Cosmetic Use Research Articles

Impact of The Use of Chemicals in Salons Around Universitas Negeri Semarang

The use of cosmetics containing chemicals must be balanced with the risks that must be accepted, including side effects or other unwanted reactions. Groups that are vulnerable to this usually include those directly involved in using or application, one of which is salon workers. This study will discuss the impact of using chemicals in beauty salons X and Y at Universitas Negeri Semarang and one branch of another beauty salon X at Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, with a total of 10 respondents. The study used a survey method with a cross-sectional research design, employing primary data collected by interviews using questionnaires and direct observation. The high level of risk for respiratory disorders and skin irritation, as obtained from data taken from beauty salon X and beauty salon Y, concludes that it is necessary to carry out controls such as labeling the ingredients used in salons, especially chemicals, rotating or shifting employees and the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for salon employees who are doing treatment. The recommendations that can be given can be applied to various parties, not only to salon employees but also to owners and customers of the beauty salon itself.

Environmentally and Socially Responsible Behavior of Women from Generation Z in the Context of Tourist Activity

The aim of this research was to determine the scope of environmentally and socially responsible behavior related to tourist trips of women from Generation Z. The choice of this issue falls within the scientific discussion on the sustainable behavior of young consumers and the area of research on sustainable tourism. The presented research fills the research gap related to the sustainable behavior of young women in the context of tourist trips. This article reviews the literature justifying the choice of this research topic. The results of our own survey research were presented (a sample of 618 touristically active women from Generation Z). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the obtained results were made. This research showed that respondents were most concerned about recreational space (not leaving garbage in the forest or on the beach, observing regulations in tourist regions and towns, and using only designated trails). They rated their behavior the lowest in terms of reduction in water consumption, use of ecological cosmetics while using water reservoirs, and choosing accommodation places where pro-ecological solutions are used. According to the respondents, the main reasons for the lack of responsible behavior are indifference and habits learned at home. The originality of the presented research results from its scope and concerns only women belonging to Generation Z.

Human Health Benefits and Microbial Consortium of Stevia Fermented with Barley Nuruk

In this study, the microbial community present during the barley yeast fermentation of stevia leaves and its correlation with antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as metabolites, were investigated using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Stevia was fermented using commercial TSB media (TSB 1, TSB 3, and TSB 5) and sucrose (Sucrose 1, Sucrose 3, and Sucrose 5) for 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively. Stevia ferments showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity compared to samples incubated with sucrose for 5 days, and all six ferments inhibited nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-induced mouse macrophages. Furthermore, UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis identified 23 related substances, including 10 terpenoids (including rubusoside, steviolbioside, and rebadioside derivatives), dulcoside A, and phlomisoside II, which are indicators of stevia, as well as five flavonoids, four phenolic acids, and four fatty acids. We also identified the microbial community during fermentation via the next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene for fungi. The results showed that TSB 1 and Sucrose 1 ferments were dominated by the pathogens Enterococcus hirae (58.93%) and Cronobacter sakazakii (80.92%), while samples fermented for more than 3 days were pathogen-free and dominated by lactic acid bacteria such as Pediococcus stilesii (73.37%). Microbial community analysis using the ITS region showed that Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, classified as a yeast rather than a mold, dominated the stevia fermentation regardless of the fermentation duration. In particular, the microbial community of the fermentation with a sucrose solution was dominated by S. fibuligera by more than 99% throughout the fermentation periods of 1, 3, and 5 days. Finally, to apply the stevia ferments topically to human skin, skin irritation tests were performed on 30 volunteers. The results showed that the highly concentrated extracts (1 mg/mL) of all six stevia ferments were hypoallergenic. Taken together, these findings suggest that barley nuruk fermented from stevia leaves with a sucrose solution offers promise as a natural ingredient for use in functional foods and cosmetics.

