Corruption In Ukraine Research Articles

CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES IN UKRAINE AND LITHUANIA DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY AND MARTIAL LAW

Background: Martial law in Ukraine and the state of emergency in Lithuania have changed the daily lifestyles of many residents of these countries. The circumstances necessitating the introduction of these special regimes have also increased the risk of illegal activities, including corruption, in these territories. Methods: This study applied a comprehensive approach that included a thorough analysis of Ukrainian and Lithuanian anti-corruption legislation, reports on the implementation of anticorruption measures during the state of emergency in Lithuania and martial law in Ukraine, and content analysis of news media. The researcher surveyed 13 anti-corruption experts in Ukraine and, based on their answers and previous research materials, identified the factors that contribute to the spread of corruption in Ukraine during martial law and in Lithuania during its state of emergency. Survey results were also used to determine measures to control and prevent corruption during periods of exception in these countries. Results and Conclusion: The study of corruption in these contexts provides insight into the factors contributing to the spread of corruption. The anti-corruption experts in Ukraine selected the following factors as the greatest contributors to corruption: inadequate control and supervision (53.8%), increased need for funding (23.1%), lack of transparency and openness (53.8%), vulnerability and citizens’ moral hazards (38.5%), and aggravation of social problems and mistrust in authorities (61.5%). The analysis of these factors made it possible to provide recommendations to enhance the control and prevention of corruption offences in Ukraine and Lithuania. These measures include strengthening the independence of anticorruption bodies, increasing the transparency of government activities, disseminating anticorruption education, promoting international cooperation in combating corruption, and strengthening public control.

Боротьба з корупцією в українському публічному секторі: оцінка ефективності антикорупційних стратегій та шляхи подальшого вдосконалення

The article is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies in the Ukrainian public sector and the determination of ways of their further improvement. The main problems that hinder the successful fight against corruption in the state structures of Ukraine are investigated, and the existing strategies and their results are analysed. Based on the collected information, specific recommendations are offered to improve the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in the public sector. One of the main factors complicating the fight against corruption in Ukraine is the insufficient effectiveness of the legal system, the weakness of law enforcement agencies, and the lack of a clear political will to carry out reforms. Insufficient coordination between various authorities and insufficient control over their activities is often observed, which makes it difficult to detect and punish corruption offences. In the context of anti-corruption strategies in Ukraine, several legislative acts were adopted and specialized agencies, such as the National Anti-Corruption Bureau and the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office, were established. However, some of these measures have not produced the expected results due to insufficient financial support, political pressure or ineffective management. To further improve anti-corruption strategies, it is important to pay attention to several aspects. First, it is necessary to ensure greater transparency and openness in the activities of state bodies, in particular, by implementing a system of electronic document circulation and public reporting. Secondly, it is important to strengthen the mechanisms of control over the activities of public officials and ensure their independence frompolitical influence. Thirdly, it is necessary to reformthe judicial systemto ensure objective examination of corruption cases and imposition of appropriate punishments.

Features of preventing abuse of authority or official position committed by public servants

Corruption in Ukraine is recognized as a threat to national interests, sustainable development and European integration. Despite the significant efforts made by the state and international institutions to overcome corruption in the main spheres of public life, its level still remains high. When defining the essence of corruption, one should first of all proceed from the fact that it cannot be reduced to any specific socially dangerous act, to a specific offense. Corruption is the result of the historical development of society and the state, including Ukrainian society and the Ukrainian state. At the same time, in the last decade, corruption in Ukraine gained an unprecedented scope and influence on political, economic and other social processes. It іs found that the problems of countering corruption in Ukraine in many respects coincide with similar problems in other countries. This coincidence is caused by the same social essence of corruption as the corrosion of power, which consists in the abuse by officials of state authorities and local self-government bodies of power or official position for selfish or other personal interests. Regardless of the differences in the state system, the main socio-economic prerequisites of corruption are the same in principle for all countries − the imperfection of the mechanism of the exercise of power, the desire of subjects endowed with power to use this power for personal purposes, and the main directions of combating corruption − restrictions, neutralization and elimination of its social prerequisites, causes and conditions of corrupt acts, determination of restrictions and prohibitions for civil servants, establishment of responsibility for their violation. The reduction of corruption to a certain type of offense by a certain part of scientists and practitioners is one of the most significant mistakes in the understanding of corruption. Corruption is a social phenomenon that has social conditions, social patterns of development and exerts a negative influence on social processes. Existing in society and being a product of social relations, it permeates various social spheres of society, deforming social relations in different ways.

