Cosmic Vacuum Research Articles

Changes in the Surface and Volume Properties of a Spacecraft during Absorption and Recombination of Oxygen and Nitrogen Atoms

The results of studying the influence of cosmic space on a spacecraft surface is presented. We showed that the mechanical (volume and surface), optical, and other characteristics of a spacecraft’s materials noticeably change due to long exposure to cosmic vacuum. At extremely low pressures in cosmic vacuum, the external and internal interfaces in the materials can be broken, resulting in either microscopic surface cracks or internal corrosion. We have shown that changes in the properties of surface layers cause changes in the volume mechanical properties of materials (fatigue strength, etc.). Furthermore, noticeable effects of space vacuum on the mechanical properties of a spacecraft’s materials arise as a result of the absence of oxide and other surface protective films. Due to the disappearance of protective gas and oxide films, and also as a result of sublimation of the surface layers to a thickness close to the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, the surface roughness is changed and, as a consequence, their optical characteristics (in particular, the absorption of solar radiation and the emissivity factor) are also changed. During orbital motion in sufficiently dense layers of the upper atmosphere of the Earth, as well as under bombardment by charged particles of cosmic radiation, strong plasma-chemical loosening of the surface material of spacecraft and its dispersion into the surrounding space can occur. This process is especially evident for the front (in the direction of travel) parts of spacecraft. The method used to describe the dynamics of the interaction of atomic oxygen colliding with the surface of silicon dioxide is described. The influence of space vacuum on materials is shown. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of accommodation of low-orbit satellite systems and the use of information received from satellites.

An efficient error estimation method for antenna distortions in space based radar

The phased array antenna plays an important role in determining the performance achievable in a space based radar system. However, the array position errors caused by the antenna distortions in the complex cosmic vacuum environment will distort the antenna pattern, which significantly degrades the performance of the radar systems. Most of the conventional estimation methods are proposed based on the random position errors without the consideration of the distortion character for spaceborne arrays, resulting in a large estimation error. In this paper, to address this issue, an efficient array error estimation method is proposed to compensate the antenna distortion errors. In the proposed method, the initial sensor positions can be obtained based on the measured results from the units distributed over the array surface. Then the distortion model parameters can be estimated by solving an optimization problem. Based on this, the sensor positions can be corrected with high accuracy at the lth iteration. In this way, the proposed method can improve the accuracy and the robustness of the estimation simultaneously. Several simulated results are presented to validate the proposed method for the position error estimation in a space based radar system.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Light Speed Cosmic Expansion—Implications for the Vacuum Energy Density

Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ (i.e., p=ρ). Although general relativity stipulates the additional condition of proportionality between the vacuum gravitational field and (ρ+3p), the equation of state for the cosmic vacuum must fulfill both relativistic and quantum stipulations. This paper fully integrates Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term, with interesting implications for the nature of dark energy, cosmic entropy and the entropic arrow of time. The FSC vacuum energy density is shown to be equal to the cosmic fluid bulk modulus at all times, thus meeting the quantum theory stipulation of (p=ρ). To date, FSC is the only viable dark energy cosmological model which has fully-integrated general relativity and quantum features.

The Pan-STARRS1 Static Sky: A Classical Physics Goldmine for Cosmology, Astrophysics and Atomic Physics

