Cosmetic Correction Research Articles

Hyaluronic acid fillers for cosmetic and functional correction in thyroid eye disease.

Hyaluronic acid fillers for cosmetic and functional correction in thyroid eye disease.

Consultations for Poland Syndrome: The Essentials for a Thoracic Surgeon.

Poland syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital musculoskeletal entity occurring in approximately 1 in 30,000 newborns that manifests with variable symbrachydactyly, ipsilateral costochondral deformities, an absence of pectoral muscles, and breast underdevelopment. These have potential impacts on social, somatic, and psychological functionality, often leading affected individuals to seek expert opinions on corrective surgery. Due to phenotypic variability, strict management guidelines are lacking, with treatment decisions often based on the specialist's personal experience rather than published evidence. Comprehensive imaging with CT and MRI with 3D reconstruction is crucial for providing a descriptive assessment of musculoskeletal defects. Management is multidisciplinary, involving thoracic, plastic, and pediatric surgeons and hand surgery specialists, as well as psychologists and developmental growth specialists. Surgery should achieve both structural and cosmetic correction to reverse the psychological and social impact and achieve patient satisfaction. We aim to provide thoracic surgeons the essential answers for sharing with affected adult individuals during consultations focusing on chest surgical correction.

Double opposing five flaps as an easy way to correct post burn band contracture

Post burn contracture usually need interference mostly for functional or cosmetic correction. Release and skin graft is the first option in the reconstructive ladder; it has its drawbacks either re-contracture or pigmentation of the graft. Release and flap coverage when available is the best. Free flaps, at a time, was the best and last option in the reconstructive ladder. Still, it is the most expensive surgery that consumes a long time for flap raising, anastomosis of its vessels, in addition to donner site morbidity, the need for stages of defatening and the possibility of failure.Local flaps if available is the easiest technique for all plastic surgeons even the beginners. Back to basic: advancement, transposition and rotation flap are easy for any plastic surgeon. Linear scaring or contracture usually can be corrected by Z plasty or multiple Z if long. Sometimes double opposing Z plasties (5 flaps release) is used if one side of the line is healthy and the other is scared.Z plasty and its varieties are not enough to correct very broad band contracture since its release usually develops large defect. In that case even the free flap alone is not enough; split skin graft is mandatory to complete the defect coverage.Our technique is only for band contracture that neither very broad nor linear, and is surrounded by healthy skin, that technique is double opposing 5 flap (DO5F) release.

Evaluation of the effects of carboxytherapy in the treatment of periorbital dark circles.

Dark eye circle (DEC) is one of the most common cosmetic problems. It has a great impact on the patients' quality of life. Carboxytherapy is a cosmetic technique using pure carbon dioxide for different uses in different areas of the body. The goal of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of carboxytherapy in the cosmetic correction of DECs. This study was conducted on 27 patients requesting the correction of DEC. The treatment was performed using a carboxy device in medical grade. The gas injection was performed intradermal after local anesthesia, with a pressure of one tenth bar and a speed of 20 cc/min, 1 cc in each upper and lower eyelid. The treatment sessions were done every 2 weeks for four sessions. The mean physicians' score of DECs before and after treatment was 8.7 ± 0.81 and 4.6 ± 1.1, respectively. The mean patients' score before and after treatment was 9.2 ± 0.5 versus 5.41 ± 1.37. The mean scores showed a significant reduction of skin discoloration without major side effects (p < 0.00001). Carboxytherapy seems to be an effective treatment option for dark circles around the eyes with a good safety profile and patient satisfaction.

Clinical study of esodeviations in children

Esotropia or convergent strabismus is a common type of squint in children. The esodeviation, the refractive error and the amblyopia should be examined and treated early to achieve good cosmetic correction and to improve Visual acuity.A meticulous history of 25 children up to age of 12 years who presented with esodeviations was taken including the age of onset, duration and previous treatment. They were examined for amount and type of deviation by cover test, hirschberg corneal reflex test, Prism bar cover test and evaluated for refractive error under full cycloplegic correction, for Binocular Single Vision, diplopia, suppression and amblyopia by Worth four-dot test and RAF ruler. Ocular movements and fundus findings were recorded.11 male and 14 female children with esodeviations with age of presentation varying from 9 months to 12 years were evaluated for type of esotropia. In our study the most common type seen in 12 cases (48%) is refractive accommodative esotropia with high hypermetropia. Non-refractive accommodative esotropia greater for near with high AC/A ratio in 5 patients (20%), Partially accommodative (mixed) esotropia in 2 cases, acquired non-accommodative esotropia seen in 2 patients. 1 case each is seen in Infantile esotropia, in Sensory esotropia, in child with Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS) and in child having cerebral visual impairment (CVI).Our study aimed to diagnose and manage the various types of esodeviations at an early age so as to maintain binocular alignment and a good Visual acuity to avoid progression to amblyopia.