Formulation and Evaluation of Soap Containing Extracts of Various Ethnomedicines

The herbal soap’s formulation includes neem leaf; all herbal ingredients are easily obtained from the local herbal market. Use of cosmetics is part of caring for the skin and other body parts due to the damaging effects of modern pollution and UV rays on human health; aloe plants produce a material used in cosmetic goods to treat burns, psoriasis, acne, and other skin disorders; preparation of herbal soap is a medication or therapy with therapeutic benefits for the skin, including antibacterial and antifungal qualities; the raw material used to make soap has a number of properties that make it a good medicinal or cosmetic. The plant used to manufacture soap has properties that can help eliminate acne, soften the skin’s epidermis, increase penetration, and hasten healing and resolution. Natural remedies like aloe vera are used to both prevent and cure a range of skin conditions. The medicinal properties of aloe vera soap include antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. The aloe vera plant features tubular yellow blossoms, many-seeded fruits, and triangular, fleshy leaves with serrated edges. Each leaf consists of three layers: an inner, transparent gel that contains 99% water and glucomannans, amino acids, lipids, sterols, and vitamins in the remaining 2%. The intermediate layer of latex is composed of a bitter-yellow sap. Neem provides additional medicinal benefits. Studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-ulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties of neem and its chemical components. Tulsi provides many skin-benefiting qualities, such as beep-clean skin. Turmeric and vitamin C are also used to help tone the skin when treating breakouts. Homegrown cleaning solutions with medicinal or sedative qualities, such as antimicrobial and antifungal qualities, can benefit the skin. The rough material used in the cleanser formulation has multiple prescription drugs or cosmetics attached to it. The plant used in cleanser formulations has the ability to smooth out skin imperfections, enhance skin texture, prevent breakouts, and hasten healing and resolution.

Ulvans, sulfated β-d-galactans and xyloarabinogalactan: A comparative approach to extraction, structural characterization and antioxidant activity assessment

Antioxidants can be extracted from various seaweeds as natural ingredients for use in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The composition and structure of polysaccharides extracted from four green seaweeds: Ulva lactuca (UL), Halimeda opuntia (HO), Caulerpa racemosa (CR) and Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) were correlated with their antioxidant activities. Crude extracts were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), HP-SEC, HPAEC-PAD and FTIR spectroscopy. Extracted polysaccharides were assayed spectrophotometrically for their total sugar, sulfate, phenolic and protein contents. The antioxidant capacities of each fractionated polysaccharide sample were evaluated by five methods, i.e., ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), ferric-reducing power in FRAP (Ferric-reducing Antioxidant Power), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging capacity assay. All polysaccharides had molecular weights (MW) under 1000 kDa, with HO having the lowest MW (<100 kDa). Polysaccharide extracts of UL (i.e., l-iduronic acid, 1,4-linked α-l-rhamnose, β-d-glucuronic acid) and CA were promising sources of antioxidants. The highest antioxidant capacity was measured in extracts from CA-2B (52.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL) using the ABTS assay, while CR-1B exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both the FRAP (303.7 ± 8.2 μm/mL) and OH (28.4 ± 0.8%) assays. Taken together, useful insights were gained into the potential health benefits of selected green seaweed polysaccharides (i.e., ulvans, sulfated or/and pyruvylated β-d-galactans and sulfated xyloarabinogalactan) for applications in the pharmaceutical, food and biotechnology industries.

Predisposing factors of using cosmetics in Iranian female students: application of prototype willingness model.

The use of cosmetics among Iranian teenagers and youths has increased more than ever before. This study investigated the predisposing factors of cosmetic use in female students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences by using the prototype willingness model (PWM). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 384 students, selected based on multistage sampling. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire that included demographic variables and PWM questions. Then multiple regression analysis was used in SPSS (version 20). There was a significant difference in the frequency of daily cosmetic use based on the education levels (F = 3.845, p-value = 0.034). The average daily use of cosmetics was higher in students whose use of cosmetics was high in their family (p = 0.024) and friends (p-value = 0.023). Prototypes were the strongest predictor of using cosmetics (OR = 1.317, p-value <0.001), followed by attitude (OR = 1.241, p-value <0.001). Prototypes (social imagination) and attitudes were the main predictors of using cosmetics among female students. To be effective in targeting cosmetic use, interventions must target both social and individual paths.

Single-step extraction/pre-formulation process for B-phycoerythrin using glycerol-based eutectic solvents: A step toward more sustainable production of phycobiliproteins