Image of the entire sky, the “Static Sky” recently released to the public by scientists at the Pan-STARRS1 telescope in Hawaii is analyzed. It depicts, for the very first time, nature’s intrinsic wave-particle duality; the horizontal fine-grained darker envelope is nature’s waveform, i.e., the imponderable bosonic cosmic vacuum field, while the brighter coarser-grained vertical envelope belongs to aggregate radiation of visible and invisible particulate matter (fermionic) fields. Earlier investigations were cited to inform that: i) corresponding bosonic field envelope encloses every particulate matter exactly as shown in the Static Sky image; ii) reprocessing the image into a brighter shade reveals the vertical envelope to comprise three bands with diminishing brightness from the center attributed to three ref. frames or universes with common chemical periodicity in line with previous reports on the subject; iii) the visible universe is bifurcated, the effect gives rise to its proximate linear atomic mass growth rate as against logarithmic growth rates in the invisible universes; iv) the two main observational evidences supporting the Big Bang model are faulted on fundamental theoretical grounds which show that: a) cosmological redshift phenomena arise from axial not radial motion, the effect is created by the vacuum field parametric self-interaction Rhow/sigmaw = 8.5114 x 10-19 (m rad/s)-2 whose dimensional analysis yields the superluminal angular velocity vw = 4.709 x 108 m/s; b) the cosmic microwave background CMB radiation is classical zero-point radiation whose temperature easily evaluates from summation of bosonic transverse fields’ energies Ew/J = h w of the chemical elements, Tvac. = ∑_e^Am E_w /k = 3.675 x 10-23J/1.381 x 10-23 J/K = 1. 662 K; v) resolution of the vertical envelope into three bands of diminishing brightness indicates that material composition of the two invisible universes, i.e., “dark matter” is accessible with the techiques employed by the Pan-STARRS’ scientists.

Predicted Dynamic and Structural Criterion of Evaluation of Gravitational Waves

The cosmic (physical) vacuum according to modern data possesses the properties of a material medium. In combination with the celestial bodies, this medium is capable of forming dynamic structures. Presumably, these structures have a wave nature, and in their development, the gravitational waves, emitted by the stars and their planetary systems can take part. It is believed that physical vacuum is almost weightless matter. However, this study postulates its high density, as a condition for adaptation of the fundamental physical laws for different mediums and substances. The product of this density and gravitational constant gives vent to the frequency, which is entitled to the probable frequency of the gravitational wave background of space and equals to .06 Hz (rounded). The supposed spectrum of gravity waves of the solar system could become a model for the spectral analysis of extra-solar systems and the evaluation of habitable planets.

First Evidence of Running Cosmic Vacuum: Challenging the Concordance Model

Abstract Despite the fact that a rigid -term is a fundamental building block of the concordance ΛCDM model, we show that a large class of cosmological scenarios with dynamical vacuum energy density together with a dynamical gravitational coupling G or a possible non‐conservation of matter, are capable of seriously challenging the traditional phenomenological success of the ΛCDM. In this paper, we discuss these “running vacuum models” (RVMs), in which consists of a nonvanishing constant term and a series of powers of the Hubble rate. Such generic structure is potentially linked to the quantum field theoretical description of the expanding universe. By performing an overall fit to the cosmological observables SN Ia+BAO+H(z)+LSS+BBN+CMB (in which the WMAP9, Planck 2013, and Planck 2015 data are taken into account), we find that the class of RVMs appears significantly more favored than the ΛCDM, namely, at an unprecedented level of . Furthermore, the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria confirm that the dynamical RVMs are strongly preferred compared to the conventional rigid -picture of the cosmic evolution.

Value of H, space-time patterns, vacuum, matter, expansion of the Universe, alternative cosmologies

To the experimental uncertainties on the present value H 0 of the Lundmark - Lemaitre-Hubble constant, fundamental theoretical uncertainties of several kinds should also be added. In standard Cosmology, consistency problems are really serious. The cosmological constant is a source of well-known diffculties while the associated dark energy is assumed to be at the origin of the observed acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. But in alternative cosmologies, possible approaches without these problems exist. An example is the pattern based on the spinorial space-time (SST) we introduced in 1996-97 where the H t = 1 relation ( t = cosmic time = age of the Universe) is automatically generated by a pre-existing cosmic geometry before standard matter and conventional forces, including gravitation and relativity, are introduced. We analyse present theoretical, experimental and observational uncertainties, focusing also on the possible sources of the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe as well as on the structure of the physical vacuum and its potential cosmological role. Particular attention is given to alternative approaches to both Particle Physics and Cosmology including possible preonic constituents of the physical vacuum and associated pre-Big Bang patterns. A significant example is provided by the cosmic SST geometry together with the possibility that the expanding cosmological vacuum releases energy in the form of standard matter and dark matter, thus modifying the dependence of the matter energy density with respect to the age and size of our Universe. The SST naturally generates a new leading contribution to the value of H. If the matter energy density decreases more slowly than in standard patterns, it can naturally be at the origin of the observed acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. The mathematical and dynamical structure of standard Physics at very short distances can also be modified by an underlying preonic structure. If preons are the constituents of the physical vacuum, as postulated two decades ago with the superbradyon (superluminal preon) hypothesis, the strongest implication would be the possibility that vacuum actually drives the expansion of the Universe. If an unstable (metastable) vacuum permanently expands, it can release energy in the form of conventional matter and of its associated kinetic energy. The SST can be the expression of such an expanding vacuum at cosmic level. We briefly discuss these and related issues, as well as relevant open questions including the problematics of the initial singularity and the cosmic vacuum dynamics in a pre-Big Bang era. The possibility to obtain experimental information on the preonic internal structure of vacuum is also considered.