Quantifying nasal deformities using a novel mathematical method to complement preoperative assessment in rhinoplasty patients

BackgroundRhinoplasty enhances facial symmetry and functionality. However, the accurate and reliable quantification of nasal defects pre-surgery remains an ongoing challenge. AimThis study introduces a novel approach for defect quantification using 2D images and artificial intelligence, providing a tool for better preoperative planning and improved surgical outcomes. Materials and MethodsA pre-trained AI model for facial landmark detection was utilised on a dataset of 250 images of male patients aged 18 to 24 who underwent rhinoplasty for cosmetic nasal deformity correction. The analysis concentrated on 36 different distances between the facial landmarks. These distances were normalised using min-max scaling to counter image size and quality variations. Post-normalisation, statistical parameters, including mean, median, and standard deviation, were calculated to identify and quantify nasal defects. ResultsThe methodology was tested and validated using images from different ethnicities and regions, showing promising potential as a beneficial surgical aid. The normalised data produced reliable quantifications of nasal defects (average 76.2%), aiding in preoperative planning and improving surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction. ApplicationsThe developed method can be extended to other facial plastic surgeries. Furthermore, it can be used to create app-based software, assist medical education, and improve patient-doctor communication. ConclusionThis novel method for defect quantification in rhinoplasty using AI and image processing holds significant potential in improving surgical planning, outcomes, and patient satisfaction, marking an essential step in the fusion of AI and plastic surgery.

GLABELLAR FLAP RECONSTRUCTION FOR DEFECTS BELOW MEDIAL CANTHUS

Background: Glabellar plastic is a method used for reconstructing the medial defects that use the available surrounding tissue, and in particular, that of the glabellar region. Most authors are of the opinion that this plastic is suitable for defects that reach the medial canthal area and do not pass down to the lower eyelid. Aim: To present the glabellar flap technique as an option for the reconstruction of defects that extend below the medial canthus, which is an application outside the recommended indications of this technique. Results: The postoperative outcome was good in all patients. Positional anomalies are within the limits of functional comfort. None of the patients requested postoperative cosmetic correction of the surgical defect. Conclusion: We demonstrated the possibility of using this technique below the level of the medial canthus. It carries risks for the appearance of positional abnormalities of the eyelids after surgery, but if the influence of laxity, skin texture and shape of the operative defect is properly taken into account, this technique provides a good alternative to combined surgery.

A rare case of solitary exostosis of capitate

Exostosis arising from carpal bones is rare and only a few cases have been reported till date. A 29 years old female came to the outpatient department with a localized swelling present on the dorsum of her right wrist since the past three years. On examining the patient clinically, a well-defined protuberance was observed over the dorsal aspect of the right wrist. CT report showed bony outgrowth over the dorsum of the capitate extending beyond the carpometacarpal joint. In surgical intervention, the mass was removed from the base, which grossly had an appearance of chondral origin. The biopsy report confirmed the diagnosis of exostosis (osteochondroma). Hence, excising the exostosis surgically led to achievement of adequate motion of the patient's wrist along with the additional cosmetic correction benefit.

