Cosmetic Delivery Research Articles

Cosmetic delivery system for mulberry root extract emulsions

Cosmetic delivery system for mulberry root extract emulsions

Current and Prospective Applications of 3D Printing in Cosmetics: A Literature Review

3D printing (3DP) is a manufacturing technology that produces 3D objects from a design file using layer-by-layer deposition of material. It has already found applications in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, while its use in the field of topical delivery has been extensively studied in the last two decades. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the 3DP-based developments in topical delivery, with special emphasis on its current and potential use in the cosmetic field. This review covers the principles and main types of 3DP technology, production, and characteristics of two key 3DP skin delivery platforms (patches and microneedles—MNs), as well as topical active materials used, focusing on those for cosmetic application. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles in relevant databases was performed (including PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Kosmet, ScienceDirect and Scopus) from 2004 to date. The study concludes that 3D printed MNs would gain prevalence over patches for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications and that dissolving MNs have the highest potential among them. The use of 3DP technology appears to be a promising approach to the development of efficient personalised cosmetic delivery platforms.

Sensitive ex vivo human skin transdermal assay testing method with mass spectrometric analysis for cosmetics application.

Cosmetics manufacturers are focused on cosmetic delivery systems into the skin, but the level of diffusion of the systems in the skin tissues is not well understood. The current methods, such as Franz diffusion, assess analyte diffusion in the whole skin or artificial membranes, which has limitations for understanding skin delivery systems. Our study aimed to create a transdermal delivery method which is based on dermal-epidermal separation of human skin, allowing us to assess each layer of skin separately for its efficacy. During the experiment, resveratrol was used as the target analyte by applying it to the skin and then separating it into dermis and epidermis. Each layer is treated individually and subjected to a high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis to detect resveratrol levels. As a result, the efficiency of resveratrol diffusion in the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin can be evaluated. We found that resveratrol was detected in both the dermal and epidermal layers using our method. Hence, we developed a sensitive method for transdermal delivery testing that can be used to evaluate skin delivery systems for cosmetic or pharmaceutical purposes.

Development of<i> In Situ</i> Cooling Natural Rubber Film

Natural rubber latex (NRL) with the deproteinized process was interesting for cosmetic and transdermal drug delivery systems because of its notable characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop in situ cooling films from deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL). Menthol, camphor, and volatile oils were added into DNRL emulsions for cooling effect and pain relief. The pH, rheological properties, particle size, and zeta potential of emulsions were examined. Then, the time of film-formation, morphology, and mechanical properties of the cooling NRL films were evaluated. The resultant emulsions revealed that their pH was about 5.7 - 6.3. The viscosity was in the range of 1000 – 3000 cps and indicated the pseudoplastic flow. The increasing amount of olive oil reduced the particle size and increased the negatively zeta potential of those emulsions. The film formation time of specimens was about 4.5 - 6.5 mins. The cooling films demonstrated smoothness and homogeneity. The presence of olive oil increased the softness of films. The increasing of oil volume increased the elasticity; however, it decreased the ductility of the films. This in situ cooling DNRL film was also effective forward for the development of a transdermal drug delivery system.

SELF NANO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

Developments in recent drug discovery programs, yields a large proportion of novel pharmacologically active molecules that are lipophilic and poorly soluble, which is a major challenge for pharmaceutical researchers to enhance the oral bioavailability of such drug molecules. The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a promising Drug Delivery System which is well known for its prospective to improve the aqueous solubility and oral absorption of poorly water soluble drugs. SNEDDS is an isotropic mixture comprising oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and drug that form oil in water emulsion in aqueous environment under placid agitation. It can readily disperse in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract to form a fine oil-in-water emulsion with a droplet size not exceeding 100 nm under mild agitation for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The self nano-emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is applicable on BCS Class II and Class IV Drugs for improving water Solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. It is the novel drug delivery system which is applicable for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, intranasal and cosmetic delivery of drugs. The review presents an overview of design of formulation, preparation of components, mechanism of selfemulsification, biopharmaceutical aspects and evaluation of self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles promote the aging process in a size-dependent manner

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are generally utilized in cosmetic goods, sheds, biosensors, and delivery of drug. As in vitro ideal systems, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used to test acute toxicity. In the present study, size-dependent cytotoxicity effects of ZnO NPs on MSCs were assessed. Bone marrow and adipose MSCs were treated with ZnO NPs with average sizes of 10–30 and 35–45 nm. The 5 and 10 µg/ml concentrations of ZnO NP were found to be the safe concentrations for the NP sizes of 10–30 and 35–45 nm, respectively. Cell-cycle analysis indicated that the small size of ZnO NPs has more negative effects on the process of cell entry to DNA synthesis when compared to the larger size. The results of the β-galactosidase test showed the promotion of the aging process in the cells treated with the smaller size of ZnO NPs. Both sizes of the NP were found to upregulate the aging-related genes NF-kB and p53 and downregulate the anti-aging gene Nanog. To sum up, the smaller size of ZnO NPs can enhance the aging process in the cells.

