuum and compare it with other spectra obtained in the literature, especially with one corresponding to the hybrid approach to Loop Quantum Cosmology. Finally, we notice that the same type of background dynamics is found in a phenomenological approach to quantum gravity based on thermodynamics, allowing in this case a free value for the tantamount of the critical density. Extending the dressed metric proposal to this phenomenological model, one might expect a similar form for the associated primordial power spectrum.

Prospects for searching for sterile neutrinos with gravitational wave and γ-ray burst joint observations

Abstract Sterile neutrinos can influence the evolution of the universe, and thus cosmological observations can be used to detect them. Future gravitational wave (GW) observations can precisely measure absolute cosmological distances, helping to break parameter degeneracies generated by traditional cosmological observations. This advancement can lead to much tighter constraints on sterile neutrino parameters. This work provides a preliminary forecast for detecting sterile neutrinos using third-generation GW detectors in combination with future short γ-ray burst observations from a THESEUS-like telescope, an approach not previously explored in the literature. Both massless and massive sterile neutrinos are considered within the ΛCDM cosmology. We find that using GW data can greatly enhance the detection capability for massless sterile neutrinos, reaching 3σ level. For massive sterile neutrinos, GW data can also greatly assist in improving the parameter constraints, but it seems that effective detection is still not feasible.

Quantum Collapse and Computation in an Everett Multiverse.

The mathematical representation of the universe consists of sequences of symbols, rules and operators containing Gödel's undecidable propositions: information and its manipulation, also with Turing Machines. Classical information theory and mathematics, ideally independent from the medium used, can be interpreted realistically and objectively from their correspondence with quantum information, which is physical. Each representation of the universe and its evolution are, in any case, physical subsets of the universe, structured sets of observers and their complements in the universe made with spacetime events generated by local quantum measurements. Their description becomes a semantically closed structure without a global object-environment loss of decoherence as a von Neumann's universal constructor with a semantical abstract whose structure cannot be decided deterministically a priori from an internal observer. In a semantically closed structure, the realization of a specific event that writes the semantical abstract of the constructor is a problem of finding "which way" for the evolution of the universe as a choice of the constructor's state in a metastructure, like the many-world Everett scenario, from a specific result of any quantum measurement, corresponding to a Gödel undecidable proposition for an internal observer.

Probing radiative electroweak symmetry breaking with colliders and gravitational waves

Radiative symmetry breaking provides an appealing explanation for electroweak symmetry breaking and addresses the hierarchy problem. We present a comprehensive phenomenological study of this scenario, focusing on its key feature: the logarithmic-shaped potential. This potential gives rise to a relatively light scalar boson that mixes with the Higgs boson and leads to first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early Universe. Our study includes providing exact and analytical solutions for the vacuum structure and scalar interactions, classifying four patterns of cosmic thermal history, and calculating the supercooled FOPT and gravitational waves (GWs). A detailed treatment of the FOPT dynamics reveals that an ultra-supercooled FOPT does not always imply strong GW signals, due to its short duration. By combining future collider and GW experiments, we can probe the conformal symmetry breaking scales up to 105–108 GeV. Published by the American Physical Society 2024