(216) Efficacy of Novel Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injections for Penile Girth Enhancement

Abstract Introduction There has been renewed public and professional interest in the topic of cosmetic penile girth enhancement. Hyaluronic acid (HA) injections have been proposed as a safer alternative to surgical options, however limited data exist regarding efficacy. Objective The purpose of our study was to evaluate average girth changes and related metrics in men undergoing penile girth enhancement with sequential administration of HA dermal filler at a single site. Methods We performed a retrospective review of men who underwent penile girth enhancement with HA from May 17, 2022 to April 28, 2023. Results 155 men underwent penile girth enhancement with HA filler and were instructed to follow a strict post-injection protocol. On average, men experienced a 0.633 cm increase in girth per treatment receiving an average of 12.5 total syringes over 2.2 treatments. Ultimately, all men receiving multiple treatments experienced an average girth increase of 1.8 cm as measured prior to their final treatment. 23 men who received 4 treatments or more experienced an average girth increase of 2.952 cm as measured prior to their final treatment. Of the 155 men treated, 19 (12.3%) required cosmetic correction with either hyaluronidase or abobotulinumtoxinA. Conclusions Our study suggests that injection of HA dermal filler is an effective option for men desiring non-surgical penile girth enhancement. Further studies are needed to better characterize outcomes and optimal treatment protocols. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: PhalloFill.

KNOWLEDGE AMONG SULAIMANIYAH POPULATION TOWARDS INJECTABLE FACIAL FILLERS

BackgroundAny operation that involves cosmetic correction and alteration of existing bodily features is referred to as a cosmetic procedure. It also covers surgical operations like liposuction, rhinoplasty, breast augmentation, and minimally invasive procedures like botulinum toxin injections and fillers.&#x0D; ObjectivesTo explore and evaluate participants’ personal and subjective views on facial fillers in the Sulaimani governorate.&#x0D; Patients and MethodsOne hundred and sixty-one participants were recruited over three months from 6 January 2022 to 8 April 2022; all the participants were approached with a questionnaire regarding their personal and subjective views on facial fillers, and informed consent was taken before participating.&#x0D; ResultsThe recruited population for the work includes 111 females and 60 males, with an F/M ratio of 1.85. The main reason listed by most of the participants (n=102, 69.56%) who have or are considering undergoing facial fillers are their concerns about visible ageing signs and facial appearance; the (n=29, 18.01%) listed that people’s influence and the fact that they compare themselves with other people and people from the social media has encouraged them to opt facial fillers.&#x0D; ConclusionHalf of the participants understood the procedure enough, although they needed more information regarding the facial fillers’ side effects. Most participants do not even feel they would need to hide that they have undergone any procedure, which is the ultimate level of acceptance.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of A New Pigment Correction Cosmetic Protocol in Caucasian Women with Melasma

Melasma is one of the most prevalent acquired pigmentation disorders, especially among women due to its hormonal background. There is a wide variety of therapeutic alternatives available for its treatment given its multifactorial origin and complexity. Cosmetic protocols based on depigmenting agents remain one of the cornerstones of melasma treatment. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new cosmetic pigment correction protocol in the treatment of melasma in Caucasian women. Methods: A single-blind, prospective, single-center study was conducted in 20 women between 25 and 65 years of age, phototypes II-IV with mildmoderate facial melasma. For 90 days patients applied a sunscreen and moisturizing cream in the morning and a pigment correction protocol at night consisting of a skin retinization regime combining two formulations with Retinsphere® technology. (Neoretin DC Ultra emulsion and Neoretin DC transition cream). Treatment results were evaluated by clinical assessment, Observ® photography and non-invasive instrumental measurements such as the erythema and melanin index by Mexameter. The Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) were recorded, and patients completed both a quality of life questionnaire (MELASQoL) and a subjective evaluation. Results: MASI score was significantly reduced at all study visits, with a significant reduction in the area and severity of melasma already observed at 30 days and a 48% reduction at the end of treatment. In the opinion of the investigator and patients, some degree of improvement was reported in 95% of patients at the end of treatment and neither patients nor the investigator reported worsening of melasma at the end of treatment as compared to baseline. The degree of melasma improvement observed by patients increased progressively and significantly from day 45 onwards, reaching an improvement of almost 70% at the end of the treatment. The adverse effects evaluated, (peeling, erythema, burning, tightness, irritation, and itching) increased gradually, being higher at T45 and T60, coinciding with the greater frequency of application of the formulations. Effects were however transient and in no case reached statistical significance or required treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: The cosmetic pigment correction protocol under study appears to be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of melasma. The retinization regime, which consisted in the gradual application of the more powerful formulation alternated with a transition formulation, made it possible to achieve both efficacy and good tolerability to the therapeutic regimen.