Organizational and legal basis for the participation of higher education institutions of Ukraine in the implementation of the state’s anti-corruption policy

The present paper reveals the organisational and legal framework for participation of higher education institutions of Ukraine in the implementation of the state’s anti-corruption policy. Based on the analysis of current legislative and subordinate legal acts on combating corruption in Ukraine, as well as legislation on education, the author highlights the legal capabilities of higher education institutions in terms of implementing national anti-corruption policy measures. It is determined that higher education institutions shall organise educational and awareness-raising campaigns with anti-corruption content, carry out activities to ensure the integration of anti-corruption topics into the content of higher education, work to form an attitude of intolerance to corruption in all its manifestations among students, introduce their own forms of activity to cultivate respect for corruption whistleblowers, implement measures to eradicate corruption risks in the internal activities of educational institutions and participants in the educational process, prevent conflicts of interest in the field of education and science, etc. The author proposes the classification of anti-corruption measures initiated and implemented by higher education institutions at the local level. In particular, such measures, depending on the specifics of the subject matter, are grouped into several groups: measures to create and introduce special educational components on anti-corruption into the educational process, organisation of special scientific research on the most pressing issues of anti-corruption and participation in targeted grant programmes on the prevention of corruption, development, adoption and implementation of local regulations on anti-corruption, introduction of a position of a responsible person for anti-corruption activities, and establishment of a special unit for anti-corruption activities. The author substantiates the existing organisational and legal problems of ensuring a high level of efficiency higher education institutions’ participation in the implementation of the state’s anti-corruption policy. In particular, these include legal uncertainty of the criteria and methods for assessing the effectiveness of higher education institutions’ participation in the state’s anti-corruption policy, insufficient legal regulation of preventive anti-corruption measures taken by higher education institutions in the academic environment, and the lack of algorithmisation of the introduction of foreign experience in anti-corruption activities of foreign academies and universities into national practice. The author substantiates the expediency of creating a special international inter-academic platform for borrowing the best foreign experience of anti-corruption activities among participants in educational processes.

On the issue of corruption in the sphere of labor and employment: today’s realities

The problem of corruption in all its manifestations, its causes and methods of overcoming it attracts the attention of a considerable number of scientists. Today, the sphere of labor and employment is not only an important institutional basis for the implementation of corruption and related offenses in the state in general, but also one of the goals of the spread of corruption in the state. The purpose of the article is to study the manifestations of corruption in Ukraine in the field of labor and employment, to identify existing problems in this field and to make proposals for their solution. Currently, the fight against corruption has become a priority of Ukraine’s state policy and part of its international obligations. During the period of the anti-corruption reform, certain results were achieved in this area of state and society activity, in particular, new legislation was adopted, anti-corruption bodies and courts were created, innovative tools for the prevention of corruption were introduced, and the development of public control is ongoing. At the same time, the current labor legislation, although it is quite progressive in terms of protecting the rights of employees, however, in order to more effectively use the opportunities to expose corruption, it needs changes aimed at forming an even greater protective role of labor law. Corruption in the sphere of labor and employment is considered as a special socio-legal phenomenon, which naturally has an extremely negative impact on the sphere of labor and employment, but it is also a phenomenon that can be minimized by labor-legal means (first of all, the normative basis of labor law, labor rights and obligations of subjects of labor law, acts of implementation of labor law, etc.), as well as a number of institutional mechanisms in the relevant field (first of all, the mechanism for preventing and countering nepotism, the mechanism for ensuring the exposure of corruption by employees, the mechanism for ensuring decent work, the mechanism for control and supervision according to the state of compliance with law and order in the sphere of labor and employment, the mechanism for ensuring the protection of information restricted in circulation).