B-Phycoerythrin (B-PE) is a protein pigment of significant interest to the food and cosmetic industries. B-PE is obtained from algal or microalgal biomass, such as Porphyridium cruentum, after complex pre-treatment, extraction, and pre-formulation schemes. This work investigated the use of a single step process for the extraction and pre-formulation of B-PE from P. cruentum without complex biomass pretreatment. Five hydrophilic NaDES based on glycerol with varying water contents (20–40%) were implemented by ultrasound-assisted extraction using a one-step extraction procedure. The yields obtained were satisfaying, ranging from 5 to 15 mg of B-PE per gram of dry matter. Additionally, a purity index suitable for use in cosmetics and food products was achieved, with an average of >1.5. Furthermore, the extracts obtained in a eutectic medium demonstrated enhanced stability for B-PE, with an average loss of 10% after accelerated aging, allowing storage at room temperature without loss of quality. In particular, NaDES based on glycerol and glucose and/or betaine appeared to be the most effective in preserving the integrity and antioxidant activity of B-PE, with a range of 15–30% quenched DPPH. The ComplexGAPI tool demonstrated that our single-step NaDES process is more environmentally friendly than conventional extraction processes, thanks to lower energy consumption, reduced unitary operations, and less waste production. These results provide a solid foundation for sustainable management of the valorization of P-BE for cosmetic or food industries.

Next generation risk assessment for occupational chemical safety – A real world example with sodium-2-hydroxyethane sulfonate

Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) is an exposure-led approach to safety assessment that uses New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Application of NGRA has been largely restricted to assessments of consumer use of cosmetics and is not currently implemented in occupational safety assessments, e.g. under EU REACH. By contrast, a large proportion of regulatory worker safety assessments are underpinned by toxicological studies using experimental animals. Consequently, occupational safety assessment represents an area that would benefit from increasing application of NGRA to safety decision making. Here, a workflow for conducting NGRA under an occupational safety context was developed, which is illustrated with a case study chemical; sodium 2-hydroxyethane sulphonate (sodium isethionate or SI). Exposures were estimated using a standard occupational exposure model following a comprehensive life cycle assessment of SI and considering factory-specific data. Outputs of this model were then used to estimate internal exposures using a Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) model, which was constructed with SI specific Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) data. PBK modelling indicated a worst-case plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) of 0.8 μM across the SI life cycle. SI bioactivity was assessed in a battery of NAMs relevant to systemic, reproductive, and developmental toxicity; a cell stress panel, high throughput transcriptomics in three cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG and MCF-7 cells), pharmacological profiling and specific assays relating to developmental toxicity (Reprotracker and devTOX quickPredict). Points of Departure (PoDs) for SI ranged from 104 to 5044 µM. Cmax values obtained from PBK modelling of occupational exposures to SI were compared with PoDs from the bioactivity assays to derive Bioactivity Exposure Ratios (BERs) which demonstrated the safety for workers exposed to SI under current levels of factory specific risk management. In summary, the tiered and iterative workflow developed here represents an opportunity for integrating non animal approaches for a large subset of substances for which systemic worker safety assessment is required. Such an approach could be followed to ensure that animal testing is only conducted as a “last resort” e.g. under EU REACH.

Two Coffee Diterpenes, Kahweol and Cafestol, Inhibit Extracellular Melanogenesis: An In Vitro Pilot Study

Hyperpigmentation skin disorders are marked by an abnormal accumulation or export of melanin pigment synthesized within melanocytes and pose a significant aesthetic concern. The search for novel natural compounds that exhibit pharmacological potential for treating pigmentation disorders is growing. In this study, kahweol (KW) and cafestol (CFS), two structural analogs of coffee diterpenes, were evaluated and compared for their effects on melanogenesis using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and primary human melanocytes derived from Asian and African American skin. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of the effects of KW and CFS on melanogenesis yet. We first screened nontoxic concentrations of both compounds using an MTS assay after 72 h incubations and subsequently tested their effects on melanin synthesis and export. Cellular tyrosinase activity and cell-free mushroom tyrosinase activity were assayed to study the mechanisms of melanogenesis suppression. Human melanocytes from a moderately pigmented donor (HEMn-MP cells) and from a darkly pigmented donor (HEMn-DP cells) were next examined, and effects on cellular viability, melanin content, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin export (quantitated via dendricity) were similarly examined for both compounds. Our results show that KW and CFS did not significantly affect intracellular melanin content but suppressed extracellular melanin in B16F10 cells and dendritic parameters in human melanocytes, indicating their unique capacity to target extracellular melanogenesis and melanin export. Although KW showed a greater extracellular melanogenesis inhibitory capacity in B16F10 cells, in both primary melanocyte cells, CFS emerged as a potent inhibitor of melanin export compared to KW. Together, these results reveal novel modes of action of both compounds and indicate a promise to use CFS as a novel candidate for treating hyperpigmentation disorders of the human skin for clinical and cosmetic use. Additional research is necessary to shed light on the molecular pathways and the efficacy of melanogenesis inhibition by CFS in 3D human skin equivalents and in vivo studies.