Pattern of Various Male Breast Diseases in a Tertiary Care Centre of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, India- A Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: A small percentage of men are affected by breast diseases and awareness of male breast disease is less and presentation is often delayed due to embarrassment. The most common presentation is gynaecomastia, where cosmetic correction is sought. Over the last two decades the rate of male breast complaints increased from 0.8% to 2.4%, while 1% of all breast cancer occur in males. Aim: To study the pattern of various male breast diseases in a tertiary care centre of Aurangabad District in Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical interventional study was carried out in 44 male patients above age of 12 years coming with complaints related to breast to Department of General Surgery of Government Medical College, Aurangabad from 1st August 2017 to 31st July 2019. Detailed history was taken and any underlying causative disease/risk factor or medication if any was noted. Thorough clinical examination and laboratory investigations were done. Ultra-sonography of breast was done in all patients. Mammography was done in three patients who were having clinical suspicion of malignancy. Continuous variables were presented as mean, Standard Deviation (SD) or median if the data is unevenly distributed. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results: The youngest patient was 12 years old and eldest was 85 years old. In the present study, 38 benign and 6 malignant male breast diseases were diagnosed. Out of total, 33 had gynaecomastia, 2 had breast abscess, 5 Infiltrating duct carcinoma and 1 each of mastitis, eczema of nipple, sebaceous cyst of areola and primary breast sarcoma. Out of 44 patients, 12 patients underwent surgery for benign and malignant breast diseases, 24 patients of gynaecomastia were managed by reassurance, 5 males with infiltrating ductal carcinoma were managed by modified radical mastectomy and 3 patients by medical therapy. Conclusion: It was concluded that benign male breast diseases were more common and ultrasound together with mammography should be used to differentiate characteristics of benign and malignant male breast lesions.

Management of Hallux Valgus in adults by Chveron Corrective Osteotomy

Background: Hallux valgus is a complex deformity and although not common but difficult to treat .It started from first row and then involve the entire foot. There are many surgical techniques to treat this problem. Both soft tissue procedures and bony osteotomies are mentioned in literatures but still there is no any gold standard. We used soft tissues procedure and cheveron osteotomy for treatment. Coughlin classification was used to assess the outcome Aim: To assess the outcome of cheveron corrective osteotomy to treat hallux valgus deformity in adult by using Coughlin’s classification. Methods: We operated 15 adults patients with hallus valgus in Mayo hospital Lahore between 1-6-19 to 31-12-19 .Both soft tissues and bony procedure were done, Coughlin's classification used to assess the pre operative and post operative deformity. Results: From total 15 patients 5 were male (27.3%) and 10 were female (72.7%). The mean age was 31.63 years (SD =1,689), ranging from 20 to 50 years old. Right side was involved in 4 (26.66%) patients foot affected, left side was involved in 5(33.33%) patients and both sides were involved in 6(40%) patients. Postoperatively, 12 patients (72.7%) showed the first ray angles within acceptable values. All patients had cosmetic correction and 13 patients (90.9%) had relief of pain and suitability for footwear. Conclusion: Chevron osteotomy is effective safe and treatment of choice in adults . Key words: Soft tissues, Hallux Valgus, Chevron osteotomy

State of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with deviation of the nasal septum

Violation of the ecological state of the environment has led to the fact that the center of gravity in otorhinolaryngology has shifted towards rhinology. The curvature of the nasal septum is the most common cause of persistent and severe obstruction of nasal breathing, as well as violations of all the numerous functions of the nose, the development of inflammatory and degenerative processes in the upper respiratory tract. In the case of trouble-free functioning of the nasal cavity of a person, first of all, he is worried (or not worried) by the existing cosmetic function, its preservation or correction. However, the situation changes dramatically when there are disorders of the respiratory, olfactory, protective functions of the nasal cavity. Violation of these functions can cause a person to have complaints and symptoms that are understandable to him, such as difficulty in nasal breathing, one or two sides, excessive secretion of nasal secretions, postnasal rhinorrhea, frequent acute sinusitis or exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, and it is not clear how headache pain, otitis media, dysfunction of the auditory tube, manifestations of rhinocardinal, rhinocerebral and rhinopulmonary reflexes. And not the last place in the occurrence of these complaints and conditions belongs to the nasal septum.