Is ΛCDM an effective CCDM cosmology?

We show that a cosmology driven by gravitationally induced particle production of all non-relativistic species existing in the present Universe mimics exactly the observed flat accelerating ΛCDM cosmology with just one dynamical free parameter. This kind of scenario includes the creation cold dark matter (CCDM) model [1] as a particular case and also provides a natural reduction of the dark sector since the vacuum component is not needed to accelerate the Universe. The new cosmic scenario is equivalent to ΛCDM both at the background and perturbative levels and the associated creation process is also in agreement with the universality of the gravitational interaction and equivalence principle. Implicitly, it also suggests that the present day astronomical observations cannot be considered the ultimate proof of cosmic vacuum effects in the evolved Universe because ΛCDM may be only an effective cosmology.

The Effect of Cosmic Vacuum on the Properties of Scalar Field

The thesis explains the effect of cosmic vacuum of gravitational field on properties of scalar field equation. In the space-time plane, the scalar field equation has periodic solution φx,y,z,t=Acos (kx±ωt). Consideration the cosmic vacuum of gravitational field (using De Sitter metric in its synchronization time) the equation of scalar field will have accurate solution in form of Beseel function. By using the asymptotic representation, the periodic solution (t→±∞) will vanish. The scalar field equation when t→+∞ will decrease regularly, and when t→-∞ it will increasing fluctuate.

The Effect of Cosmic Vacuum on the Properties of Scalar Field

The thesis explains the effect of cosmic vacuum of gravitational field on properties of scalar field equation. In the space-time plane, the scalar field equation has periodic solution φx,y,z,t=Acos (kx±ωt). Consideration the cosmic vacuum of gravitational field (using De Sitter metric in its synchronization time) the equation of scalar field will have accurate solution in form of Beseel function. By using the asymptotic representation, the periodic solution (t→±∞) will vanish. The scalar field equation when t→+∞ will decrease regularly, and when t→-∞ it will increasing fluctuate.

HINTS OF DYNAMICAL VACUUM ENERGY IN THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE

Recently there have been claims of model-independent evidence of dynamical dark energy. Herein we consider a fairly general class of cosmological models with a time-evolving cosmological term of the form where H is the Hubble rate. These models are well motivated from the theoretical point of view since they can be related to the general form of the effective action of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Consistency with matter conservation can be achieved by letting the Newtonian coupling G change very slowly with the expansion. We solve these dynamical vacuum models and fit them to the wealth of expansion history and linear structure formation data. The results of our analysis indicate a significantly better agreement as compared to the concordance ΛCDM model, thus supporting the possibility of a dynamical cosmic vacuum.

Fundamental constants and cosmic vacuum: The micro and macro connection

The idea that the vacuum energy density [Formula: see text] could be time-dependent is a most reasonable one in the expanding Universe; in fact, much more reasonable than just a rigid cosmological constant for the entire cosmic history. Being [Formula: see text] dynamical, it offers a possibility to tackle the cosmological constant problem in its various facets. Furthermore, for a long time (most prominently since Dirac’s first proposal on a time variable gravitational coupling) the possibility that the fundamental “constants” of Nature are slowly drifting with the cosmic expansion has been continuously investigated. In the last two decades, and specially in recent times, mounting experimental evidence attests that this could be the case. In this paper, we consider the possibility that these two groups of facts might be intimately connected, namely that the observed acceleration of the Universe and the possible time variation of the fundamental constants are two manifestations of the same underlying dynamics. We call it: the “micro and macro connection”, and on its basis we expect that the cosmological term in Einstein’s equations, Newton’s coupling and the masses of all the particles in the Universe, both the dark matter (DM) particles and the ordinary baryons and leptons, should all drift with the cosmic expansion. Here, we discuss specific cosmological models realizing such possibility in a way that preserves the principle of covariance of general relativity (GR).