Investigation of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Concentrations in Natural and Synthetic Product Cosmetics Used in Lagos, Nigeria

The use of cosmetics in their various forms has been historical and still trending. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been found to be critical constituents of these cosmetics, though as either functional ingredients or as impurities. This has raised health concerns such as; in kidney failures, heart diseases and birth defects. This study investigate the presence and levels of certain indexed PTEs in both natural and synthetic cosmetics and their associated health implications on users in Lagos State, Nigeria. Three natural product cosmetics namely; palm kernel oil (PKO), shear butter and ‘tiro’ labelled as NC1, NC2 and NC3 respectively, and five brands of synthetic product cosmetics (SPCs) labelled as SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4 and SC5 were selected for analysis based on questionnaire response to cosmetic use among Badagry women. The metal analysis done using ICPOES showed that NC3 is PTEs laden; Mn (38.132 + 8.195) ppm, Ni (42.04 + 2.331) ppm, Pb (65.341 + 3.064) and Zn (92.89 + 6.62) ppm. Mn concentration is the highest amongst all the SPCs, ranging from 17.56 + 2.09 ppm to 29.04 + 0.012 ppm. Ni concentration ranged from 0.506 + 0.073 ppm to 9.88 + 1.43 ppm. The presence of these PTEs could be attributed to unintended contamination from raw material or product processing, or deliberately added as part of the required ingredients as in the case of some synthetic cosmetics. The level of PTEs in the synthetic cosmetics were below the permissible limits set by WHO. However, the risk of bioaccumulation exists due to continuous use over time.

Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy.

Humans are exposed to numerous electrophilic chemicals either as medicines, in the workplace, in nature, or through use of many common cosmetic and household products. Covalent modification of human proteins by such chemicals, or protein haptenation, is a common occurrence in cells and may result in generation of antigenic species, leading to development of hypersensitivity reactions. Ranging in severity of symptoms from local cutaneous reactions and rhinitis to potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stephen-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), all these reactions have the same Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), i.e. haptenation. However, not all individuals who are exposed to electrophilic chemicals develop symptoms of hypersensitivity. In the present review, we examine common chemistry behind the haptenation reactions leading to formation of neoantigens. We explore simple reactions involving single molecule additions to a nucleophilic side chain of proteins and complex reactions involving multiple electrophilic centers on a single molecule or involving more than one electrophilic molecule as well as the generation of reactive molecules from the interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. Besides generation of antigenic species and enabling activation of the immune system, we explore additional events which result directly from the presence of electrophilic chemicals in cells, including activation of key defense mechanisms and immediate consequences of those reactions, and explore their potential effects. We discuss the factors that work in concert with haptenation leading to the development of hypersensitivity reactions and those that may act to prevent it from developing. We also review the potential harnessing of the specificity of haptenation in the design of potent covalent therapeutic inhibitors.

Drug and cosmetic safety training for cadres of family welfare program

In order to increase public understanding and awareness regarding the safety use of drugs and cosmetics, the Community Service Team of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University has held community service in Jonggrangan Village, Klaten, Central Java. The community service was carried out on July 31, 2023, with approximately 60 family welfare programs or PKK cadres and health cadres participating through training, presentations, and discussions. The activity began with a pre-test, continued with training, a presentation of the material by three experts, and a discussion, then ended with giving a post-test to the participants. The results of the pre and post-test analysis showed that participants' understanding increased. The results of the analysis of the answers to the 15 questions given showed that the increase in participants' understanding ranged from 2.13-46.02 percent. The impact of these activities on society. The increase in participants' understanding of each topic is not the same depending on the initial understanding. However, the problem is that the level of public understanding after receiving training is still below 50 percent namely on topics about the stages of using cosmetic products and about drug classification. So it is necessary to deepen the material using other strategies (appropriate methods and media).

Fibrosing Frontal Alopecia: A comprehensive study to understand its etiology

Objective: To analyze the latest data on the etiology, mechanisms, clinical signs, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches for Fibrosing Frontal Alopecia (FFA). Methods: Systematic review organized around five phrases: formulation of the guiding question and the acronym PICO, search for articles and studies in online databases, selection and review of studies, critical evaluation of the material in the selected articles and interpretation of the results. Bibliographic Review: Fibrosing frontal alopecia is a form of acquired primary cicatricial alopecia characterized clinically by a recession of the frontotemporal line, often accompanied by eyebrow alopecia. Its pathophysiology involves immunological, genetic, hormonal, photoexposure, cosmetic use, environmental factors, trauma and stress mechanisms. The diagnosis is made clinically, through physical examinations and trichoscopy, and can be complemented with biopsy and optical coherence tomography. Conclusion: As this is a relatively new pathology, more research is still needed to better understand the disease and establish more effective treatments.