A review of cosmetic skin delivery.

Cosmetic Skin Delivery has a very important impact on the action of cosmetics. More and more cosmetic manufacturers are focusing on cosmetic delivery. Meanwhile, it also brings safety issues and the customization of national laws and regulations. This paper reviews the theoretical knowledge about cosmetic skin delivery and evaluation methods. An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases for articles on transdermal/skin delivery in cosmetics from 1985 to 2020. The importance of skin delivery in cosmetics is outlined. The structure of the skin and the skin barrier, including delivery pathways available to cosmetic molecules in three modalities are introduced. The laws and regulations of various countries on nanomaterials for cosmetics are listed. The in vitro skin absorption test methods for cosmetics are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the prospect of future skin penetration methods for cosmetics is presented. Currently, various methods to enhance and evaluate cosmetic delivery through skin are available. However, there are no unified domestic and international laws and regulations about evaluation of transdermal delivery. This article provides a new perspective on the development of novel permeation enhancement technologies.

A review on novel topical formulations of vitamins

Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have drug-like benefits. Cosmeceuticals are one of the fastest-growing segments of the personal care industry as their use has drastically increased over the years. Vitamins being one of the popular ingredients in cosmeceuticals have numerous skin benefits. Vitamins are organic micronutrients essential for the proper functioning of the body. The popular vitamins used in cosmetics are vitamin A, vitamin B3, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K. These vitamins play an important role in treating skin conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging, protecting from UV, deactivating free radicals, and improving skin moisture retention levels of the skin. This review article emphasizes on the novel formulation of the vitamins-based cosmeceuticals. The novel carriers system has gained importance in cosmetic delivery due to its advantages such as enhanced skin penetration, sustained and controlled drug release profile, maintenance of the concentration within the therapeutic range, with greater safety and targeted delivery of active to the desired tissues.

Nano, micro particulate and cosmetic delivery systems of polylactic acid: A mini review.

Poly lactic acid and its copolymers are considered to be the preferred substrates for drug delivery devices. Poly lactic acid is a biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic polymer. It was approved by Food and Drug Administration and thought to be among the most attractive polymeric candidates intended for controlling drug delivery. It was utilized for the development of devices for the delivery of small molecules, proteins, genes, vaccines, anticancer drugs, and macromolecules. This manuscript lists the different techniques for synthesizing poly lactic acid-based nano and microparticles such as emulsion-based methods, precipitation-based methods, direct compositing methods, in situ forming micro-particles, and microfluidic technique. In addition, it describes the application and use of poly lactic acid in biomedical and cosmetic delivery systems.

Nano Carrier as a Cosmetic Delivery System

Nano Carrier as a Cosmetic Delivery System

Effects of Oil type on the Stability of Oil-in-Water Lipid Nanoemulsion

Nanoemulsions are actively used in several applications for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries. In this study, we propose the use of microfluidizer known as high pressure homogenizer to prepare lipid nanoemulsion as a potent cosmetic delivery carrier. The lipid nanoemulsions were prepared by O/W emulsion with hydrogenated lecithin and different type of oils. Effects of oil type on the stability of the lipid nanoemulsion were investigated with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta-potential. Arbutin was used as model drug for transdermal administration through hairless mouse skin. Transdermal arbutin delivery using the lipid nanoemulsions was studied with HPLC method.

Photoinduced Vesicle Formation via the Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction.

Synthetic vesicles have a wide range of applications from drug and cosmetic delivery to artificial cell and membrane studies, making simple and controlled formation of vesicles a large focus of the field today. Here, we report the use of the photoinitiated copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction using visible light to introduce spatiotemporal control into the formation of vesicles. Upon the establishment of the spatiotemporal control over vesicle formation, it became possible to adjust initiation conditions to modulate vesicle sizes resulting in the formation of controllably small or large vesicles based on light intensity or giant vesicles when the formation was initiated in flow-free conditions. Additionally, this photoinitiated method enables vesicle formation at a density 400-fold higher than initiation using sodium ascorbate as the catalyst. Together, these advances enable the formation of high-density, controlled size vesicles using low-energy wavelengths while producing enhanced control over the formation characteristics of the vesicle.

Niosomes as Nano-Delivery Systems in the Pharmaceutical Field.