Retrospective study of the absorbable braided polydioxanone threads' usefulness in the aged lower eyelids' rejuvenation.

Tear trough deformity, hyperpigmentation, and skin laxity of the lower eyelid make individuals appear fatigued and elderly. Many patients prefer less invasive, cosmetic correction of the aged lower eyelid. Polydioxanone (PDO)-barbed threads introduced braided fine threads design, which works as a template for attraction of the regenerative factors and for cells' migration and proliferation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the outcomes of simultaneous additional application of braided type PDO threads (N-scaffold) for aged lower eyelids' rejuvenation in patients, who underwent the midface PDO thread lifting. A total of 30 patients with mildly loose skin in the facial area, who underwent the thread lifting using PDO threads, were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, 15 patients per group. The first group underwent the midface thread lifting using PDO threads ("non-SCA" group). The second group underwent midface thread lifting in combination with braided PDO threads for tear trough deformity improvement ("N-scaffold" group). The results were evaluated subjectively, based on the patients' satisfaction rates, and objectively, by evaluating photographs. According to Barton's grading system, 7 months after the treatment, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups: 1.733 ± 0.74 in the non-SCA group and 0.733 ± 0.83 in the N-scaffold group (p < 0.05). Based on patients' self-assessment, there was a significant difference at 7months after the treatment: 2.86 ± 0.84 in "non-SCA" group and 3.76 ± 0.90 in "N-scaffold" group, p < 0.05. Complications such as persistent swelling, hematoma, skin irregularity, and infection were not observed during follow-up assessments. The application of braided type PDO threads (N-scaffold) as part of the midface thread lifting, for aged lower eyelids rejuvenation appears to be effective and safe within a period. This study suggests that PDO threads insertion may be a useful, additional, and non-invasive tool for the aged lower eyelids rejuvenation.

Tessier cranio-facial clefts presenting to a tertiary eye care center in Northern India: Ophthalmic features and a review of management.

Purpose:Tessier classification is used to classify congenital facial cleft disorders utilizing the anatomical location of the cleft and its extension. The orbital and ocular morbidities associated with the birth disorder are numerous. The authors decided to perform a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of the patients who presented to a tertiary care hospital with orbito-cranial clefts.Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with craniofacial clefts who had presented to a tertiary eye care hospital in northern India in the last 2 years (January 2019–December 2020). The clinical features were studied, entered in MS Excel, and the data were evaluated.Results: The data of 40 patients with Tessier cleft were found. The majority of the patients were male and presented in the pediatric age group. Unilateral involvement was more common, with maxillary hypoplasia being the most common facial anomaly associated. Eyelid coloboma and euryblepharon was the most common periocular finding; lateral epibulbar dermoid and corneal opacity were the most common ocular surface anomaly. The majority of patients had presented for cosmetic correction. The syndromic association was with Goldenhar syndrome (n = 13), Fraser (n = 2), and one each of Treacher Collins, blepharocheilodontic, organoid nevus, and oculo-dento-digital syndrome. Combined clefts were also seen.Conclusion: Tessier cleft classification is a useful tool to classify cranio-facial left anomalies. Multitudes of ocular and orbital anomalies can be associated with their different forms. Better knowledge and understanding of the classification will aid immensely in predicting the ocular defects and planning their management.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Dorsal Flap in Surgical Repair of Hypospadias by Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty

Background: Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the urethral meatus opening which is located anywhere along the length of the penis except the tip of the glans. The management of this congenital disease is surgical and comprises orthoplasty, urethroplasty, glanuloplasty and cosmetic correction. Urethroplasty is the key step of surgical correction of hypospadias. . Tubularized incision plate (TIP) urethroplasty by dorsal flap is frequently used for distal hypospadias. The reason for the preference is usually wide acceptability of low post-surgical complications and optimum cosmetic results. Other techniques include urethral plate augmentation and urethral plate replacement. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of dorsal flap assisted TIP urethroplasty in patients with hypospadias of recruited population. The effectiveness will be measured against postoperative outcomes such as wound rupture, wound necrosis, meatal stenosis, and urethrocutaneous fistula formation. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted on 11 primary hypospadias cases undergoing TIPU in Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi for the period of one year from November 2020 to October 2021. The inclusion criteria included infants with distal and midshaft hypospadias with sufficient width of the urethral plate. Whereas individuals with proximal hypospadias or other factors complicating the surgical procedure were excluded from the study population. Result: The total number of participants included was 11 children. The age of participants varied between 18 – and 28 months with a mean age of 24.2 ± 3.1 months. The meatus opening was seen at the distal end near the coronal sulcus in 8 participants whereas 3 participants showed preoperative meatus opening in the distal third of the shaft. An immediate follow up was done at 2 weeks intervals to assess wound health and situation. 1 out of 11 infants showed wound dehiscence which was immediately corrected. A late follow up was carried out after 2-3 years, no case presented with significant complications such as urethrocutaneous fistula or stenosis of the meatus. Conclusion: the study shows measured the post-operative complications followed by TIP urethroplasty using a dorsal flap. Immediate complications showed a single case of wound dehiscence. Whereas all long term follows up after 2-3 years showed no significant complications. After predisposing the clinical outcomes of this research against and in favour of pre-existing literature, it is concluded that dorsal flaps assisted TIP urethroplasty is a safe surgical procedure and is effective in terms of avoiding postoperative complications in individuals with hypospadias. Keywords: Dorsal flap, Hypospadias, Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

“LIP SHAVE” TECHNIQUE: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE PRESENTATION

Introduction: Actinic cheilitis is a pre-malignant condition, mostly located on the lower lip, and can progress to squamous cell carcinoma, with higher tendency for metastasis than cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Several methods of treatment have been proposed, like electrosurgery and excision of the actinic damage via laser treatment. However, all methods have limitations. On the other hand, the surgical technique known as “lip shave”, achieves complete removal of the lesion, and promotes the reconstruction of the vermilion border. Case presentation: A 65-years old patient was referred to our Department for treatment of a lesion extended to the whole lower lip, diagnosed as actinic cheilitis after partial biopsy and histopathological examination. Under local anesthesia the outlined lesion was entirely excised, while the lip is was firmly immobilised with the thumb. After the mucosa was first elevated by sharp dissection from one corner, it was then conveniently removed by curved, pointed scissors down to the muscular layer. After securing haemostasis, three “key sutures” were first placed, in order to achieve an even symmetrical closure. The final closure of the wound was achieved with continuous locking suture. Conclusion: The "lip shave" is a non-deforming plastic and reconstructive procedure of great value for prophylaxis and treatment of lip cancer, and for cosmetic correction of certain congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic lip deformities.

Arteriovenous Malformation of Upper Lip - a short cure for gross deformity

Aim: To evaluate the safety and success of facial artery ligation alone in arteriovenous malformation of upper lip in non-affording patients. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted at Department of Plastic surgery, on 11 consecutive patients with recurrent upper lip arteriovenous malformation who couldn’t afford angioembolization and frequent hospital visits for staged procedures. We did debulking of lesion after facial artery ligation and cosmetic lip correction. Results: Total 11 patients (9 males and 2 females) were included in this study. Majority of patients showed satisfactory results with facial artery ligation alone. One patient lost the follow up. No significant complication was noted in any patient. No recurrence was noted at 6 months and 1 year follow-up. Patient satisfaction rate remained 8.6±0.96 as per VAC. Conclusion: facial artery ligation alone provides an easy and approachable option for arteriovenous malformation where cost affordability for angioemboization and repeated hospital visits are main limitations. Keywords: Arteriovenous malformation, endovascular embolization, debulking, recurrence, cosmetic

Printing Nanostructure Holograms on Contact Lenses via Direct Laser Ablation

Commercially available hydrogel-based soft contact lenses are extensively used for cosmetic or vision correction purposes. Such lenses are typically manufactured from tailored hydrogel composites, with high water contents for comfort, softness and oxygen permeability. Our research group has achieved the fabrication of nanostructures on these hydrogels-based soft commercial contact lenses. This challenging task of producing nanostructures on a soft, fragile, hydrated, and curved surface of a contact lens was achieved through the usage of holographic laser ablation. Self-interference of a pulsed nanosecond laser was used to selectively ablate the absorbing media placed on the contact lenses surface. These nanostructures act as optical transducers and they can be used for sensing various parameters on the ocular surfaces, paving the way forward for smart contact lenses.