Antioxidant activities of sea buckthorn polysaccharides and their potential application in cosmetic industry

BackgroundMany natural polysaccharides have been reported to protect against skin aging through antioxidant pathways, but sea buckthorn polysaccharides have been less well studied in terms of antioxidant activity, and the related studies are not well developed. ObjectiveBy examining the chemical structure of sea buckthorn polysaccharides, this research aimed to offer a scientific foundation for their use in cosmetics and explore the in vitro antioxidant potential of these polysaccharides. Materialsand Methods: We made SP (sea buckthorn crude polysaccharide) using both hot water extraction and ultrasonic extraction. Then, we used the anion exchange method to separate and purify it to get three different polysaccharides: SPA (polysaccharide eluted from deionized water), which is a neutral polysaccharide, and SPB (polysaccharides eluted from 0.1 M NaCl) and SPC (polysaccharide eluted from 0.2 M NaCl), which are acidic polysaccharides. The characteristics of the four polysaccharides (SP, SPA, SPB and SPC) were determined using high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-ray diffractometry (XRD). In vitro antioxidant assays were used to test their antioxidant activities. ResultsThe in vitro antioxidant assay showed that the four sea buckthorn polysaccharides (SP, SPA, SPB, and SPC) were good at getting rid of superoxide anion and DPPH radicals, especially ABTS radicals. They were also better at getting rid of free radicals than VC at low concentrations, and they were also good at reducing other molecules. ConclusionThese results showed that sea buckthorn polysaccharide has certain antioxidant activity; therefore, sea buckthorn polysaccharide has a strong potential to be applied in antioxidant and anti-aging functional cosmetics.

Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Microbial Oil

Plant and animal oils and fats currently dominate the edible oil market, but a new sustainable alternative of lipids from single-celled organisms has become advantageous in human nutrition and pharmacy. Single-cell oils (SCOs) are lipids biosynthesized and accumulated in the lipid bodies of oleaginous species of bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae. The review has investigated SCOs’ composition, with a detailed review of the described beneficial impact in medicine, cosmetics, pharmacy, and nutrition. Although microbial oil has been known for more than 100 years, it was not applied until the 21st century, when commercial SCO production for human use started and administrative regulations governing their use were completed. This article discusses the applications of SCOs, which can be easily found in microorganisms, in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In addition, some aspects of 15- or 17-carbon-atom-long fatty acids were also pointed out. Furthermore, some challenges for heterotrophic single-cell oil synthesis and improvements in its extraction efficiency have also been concluded, which can further contribute to their broadened use in pharmacy, medicine, cosmetics, and food applications.

Analysis of the Role of Cosmetic Dermatology in Improving the Quality of Life of Patients with Vitiligo: Observational Study at Busan Hospital, South Korea

Introduction: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that causes skin depigmentation. This can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Dermatological cosmetics can be used to cover depigmented areas and improve the patient's quality of life. Methods: This observational study was conducted on vitiligo patients treated at Busan Hospital, South Korea. Patients were given a questionnaire to assess their quality of life before and after using dermatology cosmetics. A total of 250 research subjects took part in this study. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The results showed that the use of dermatological cosmetics significantly improved the quality of life of vitiligo patients. Patients report improvements in self-satisfaction, self-image, and social interactions. Conclusion: Cosmetic dermatology is a safe and effective therapeutic option to improve the quality of life of vitiligo patients.

Spraying for the beauty: Pesticide use for visual appearance in apple production

AbstractPesticides are used to reduce yield losses and to enhance the visual quality of products. However, pesticide use raises concerns due to negative health and environmental effects, hence ambitious policy goals for their reduction have been established. Reducing pesticides which mainly focus on visual quality of products could be an efficient strategy to contribute to these goals, without reducing food production. However, the role of “cosmetic” pesticide use is so far not well documented and understood. Here, we quantify cosmetic pesticide use and the influence of supply chain characteristics on their use. We focus on table apple production, where the visual quality of products is a key aspect. Using a sample of 196 apple growers in Switzerland, we find that 23.5%–59.2% of growers use cosmetic pesticides for the apples’ visual appearance. Farms mainly marketing via intermediaries are 23.9‐29.6% more likely to spray cosmetic pesticides for visual purposes compared to farms mainly direct marketing. Our findings highlight the role of supply chains in farmer decision‐making, recommending a decrease in the focus on visual product quality, especially in retail environments, thus minimizing unnecessary and irreversible risks of pesticide exposure by farmers without compromising food security.