Nanosystems used in the pharmaceutical field aim to guarantee a controlled release and efficacy boost with dose reduction of the drug. The same active ingredient could be vehiculated in different concentrations in distinct nanosystems. Among these nanostructures, the vesicular ones present a versatile delivery system that could be applied to encapsulate lipophilic, amphiphilic, and hydrophilic compounds. Liposomes are the most well-known vesicular nanosystems; however, there are others, such as niosomes, that are composed of nonionic surfactants that are polymeric or conventional. Niosomes could be prepared using the thin film hydration method, in which the active ingredient is solubilized in organic solvent with the surfactant or in aqueous solution depending on its polarity. In addition, co-surfactants could be used to improve stabilization and vesicle integrity because they occupy regions in the interface where the mainly surfactant could not reach. Vesicular nanosystems could be characterized by different techniques, such as microscopy, dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and others. These nanostructures could be applied to drugs (administered by different routes) or to gene and cosmetic delivery systems.

In vivo penetration of bare and lipid-coated silica nanoparticles across the human stratum corneum

Skin penetration of silica nanoparticles (NP) currently used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products is a topic of interest not only to evaluate their possible toxicity, but also to understand their behaviour upon contact with the skin and to exploit their potential positive effects in drug or cosmetic delivery field. Therefore, the present work aimed to elucidate the in vivo mechanism by which amorphous hydrophilic silica NP enter human stratum corneum (SC) through the evaluation of the role played by the nanoparticle surface polarity and the human hair follicle density. Two silica samples, bare hydrophilic silica (B-silica, 162±51nm in size) and hydrophobic lipid-coated silica (LC-silica, 363±74nm in size) were applied on both the volar and dorsal side of volunteer forearms. Twelve repetitive stripped tapes were removed from the human skin and evaluated for elemental composition by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and for silicon content by Inductively Coupled Plasma quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). All the stripped tapes revealed nanosized structures generally located in the broad spaces between corneocytes and characterized by the same elemental composition (relative weight percentage of silicon and silicon to oxygen weight ratio) than that of the applied samples. However, only about 10% B-silica permeated until the deepest SC layers considered in the study indicating a silica retention in the upper layers of SC, regardless of the hair follicle density. Otherwise, the exposure to LC-silica led to a greater silica skin penetration extent into the deeper SC layers (about 42% and 18% silica following volar and dorsal forearm application, respectively) indicating that the NP surface polarity played a predominant role on that of their size in determining the route and the extent of penetration.

Spectral Features and In Vitro Antioxidant Study of Nanoscale Solid Dispersions of Different Sizes of Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (CoQ<sub>10</sub>) Prepared by Heat Melt and High-pressure Homogenization Method

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has been reported as a powerful antioxidant in plasma. Recent in vivo investigations showed that cosmetically applied CoQ10 can reduce photo-aging. However, CoQ10 was barely satisfactory in topical drug delivery because of its poor solubility and high molecular weight. To improve the anti-oxidative efficiency of CoQ10 in skin photo-aging, a novel water-soluble nanoscale solid dispersion of CoQ10 (CoQ10-SD) was prepared by heat melt and high-pressure homogenization method in the present study. Three sizes of CoQ10-SDs were obtained and characterized. The spectral investigations showed that the smaller particle size solution of CoQ10-SD was more effective against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The UVB radiation absorption and reflection of the CoQ10-SD solution increased with increasing concentration and decreasing particle size. The in vitro antioxidants of CoQ10-SD were also assessed. The results showed that, smaller particle size results in higher antioxidant effect. A lower level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was found when the myocardial cells were treated with CoQ10-SD of smaller size. These ndings indicated that CoQ10-SD can be an effective cosmetic delivery system to protect the skin from early aging induced by UV.

Rheological Properties of a Biological Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Produced from Soybean Oil Polymers

The rheological properties of a newly developed biological thermo-responsive hydrogel made from vegetable oil were investigated. The material named HPSO-HG is a hydrolytic product of polymerized soybean oil (PSO). HPSO- HG is a thermo-responsive gel, and it exhibited viscoelastic behavior above 2% (wt.%) at room temperature and viscous fluid behavior at 55˚C. The viscoelastic properties of HPSO- HG were strongly dependent on concentration. The analysis of modulus and concentration dependence and stress relaxation measurement indicated that HPSO-HG was a physical gel - meaning the cross-linkers between the molecules were physical junctions. HPSO-HG hydrogel also showed fast initial partially recovery of its viscoelastic properties after being subject to a mechanical shear disruption. The function and behavior of the HPSO-HG hydrogel suggest that this biomaterial be a potential candidate for applications in cosmetic products, drug delivery, and wound skin care products.

