Colorants In Cosmetics Research Articles

Developmental Toxicity Assay for Food Additive Tartrazine Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Cultures

Tartrazine (TTZ) is an azo dye used as a colorant in food products, drugs, and cosmetics. The present study evaluates the impacts of TTZ on embryonic development of zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Laboratory-raised D. rerio embryos (n = 20/concentration) were exposed to graded dilutions of TTZ (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, and 100 mM) from gastrulation stage (5.25 hours postfertilization [hpf]) until hatching and developmental trajectory was traced up to day 7. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC), median lethal concentration (LC50), median effective concentration (EC50), and teratogenic index (TI) were calculated. Exposure of embryos to < 10 mM TTZ had no effects; 20 to 30 mM TTZ caused tail bending, cardiac and yolk sac edema in 50% of larvae; in 30 to 50 mM TTZ-exposed embryos the heart rates declined along with the above mentioned deformities, causing mortality within 96 to 144 hpf; development ceased completely at 75 to 100 mM concentration. The NOEC and LC50 were recorded at 5 and 29.4 mM dose, respectively. The EC50 values for heart rate, cardiac edema, tail bending, and hatching success were at 59.60, 53.81, 98.28, and 58.97 mM with TI quotient 0.49, 0.54, 0.29, and 0.49, respectively. We conclude that TTZ is not embryo toxic/teratogenic for zebrafish embryos up to a dose level of 10 mM concentration.

Evaluation of metabolism of azo dyes and their effects on Staphylococcus aureus metabolome.

Dyes containing one or more azo linkages are widely applied in cosmetics, tattooing, food and drinks, pharmaceuticals, printing inks, plastics, leather, as well as paper industries. Previously we reported that bacteria living on human skin have the ability to reduce some azo dyes to aromatic amines, which raises potential safety concerns regarding human dermal exposure to azo dyes such as those in tattoo ink and cosmetic colorant formulations. To comprehensively investigate azo dye-induced toxicity by skin bacteria activation, it is very critical to understand the mechanism of metabolism of the azo dyes at the systems biology level. In this study, an LC/MS-based metabolomics approach was employed to globally investigate metabolism of azo dyes by Staphylococcus aureus as well as their effects on the metabolome of the bacterium. Growth of S. aureus in the presence of Sudan III or Orange II was not affected during the incubation period. Metabolomics results showed that Sudan III was metabolized to 4-(phenyldiazenyl) aniline (48%), 1-[(4-aminophenyl) diazenyl]-2-naphthol (4%) and eicosenoic acid Sudan III (0.9%). These findings indicated that the azo bond close to naphthalene group of Sudan III was preferentially cleaved compared with the other azo bond. The metabolite from Orange II was identified as 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (35%). A much higher amount of Orange II (~90×) was detected in the cell pellets from the active viable cells compared with those from boiled cells incubated with the same concentration of Orange II. This finding suggests that Orange II was primarily transported into the S. aureus cells for metabolism, instead of the theory that the azo dye metabolism occurs extracellularly. In addition, the metabolomics results showed that Sudan III affected energy pathways of the S. aureus cells, while Orange II had less noticeable effects on the cells. In summary, this study provided novel information regarding azo dye metabolism by the skin bacterium, the effects of azo dyes on the bacterial cells and the important role on the toxicity and/or inactivation of these compounds due to microbial metabolism.

Tartrazine induced changes in physiological and biochemical parameters in Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus

Now-a-days synthetic food dyes are being used most commonly as food colorant in confectionaries, drugs and cosmetics. Present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of Tartrazine, a widely used azo dye, on Swiss Albino Mice. Experimental animals were treated with tested dye at a dose level 200mg/kg & 400mg/kg body weight along with normal diet. Various physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed to study the toxic effect of tartrazine. Our study revealed a highly noticeable decrease in the body weight gain of mice at 400mg/kg dose compared with the control group. A significant variation in the average weight of the major organs (heart, kidney & liver) was also observed. The average weights of the heart & kidney were increased whereas the average weight of liver was decreased significantly. Serum triglyceride, creatinine and bilirubin levels were significantly increased but in contrast cholesterol level was decreased in the groups of mice treated with Tartrazine. Tartrazine has the the use of this dye in confectionaries, drugs and cosmetics.