Remaining Problems in Interpretation of the Cosmic Microwave Background

By three independent hints it will be demonstrated that still at present there is a substantial lack of theoretical understanding of the CMB phenomenon. One point, as we show, is that at the phase of the recombination era one cannot assume complete thermodynamic equilibrium conditions but has to face both deviations in the velocity distributions of leptons and baryons from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and automatically correlated deviations of photons from a Planck law. Another point is that at the conventional understanding of the CMB evolution in an expanding universe one has to face growing CMB temperatures with growing look-back times. We show, however, here that the expected CMB temperature increases would be prohibitive to star formation in galaxies at redshifts higher than z=2 where nevertheless the cosmologically most relevant supernovae have been observed. The third point in our present study has to do with the assumption of a constant vacuum energy density which is required by the present ΛCDM-cosmology. Our studies here rather lead to the conclusion that cosmic vacuum energy density scales with the inverse square of the cosmic expansion scale R=R(t). Thus we come to the conclusion that with the interpretation of the present-day high quality CMB data still needs to be considered carefully.

The Thermodynamics of a Gravitating Vacuum

In the present days of modern cosmology it is assumed that the main ingredient to cosmic energy presently is vacuum energy with an energy density $\epsilon_\mathrm{vac}$ that is constant over the cosmic evolution. In this paper here we show, however, that this assumption of constant vacuum energy density is unphysical, since it conflicts with the requirements of cosmic thermodynamics. We start from the total vacuum energy including the negatively valued gravitational binding energy and show that cosmic thermodynamics then requires that the cosmic vacuum energy density can only vary with cosmic scale $R=R(t)$ according to $\epsilon _\mathrm{vac}\sim R^{-\nu }$ with only two values of $\nu$ being allowed, namely $\nu _\mathrm{1}=2$ and $\nu _\mathrm{2}=5/2$. We then discuss these two remaining solutions and find, when requiring a universe with a constant total energy, that the only allowed power index is $\nu _\mathrm{1}=2$. We discuss the consequences of this scaling of $\epsilon _\mathrm{vac}$ and show the results for a cosmic scale evolution of a quasi-empty universe like the one that we are presently faced by.

Accelerated universe with inflation and a divergence-free Big Bang

We consider a two-component universe consisting of ordinary matter and vacuum energy quantitatively described by the cosmological term L c = (l/a)ρ c , where l is a quantity having the dimension of length, ρ c is the density of ordinary matter, and a is the scale factor. To justify the form of L c , we use the Maxwell-like approach to gravitation in which it is supposed that the gravitational field energy gravitates. The total energy conservation law for both cosmic components determines the mass density and the vacuum energy density as a function of the scale factor. Applying this two-component cosmic model to the present universe, the important cosmic parameters get values consistent with observations. The ratio of density parameters of ordinary matter and vacuum mass-energy, Ω m /Ω l , in today’s universe is 1/2. Interesting features of our model are (i) the existence of an inflationary phase just at the earliest era of the universe follows directly from the modified Friedmann equations, and (ii) the beginning of cosmic expansion, the Big-Bang, is singularity-free, i.e., both the mass and vacuum energy contents assume finite values at the very origin of the universe.

Cosmic R-string, R-tube and vacuum instability

Abstract We show that a cosmic string associated with spontaneous U(1) R symmetry breaking gives a constraint for supersymmetric model building. In some models, the string can be viewed as a tube-like domain wall with a winding number interpolating a false vacuum and a true vacuum. Such string causes inhomogeneous decay of the false vacuum to the true vacuum via rapid expansion of the radius of the tube and hence its formation would be inconsistent with the present Universe. However, we demonstrate that there exist metastable solutions which do not expand rapidly. Furthermore, when the true vacua are degenerate, the structure inside the tube becomes involved. As an example, we show a “bamboo”-like solution, which suggests a possibility observing an information of true vacua from outside of the tube through the shape and the tension of the tube.