Effect of compositions in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) on skin hydration and occlusion

PurposeTo study the effects of varying lipid concentrations, lipid and oil ratio, and the addition of propylene glycol and lecithin on the long-term physical stability of nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLC), skin hydration, and transepidermal water loss.MethodsThe various NLC formulations (A1–A5) were prepared and their particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, and stability were analyzed. The formulations were applied on the forearms of the 20 female volunteers (one forearm of each volunteer was left untreated as a control). The subjects stayed for 30 minutes in a conditioned room with their forearms uncovered to let the skin adapt to the temperature (22°C ± 2°C) and humidity (50% ± 2%) of the room. Skin hydration and skin occlusion were recorded at day one (before treatment) and day seven (after treatment). Three measurements for skin hydration and skin occlusion were performed in each testing area.ResultsNLC formulations with the highest lipid concentration, highest solid lipid concentration, and additional propylene glycol (formulations A1, A2, and A5) showed higher physical stability than other formulations. The addition of propylene glycol into an NLC system helped to reduce the particle size of the NLC and enhanced its long-term physical stability. All the NLC formulations were found to significantly increase skin hydration compared to the untreated controls within 7 days. All NLC formulations exhibited occlusive properties as they reduced the transepidermal water loss within 7 days. This effect was more pronounced with the addition of propylene glycol or lecithin into an NLC formulation, whereby at least 60% reduction in transepidermal water loss was observed.ConclusionNLCs with high lipid content, solid lipid content, phospholipid, and lecithin are a highly effective cosmetic delivery system for cosmetic topical applications that are designed to boost skin hydration.

Bicellar systems as a new colloidal delivery strategy for skin

The presented work evaluates the use of bicellar systems as new delivery vectors for controlled release of compounds through the skin. Two different active principles were introduced into the bicellar systems: diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) and flufenamic acid (Ffa). Bicellar systems are discoidal aggregates formed by long and short alkyl chain phospholipids. Characterization of the bicellar systems by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) showed that particle size decreased when DDEA was encapsulated and increased when Ffa was included in the bicellar systems. Percutaneous absorption studies demonstrated a lower penetration of DDEA and Ffa through the skin when the drugs were included in the bicellar systems than when the drugs were applied in an aqueous solution (DDEA) and in an ethanolic solution (Ffa); the reduction in penetration was more pronounced with Ffa. These bicellar systems may have retardant effects on percutaneous absorption, which result in a promising strategy for future drug or cosmetic delivery applications.

Tracks of ancient cosmetics in the modern era of cosmetics

Cosmetics is as old as the history of human being. It has been present in human life since the times of the most ancient civilizations. Perfumery is one of the oldest branches of cosmetics. Valerian perfumes found from the Pharaohs’ pyramids, had maintained their aroma. Coriander, Mace oil, cardamom, cinnamon, and juniper were also the favorite materials used for perfumery in ancient Egyptian civilization. Perfumes were very popular in ancient Persian civilization (from more than 2500 years ago). Some animal-origin perfumes such as amber and musk, and also perfumes made from flowers such as rose, jasmine, and narcissus were favorites of those people. Various flower perfumes were among their exported materials in that era. Perfumes were also very popular in other ancient civilizations such as the ancient Greek, Rome, and Indian civilizations. From 1900 onwards, analysis of the natural perfumes found the fragrant components, and some synthetic fragrances were discovered and used in perfumery industry. At present, many old fragrances are still used at least as imitation synthetic fragrances. Even fighting the face wrinkles dates back to the ancient times. In ancient Egypt, there was a facemask made from Nile-mud and Alum, which was used for diminishing the wrinkles. A combination of wax, olive oil, and fresh milk was also used against wrinkles. Ancient Greeks used an ointment made of bread, milk, baked beans, and butter for diminishing the wrinkles. Today, discovering the mechanisms involved in skin aging has helped making modern anti-wrinkle products (some with herbal extracts) with a deep and real effect in fighting wrinkles. Today's modernized cosmetics is the natural progression of the ancient cosmetics throughout the years. It has made innovations by introducing new active materials, as well as novel cosmetic delivery systems (e.g. liposomal forms) for the new and traditional raw materials.

Novel cosmetic delivery systems: an application update

World consumers are nowadays more focused on their health and appearance. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated with natural and nutraceutical ingredients. Functional ingredients and innovative delivery systems are driving the new product development in the field of cosmetics. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in personal care with real consumer-perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. In fact, the U.S. market alone for novel cosmetic delivery systems has been projected to be more than $41 billion for the year 2007. Novel cosmetic delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next-generation smarter carrier systems.