Cosmetic coloration in Egyptian vultures: Mud bathing as a tool for social communication?

Financial support was received by a Marie Curie Fellowship by TVO and to JD by project CGL2015‐66966‐C2‐1‐2‐R (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and EU/FEDER) and by the Canarian Government and Cabildo Insular de Fuerteventura.

Phycobiliproteins: A Novel Green Tool from Marine Origin Blue-Green Algae and Red Algae.

Marine species are comprising about a half of the whole global biodiversity; the sea offers an enormous resource for novel bioactive compounds. Several of the marine origin species show multifunctional bioactivities and characteristics that are useful for a discovery and/or reinvention of biologically active compounds. For millennia, marine species that includes cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and red algae have been targeted to explore their enormous potential candidature status along with a wider spectrum of novel applications in bio- and non-bio sectors of the modern world. Among them, cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes, phylogenetically a primitive group of Gramnegative prokaryotes, ranging from Arctic to Antarctic regions, capable of carrying out photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. In the recent decade, a great deal of research attention has been paid on the pronouncement of bio-functional proteins along with novel peptides, vitamins, fine chemicals, renewable fuel and bioactive compounds, e.g., phycobiliproteins from marine species, cyanobacteria and red algae. Interestingly, they are extensively commercialized for natural colorants in food and cosmetics, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective agents and fluorescent neo-glycoproteins as probes for single particle fluorescence imaging fluorescent applications in clinical and immunological analysis. However, a comprehensive knowledge and technological base for augmenting their commercial utilities are lacking. Therefore, this paper will provide an overview of the phycobiliproteins-based research literature from marine cyanobacteria and red algae. This review is also focused towards analyzing global and commercial activities with application oriented-based research. Towards the end, the information is also given on the potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of phycobiliproteins.

A simple and fast method for extraction and quantification of cryptophyte phycoerythrin

The microalgal pigment phycoerythrin (PE) is of commercial interest as natural colorant in food and cosmetics, as well as fluoroprobes for laboratory analysis. Several methods for extraction and quantification of PE are available but they comprise typically various extraction buffers, repetitive freeze-thaw cycles and liquid nitrogen, making extraction procedures more complicated. A simple method for extraction of PE from cryptophytes is described using standard laboratory materials and equipment. The cryptophyte cells on the filters were disrupted at −80°C and added phosphate buffer for extraction at 4°C followed by absorbance measurement. The cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina was used as a model organism.•Simple method for extraction and quantification of phycoerythrin from cryptophytes.•Minimal usage of equipment and chemicals, and low labor costs.•Applicable for industrial and biological purposes.

Red, White and Black: Colors of Beauty, Tints of Health and Cosmetic Materials in Early Modern English Art Writing.

Alongside Richard Haydocke's translation of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo's treatise on painting (1598), the article examines concepts of color concerning cosmetics, painting and complexion as they relate to aesthetics, artistic and medical practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Beginning with white and red as ideal colors of beauty in Agnolo Firenzuola's Discourse on the beauty of women (1541), the essay places color in relation to major issues in art, medicine and empiricism by discussing beauty as a quality of humoral theory and its colors as visual results of physiological processes. Challenging the relation of art and nature, gender and production, Lomazzo's account of complexion and Haydocke's additions on cosmetic practices and face-painting provide key passages that shed light on the relation of cosmetics colors, art writing and artistic practices at the convergence of the body, art and medicine in the context of the emerging English virtuosi around 1600.

Color Stability Evaluation of Pigment Extracted from Hylocereus polyrhizus, Clitorea ternatae and Pandanus amaryllfolius as Cosmetic Colorants and Premarket Survey on Customer Acceptance on Natural Cosmetic Product