Valorization of Wine Lees: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Wine Lees Extract and Incorporation in Chitosan Films

Wine lees, as one of the main by-products of winery wastes, is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Recovery of such bioactive compounds would amplify the valorization of winery by-products, as well as promote their use in cosmetics and health applications. Towards this aim, the objective of this work is the recovery of phenolic compounds from wine lees by ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of extraction time, and ethanol content on the extraction yield of total phenolics was investigated, while the phenolic profile of the extract was monitored by GC-MS. Under the optimized conditions, the total phenolic content was calculated at 302.6 mg gallic acid equivalents g− 1 dry extract; the dry extract was investigated for its biological activities, exhibiting excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the extract was found to be a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase with IC50 values of 53.3, 83.5, 82.7, 19.0, and 31.3 µg mL− 1, respectively. Finally, the wine lees dry extract was incorporated into chitosan films, reinforcing the properties of the films, and providing them with excellent antioxidant activity. The results support that wine lees extract exhibits high antioxidant activity and can be used as a highly efficient inhibitor of enzymes with pharmaceutical and health interest. Moreover, the chitosan film enriched with wine lees extract is a promising material with high antioxidant potential and can lead to the development of novel food packaging films in the food industry.Graphical

Acne Vulgaris Triggering Factors in Females at Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common disease in teenagers. It is a chronic inflammatory condition of the pilosebaceous units. Objective: To see the effect of different factors like age, skin type, diet, cosmetics, family history and pornographic material on acne. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Dermatology Department of Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital, Nangarhar from August 2021 to March 2021. The study consisted on a sample of 120 subjects including 60 cases of acne and 60 controls. The data was entered in a structured close-ended questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to see the effect of different factors on acne. Results: Age was below 20 years in 68 percent of patients and 38% of controls. Amongst patients 12% and amongst controls 7% were married. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.001), odds ratio (0.288), Confidence interval (0.136–0.612) siblings history (p = 0.007), odds ratio (2.786), confidence interval (1.329–5.841), skin type (p = 0.000), dry skin (p = 0.173), odds ratio (0.449), confidence interval (0.142–1.422), oily skin (p = 0.002), odds ratio (3.925), confidence interval (1.684 9.146), cola drinks (p = 0.048), daily drinks (p = 0.023), odds ratio (2.975), confidence interval (1.159–7.636), cosmetic used (p = 0.004), odds ratio (4.219), confidence interval (1.577–11.285) and frequency of application of cosmetics (p = 0.010), odds ratio (3.509), confidence interval (1.347–9.1)had significant effect on acne. Conclusion: Acne is a more common disease in teenagers; age greater than twenty plays a protective role against acne. Carbonated drinks, positive sibling history, cosmetic treatment and frequent use of cosmetics have a significant relationship with acne. It is more common in oily skin than dry and normal skin

A chromosome-scale genome provides new insights into the typical carotenoid biosynthesis in the important red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis QYH-2023 with anti-inflammatory effects

Rhodotorula spp. has been studied as one powerful source for a novel cell factory with fast growth and its high added-value biomolecules. However, its inadequate genome and genomic annotation have hindered its widespread use in cosmetics and food industries. Rhodotorula glutinis QYH-2023, was isolated from rice rhizosphere soil, and the highest quality of the genome of the strain was obtained at chromosome level (18 chromosomes) than ever before in red yeast in this study. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that there are more key gene copies of carotenoids biosynthesis in R. glutinis QYH-2023 than other species of Rhodotorula spp. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that lipids and carotenoids biosynthesis was significantly enriched during fermentation. Subsequent investigation revealed that the over-expression of the strain three genes related to carotenoids biosynthesis in Komagataella phaffii significantly promoted the carotenoid production. Furthermore, in vitro tests initially confirmed that the longer the fermentation period, the synthesized metabolites controlled by R. glutinis QYH-2023 genome had the stronger anti-inflammatory properties. All of the findings revealed a high-quality reference genome which highlight the potential of R. glutinis strains to be employed as chassis cells for biosynthesizing carotenoids and other active chemicals.