Analytical solution of the two-body problem against the cosmic vacuum background

Motions in the two-body problem against the background of the cosmic vacuum are considered. The potential function of the problem is taken in the form U = μ/r + H2r2/2, where μ is the gravitational parameter, H is the effective Hubble constant, which represents cosmic vacuum and r is a distance from attracting centre. Precise analytical solution of the equations of motion is obtained. The formulae for calculating a moving particle's coordinates for any instance of time with given initial conditions are derived. The chain of the formulae contains a transcendent equation analogous to the Kepler's equation in the two-body problem. The formulae are expressed using incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and third kind. It is shown that finite motions take place only within a circle with a radius |$\overline{r}=(\mu /H^2)^{1/3}$| centred in an attracting body. In this case, the minimum distance cannot exceed the value of r★ = (μ/4H2)1/3. Circular motions can take place in the area of finite motions. The circular motions with the radii in the range |$(r^*,\overline{r})$| are orbitally unstable. This means that the slightest variations in the initial conditions turn the circular motion either into finite motion with a great amplitude of distance's variation or into infinite motion. The latter can exist for any value of minimum distance. Numerical integration of the equations of motion has been carried out for a number of instances. It is shown that, if the equations are solved for the rectangular coordinates, numerical integration can give erroneous solutions if the trajectory approaches the sphere with the radius |$\overline{r}$|⁠. This is a result of the accuracy's loss in the case when two close values are subtracted. A change of variables in the equations of motion is found which gives no loss of accuracy so that numerical integration can be carried out with the same accuracy for any trajectory of motions. Comparison of analytical solution with the numerical integration is made for a number of sets of initial conditions. It gives complete coincidence of solutions at the time intervals covering several dozens of revolutions of the particle around the attracting centre.

The influence of gravitational binding energy on cosmic expansion dynamics: new perspectives for cosmology

Confronted with microwave background observations by WMAP and with consternating supernova locations in the magnitude–redshift diagram modern cosmology feels enforced to call for cosmic vacuum energy as a necessary cosmological ingredient. Most often this vacuum energy is associated with Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ or with so-called “dark energy”. A positive value of Λ describes an inflationary action on cosmic dynamics which in view of recent cosmological data appears as an absolute need. In this article, however, we question the hypothesis of a constant vacuum energy density since not justifiable on physical grounds. Instead we show that gravitational binding energy of cosmic matter, connected with ongoing structure formation during cosmic expansion, acts similar to vacuum energy, since it reduces the effective gravitating proper mass density. Thus one may be encouraged to believe that actions of cosmic vacuum energy and gravitational binding energy concerning their cosmological effects are closely related to each other, perhaps in some respects even have identical phenomenologies.

The cosmic vacuum and the rotation of galaxies

The rotational effect of the cosmic vacuum is investigated. The induced rotation of elliptical galaxies due to the anti-gravity of the vacuum is found to be 10−21 s−1 for real elliptical galaxies. The effect of the vacuum rotation of the entire Universe is discussed, and can be described by the invariant ω ν = ω 0 ∼ $$ \sqrt {G\rho v} $$ . The corresponding numerical angular velocity of the Universe is 10−19 s−1, in good agreement with modern data on the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic background radiation.

The motions of galaxies in the field of the cosmic vacuum

The general solution and general integral of the equations of motion in the field of the cosmic vacuum are constructed. It is shown that the resulting motions of galaxies are along either hyperbolic or rectilinear paths. The laws of motion of galaxies in the field of the cosmic vacuum are formulated. Various forms of the Hubble law are considered. A strict adherence to the Hubble law is not possible for most initial conditions in the sense of the Lebesgue measure. Therefore, it becomes meaningless to search for explanations to deviations from the Hubble law due to any physical factor, apart from the repulsive force of the cosmic vacuum. Phase portraits for the galaxy motions are constructed. It is shown that the Hubble constant should be determined observationally using the most distant galaxies, since the accuracy of the result will be reduced otherwise.