As public concern towards the long term effect of synthetic materials used in cosmetic formulations, such as the synthetic colorant, therefore natural ingredients are getting more preferred. In this research, evaluation of potential natural colorant extracted from H.polyrhizus, C.ternatae and P.amaryllfolius were investigated in terms of pigments stability against heat exposure. Pigments from each sample were exposed at different temperatures (30°C, 37°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C). Color intensities were measured at 517 nm and compared with control over a week to observe color changes and absorbance readings. Heat treatments were done to investigate the suitability of pigments to be incorporated as colorant in cosmetics products (lipstick) because the production of lipstick required high temperature to melt the ingredients. Pigments from H.polyrhizus showed to be most stable after heat treatment in comparison to C.ternatae and P.amaryllfolius. A premarket survey was done to investigate the customer acceptance on natural vs. synthetic products. Extracts from H. Polyrhizus (red), C.ternatae (blue) and P.amaryllfolius (green) were used to produce natural lipstick where matching synthetic colorant were used to produce another set of lipstick. An online survey was sent to 50 respondents all over the world from the age of 16-52 years old to investigate acceptance on the natural vs. synthetic product. Ranking test (Likert Scale) and hedonistic test were used to compare the best accepted product, color and pH. The consumer acceptance was investigated using the Ranking Test (Likert Scale) and Hedonic Scale test. At the end of the investigation, natural red lipstick was being chosen as the best preferred lipstick at 80% regarding its color and pH. All statistical analysis was done by SPSS and p value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. The finding suggested that natural colorant (red) was more preferred in comparison to synthetic colorant in cosmetic product based on its color and pH preferences. Thus, focus should be directed towards use of H.polyrhizus in cosmetic products due to higher stability and customer preferences.

Torularhodin and Torulene: Bioproduction, Properties and Prospective Applications in Food and Cosmetics - a Review

Torularhodin and torulene are two widespread microbial carotenoids with relatively few studies, as compared to other nutraceutical carotenoids such as β-carotene, lycopene and astaxanthin. Several genera of microorganisms produce it in high concentration (up to 0.1% of the cell dry weight), probably as a protection against photooxidation and free radicals. These pigments, which differ by a terminal carboxylic group, have provitamin-A activity and, being red, have potential use as food and cosmetic color additives. Several factors affect the biosynthesis of these substances, including: the composition of culture media, light irradiation, which may enhance the carotenoid production up to 25% of the non-irradiated cultures, and temperature, which changes the carotenoid balance towards more of the acidic carotenoid (torularhodin) or the hydrocarbon (torulene). The biomass may be directly extracted using non polar solvents such as hexane or a hexane-acetone mixture, without need of cell disruption. Extensive purification is not needed for using the pigments as food or cosmetic additives, but it is still necessary to evaluate the bioactivity of the pigments in humans.

Simultaneous determination of 38 limited colorants in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography

A method has been established for the simultaneous determination of 38 limited colorants in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The samples were extracted by ultrasonic with tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ammonium acetate solution as extraction solvents. After centrifugation, nitrogen blow and redissolved in turn, the extracts were separated on an Agilent zorbax SB-Aq column (150 mm x 3.0 mm, 3.5 µm) using a gradient elution program with acetonitrile and 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 0.075% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phases. The detection wavelengths were set at 254, 416, 484, 514, 590 and 620 nm. The linear ranges of the 38 target compounds were all in the range of 1 to 10 mg/L with correlation coefficients more than 0.999. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for the 38 colorants were in the range of 5-50 µg/g. The average recoveries at two spiked levels ranged from 93.2% to 107.6% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10% (n = 6). This method is accurate, simple, sensitive and reliable, and can be used for the analysis of the 38 limited colorants in cosmetics.

Other Notable Methods of Membrane Protein Detection: A Brief Review.

Several techniques have been employed to detect proteins on membranes. These include the use of quantum dot luminescent labels, oxyblot immunochemical detection, polymer immunocomplexes, "coupled" probing approach, in situ renaturation of proteins for detecting enzyme activities in crude or purified preparations, immunochromatographic assay, western-phosphatase assay, and use of Congo red dye (a cosmetic color named Alta), Pro-Q Emerald 488 dye, or amine-reactive dye in combination with alkaline phosphatase- and horseradish peroxidase-antibody conjugates for the simultaneous trichromatic fluorescence detection of proteins. Several methods have been used to improve the detection of proteins on membranes, including glutaraldehyde treatment of nitrocellulose blots, elimination of keratin artifacts in immunoblots probed with polyclonal antibodies, and washing of immunoblots with excessive water and manipulation of Tween-20 in wash buffer. These methods are briefly reviewed in this chapter.

Introduction: Art and Trade in the Age of Global Encounters, 1492–1800

This special issue focuses on the new materials that became available as a result of global trade. These new commodities brought great changes to the early modern world, particularly to the arts and crafts. Knowledge about the acquisition of, and trade in, such materials increasingly alters our view of history. Before 1856, natural colorants were the only sources of colors for dyeing and painting; humans were always searching for them. The plants, minerals, and insects of the New World created pigments for painting, colorants for cosmetics, dyes for textiles, and even treatments for medical conditions.

Betanin--a food colorant with biological activity.

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments that are subdivided in red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. Due to glycosylation and acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. Betanin (betanidin-5-O-β-glucoside) is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. According to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalains and betalain-rich foods (e.g. red beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. Betanin is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and exhibits gene-regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. Betanin may induce phase II enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, betanin possibly prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects of red beet seem to be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than by betanin per se.

Development of Emulsification containing Natural Colorant from Local Plant (Roselle)

Application of water-in-oil emulsion in the formulation of color cosmetic is very common. However using natural water-soluble pigments as cosmetic colorant is not general in the cosmetic industry although we knew the side effect from using synthetic colorant. This study concerns one of the most important problems in using natural pigment which was to obtain the lip moisturizer formulation and to determine emulsion stability. Roselle is a local potential pigment source which is added into castor oil as the oil phase with the aid of Span 80 and Tween 85 as emulsifier. Several emulsions were prepared using different proportions of emulsifiers and the most suitable hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value for color emulsions was determined to continue with the finding of stable formulation. In addition, stable formulation was determined and emulsions stability were studied during the observation period. Emulsions were analyzed by using viscosity measurement, in order to determine a suitable formulation of emulsion. The formulation of emulsion was stabilized under HLB value of 5.3 which is 75% of Span 80 and 25 % of Tween 85.

경기도 지역 콘택트렌즈 착용실태 조사

콘택트렌즈 착용 실태와 콘택트렌즈 보관용기의 관리 소독에 대한 실태조사를 통하여 경기도 지역 콘택트렌즈 착용실태를 알아보고자 하였다. 2013년 1월부터 7월까지 콘택트렌즈를 구매하고자 안경원에 내원한 고객 중 설문에 응한 중 고등학생 및 대학생 200명을 대상으로 하였다. 콘택트렌즈 착용 종류는 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈가 139명(55.16%)으로 가장 많았으며, 여성이 177명(88.5%), 남성이 23명(11.5%)으로 나타났다. 콘택트렌즈를 같이 사용한 경험이 있냐는 설문에 대한 응답은 37명(18.5%)이 '있다'라고 응답하였으며, 콘택트렌즈 보관 용기의 교체 여부에 대해서는 '교체하지 않는다'라는 응답이 103명(51.5%)이었으며, 콘택트렌즈 착용자의 안경 사용률을 알아보기 위한 안경이 있는지에 대한 응답에서는 '안경이 있다'라는 응답이 148명(74%))으로 나타났다. 또한, 콘택트렌즈 처음 착용 시기는 중학교가 127명(63.5%)으로 가장 많았으며, 안경 처음 착용 시기는 초등학교 4-6학년이 65명(43.92%)으로 나타났다. 콘택트렌즈는 미용의 목적보다는 시력교정을 위한 목적으로 눈의 건강상태에 맞는 콘택트렌즈 착용이 필요한 것으로 생각되며 콘택트렌즈 착용자의 정기 검사 및 올바른 콘택트렌즈 관리를 위한 안경사의 역할이 중요한 것으로 생각된다. To investigate the wear status of contact lenses by analyzing care of contact lenses container and actual condition of people wearing contact lenses and in Gyeonggido. The results were based on a questionnaire survey of 200 people who are the students of the middle school, the high school and the college among the clients of opticians to purchase contact lenses for six months from January 2013 to July 2013. According to the poll, the highest number of those polled, 139 (55.16%) people, said they were wearing cosmetic color contact lenses. Female respondents and male respondents were in the proportion of 177 (88.5%) to 23 (11.5%), respectively. 37 people (18.5%) who responded said "yes" to the question of them sharing contact lenses and glasses. 103 people (51.5%) answered "no" to the question of regularly replacing their lens containers. 148 people (74%) answered "yes" to the question of having glasses in order to investigate contact lens wearers user rate of glasses. The highest number of respondents, 127 people (63.5%), said "middle school" was the first time that they wore contacts. Meanwhile, 65 people (43.92%) said they initiated wearing glasses at 4th-6th grades. It is considered that it is necessary using proper contact lenses suitable for the clients' eye health in order of vision correction, rather than for cosmetic purposes. The role of the optician is considered to be very important for the proper management of the appropriate contact lens hygiene and regular optical check-ups of the contact lens wearers.

Simultaneous determination of 6 forbidden colorants in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method of high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has been established for the simultaneous determination of six forbidden colorants including Sudan IV, Acid Violet 49, Sudan Blue 2, Solvent Red 49, Basic Violet 1 and Pigment Orange 5 in cream and powdery matrix cosmetics. The samples were extracted with ethanol-acetonitrile (3:2, v/v) solution by ultrasonic technique for 20 min, then centrifuged for purification and enriched by nitrogen blowing sequentially. The analytes were isolated on a Luna C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) by gradient elution with methanol and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phases, and detected by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The qualitative analysis was based on the retention time and the relative abundance ratio of the characteristic ions, and the quantitative analysis on calibration curve method. The results showed that the limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N= 10) of the six colorants ranged from 0.1 to 10 microg/kg and the average recoveries were from 86.67% to 98.22% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 4.01% to 7.01%. The method is simple and rapid with high sensitivity and good reproducibility, and suitable for the determination of the six forbidden colorants in cosmetics.

Metals in Lip Products - A Cause for Concern?

Metals in Lip Products - A Cause for Concern?

Simultaneous determination of 10 synthetic colorants in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 10 synthetic colorants in cosmetics. The cosmetics were extracted by the ultrasonic technique with tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol sequentially. Then the extracts were centrifuged for purification and separated on an Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with gradient elution by acetonitrile and 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate (pH 4.60, adjusted with acetic acid). A diode array detector was used to determine the colorants with the wavelengths ranging from 417 nm to 640 nm. The linear relationships of the 10 colorants between the peak areas and the mass concentrations were obtained in the range of 0.5-20.0 mg/L (r > 0.999). The limits of quantitation ranged from 10 to 20 mg/kg. The average recoveries at three concentration levels ranged from 92.9% to 108.8% with the relative standard deviations in the range of 0.5% to 6.1% (n = 6). The method is simple, rapid and sensitive. It is suitable for the simultaneous determination of the 10 colorants in the oil cosmetics, cream cosmetics and powder cosmetics.

Simultaneous determination of 11 restricted dyes in cosmetics by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, fast, and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 restricted water-soluble colorants (including Tartrazine, Amaranth, Ponceau 4RC, Sunset Yellow, Allura Red AC, Acid Red 2G, Ponceau SX, Brilliant Blue FCF, Orange I, Acid Black 1, and Acid Orange 7) in eye shadow, lipstick, lip gloss, and other cosmetics by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The conditions of sample preparation and separation were optimized. The UPLC separation was performed on a UPLC HSS T3 column with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. The results showed that the 11 investigated dyes displayed good peak shape within 4 min. The linear ranges were between 0.1 and 50 μg L−1, and the linear correlation coefficients were high (≥0.9942). The limits of quantification were in the range of 4.1–100 μg kg−1. Dyes that spiked in eye shadow, lipstick, and lip gloss in the range of 0.005–2.0 mg kg−1 were tested in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, and recovery. Recoveries obtained for the dyes ranged from 81.6% to 118.2%. Intraday and interday precisions (relative standard deviations) were less than 8%. The results confirmed that UPLC–MS/MS method could be a fast and quantitative technique for the simultaneous determination of restricted dyes in cosmetics.

Recent Developments in Production and Biotechnological Applications of C-Phycocyanin

An extensive range of pigments including phycobiliproteins are present in algae. C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a phycobiliprotein, is one of the key pigments of Spirulina, a microalgae used in many countries as a dietary supplement. Algal pigments have massive commercial value as natural colorants in nutraceutical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, besides their health benefits. At present, increasing awareness of harmful effects of synthetic compounds and inclination of community towards the usage of natural products have led to the exploitation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments/colors. This review describes recent findings about the sources and production of C-PC, with emphasis on specific techniques for extraction and purification, along with potential industrial applications in diagnostics, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.