CORRUPTION AS AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL PROBLEM: STRATEGIC MEASURES TO FIGHT CORRUPTION IN UKRAINE

It is determined that during the full-scale war, the corruption system that has existed in Ukraine for decades was able to adapt and quickly develop new niches, including those related to the war. The Great War did not become an impetus for a real fight against or minimization of corruption schemes. Under these conditions, corruption remains a serious factor that negatively affects most processes in the country (economic, social, political, legal, and other), and is an obstacle to NATO membership and state development. It is noted that over the past ten years, a number of anti-corruption laws have been adopted in Ukraine, which demonstrates the confident direction of the state to address this problem. However, their implementation is not sufficient to reduce the level of corruption in the country. To improve the state of anti-corruption measures, it is necessary to ensure the legitimacy of all branches of government, and comprehensive work in this area is important. It is proved that the fight against corruption is a long-term process that requires constant efforts and cooperation from all segments of society, but it is necessary to ensure a comprehensive approach to overcoming corruption. The author identifies the key elements, the introduction and implementation of which, in combination, will reduce corruption to a level that will not pose a serious threat to the State and society, in particular, have the potential to overcome this global phenomenon. In addition, the author outlines strategic measures to minimize corruption in Ukraine.

Risks of Overstressing Corruption: The Case of Ukraine

This paper has as its reference point the issue of corruption in Ukraine, which has recently once again become the subject of attention due to reports that it may be an important factor when it comes to the recalcitrance of some of Ukraine’s Western partners and allies with regard to offering military support for the country’s war effort against Russia. The main objective is to demonstrate how the West’s tendency to overstress this problem, for which the paper offers proof, that could manifest itself in it applying undue pressure on the Ukrainian authorities, entails risks and may have a number of undesirable repercussions due to 1) providing fuel to Russian disinformation campaigns and negatively affecting the perceptions of Ukraine among Western citizens, 2) hampering the Ukrainian military campaign and its appraisal abroad, 3) indirectly contributing to changing the nature of Ukrainian nationalism by making it more exclusionary.

Forecast of Corruption: From Ethical to Pragmatic Considerations

From an ethical standpoint, combating corruption is crucial for promoting justice and equality. The rule of law and ethical governance involves clear standards of behavior for public servants and mechanisms for ensuring these standards are upheld. Corruption undermines public trust in government and democratic institutions and exacerbates social inequality and injustice (disproportionately affects the poor and marginalized groups, denying them access to essential services and opportunities). The fight against corruption during a full-scale war has ethical and purely pragmatic implications for Ukraine, the data of which formed the basis of this study. The lack of tangible progress in the fight against corruption in general, the lack of transparency of many institutional mechanisms in public administration, the revealed corruption schemes in the distribution of international military and humanitarian aid, as well as in the field of public defence procurement, the lack of punishment for corrupt officials in the highest echelons of power threaten the loyalty of international donors and allies, reduce Ukraine’s authority in the international arena, slows down Ukraine’s movement towards the EU, and significantly affects the decisions of foreign partners. The article demonstrates the results of forecasting the future level of corruption in Ukraine (for 2024‒2027) based on the retrospective dynamics of the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International for 1998‒2023. Two economic and mathematical models are used for forecasting: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), which better reflects long-term historical trends and fluctuations, and the exponential smoothing method, which is more sensitive to the latest values of the time series. The statistical analysis package STATISTICA was used for the calculations. The forecasting results are disappointing since both methods showed an expected decrease in the level of corruption in 2024-2027, but in critically low volumes: by 1 point according to the ARIMA model and by 3-4 points according to the exponential smoothing method. The results of this study can serve as a basis for public advocacy campaigns as an argument for the need to radically revise the existing format of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine given its European future.

The Influence of the Digital State on Preventing and Detecting Corruption in Ukraine

The Influence of the Digital State on Preventing and Detecting Corruption in Ukraine

THE GENESIS OF THE SUBJECTIVITY OF THE ALGORITHM FOR THE USE OF NATURAL OBJECTS OF THE PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE

The author points out the need for scientific research into the priority of legal subjectivity among all participants to land relations and the balanced use of natural objects of property rights of the Ukrainian people, including in the agricultural sector, which is considered to be a relevant and key factor in solving the existing problems of land monopoly and corruption in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to systematize and summarize the new knowledge of constitutional land pragmatism gained by the author to substantiate the legal priority of balanced use of natural objects as the main national wealth from the perspective of national interests. The author examines the conceptual, legislative, programmatic, organizational and other approaches to the implementation of the so-called land reform in Ukraine. The author reveals the variability of forms of ownership of land and its natural resources from the beginning of perestroika of the USSR to the present day, which have given rise to the existing “market land problems” in Ukraine on an unconstitutional basis. It is established that the newest innovative interests of ethnic Ukrainians, as well as all full-fledged citizens of Ukraine, especially now, are fully consistent with the constitutionally motivated imperatives of land relations and nature management. It is proved that the introduction of effective forms, methods and means of counteracting the current internal corrupt aggression is a crucial and urgent task. For the first time, the author outlines the invariant features inherent in the Ukrainian ethnos, which are in a state of life-giving humanity, space pioneering, innovative ingenuity, harmony of thinking and creative inspiration, genetically and spiritually passed on (manifested) through the subjectivity of generations of glorious ancestors of ethnic Ukrainians, their families, clans and families. The practical solution to the existing problems in land relations and nature management largely depends on the prompt implementation by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the author’s scientifically based systemic measures of the “New Paradigm for the Implementation of Land Reform in Ukraine”.

Кримінально-правова характеристика кримінальних правопорушень, пов’язаних з корупцією в Україні

The article examines the criminal-legal characterization of criminal offenses related to corruption in Ukraine. Corruption has a high level of latency, it hinders reform efforts, causes significant harm, and negatively affects Ukraine's reputation in international relations. The main risk on the path to European integration lies in how willing the government structures and leadership of the country are to fulfill their obligations and meet the expectations that exist in society today. Therefore, the fundamental issue in this context is the problem of combating corruption, which is currently the most pressing problem in our country. The Criminal Code of Ukraine specifically defines which socially dangerous acts constitute criminal offenses related to corruption for which individuals can be held criminally liable and punished. It is noted that the concepts of corruption, corrupt offense, and offense related to corruption are not defined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, but are elaborated in the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption”. The characteristics of criminal offenses related to corruption are considered, including social danger, unlawfulness, guilt, and commission by a special subject. It is stated that the provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are arranged in separate sections based on the generic object, but the legislator does not adhere to this principle regarding criminal offenses related to corruption, and only Article 45 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine specifies which criminal offenses are classified as offenses related to corruption. It is mentioned that Ukraine has established a system of anti-corruption legislation, which defines the scope of subjects covered by this legislation and the circle of specially authorized subjects in the field of anti-corruption. In addition, the anti-corruption strategy in Ukraine is implemented through the implementation of a state program. Therefore, the legislation establishes a set of requirements and procedures aimed at preventing corruption. All these instruments form a complex of anti-corruption mechanisms that act as a barrier to the commission of criminal offenses related to corruption. However, this legislation must be clear and accessible for application by both theorists and practitioners. It is concluded that criminal offenses related to corruption are clearly defined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine as socially dangerous culpable acts (acts or omissions) that contain signs of corruption and are committed by the subject of the criminal offense related to corruption. As mentioned earlier, the peculiarity of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is that there is no one clear section among its divisions that encompasses all criminal offenses related to corruption, therefore, it is considered appropriate to include a separate section in the Criminal Code of Ukraine to unite all criminal offenses related to corruption in order to ensure proper application of criminal legislation and hold responsible individuals accountable for criminal offenses related to corruption.

Причини та форми корупційної взаємодії у сфері освіти

The problem of corruption is important for many countries because corruption undermines trust in the government, violates the rule of law and leads to socio-economic inequality in the country. In different spheres of society, manifestations of corruption can be observed. Overcoming corruption in the educational environment is an extremely urgent problem since corruption is incompatible with the main purpose of education – to educate and encourage young people to the correct civic position, patriotism, respect for laws and human rights. The link between corruption and the ignorance of the public, the lack of civic engagement, tolerance and global courtesy is traced in the article. It is established that the formation and consolidation in society of the principles of intolerance to corruption are primarily influenced by legal nihilism, which manifests itself in a critical attitude to law as a form of organisation of life in the State. Attention is focused on the exceptional importance of legal education of young people, in particular in the spirit of intolerance to any manifestations of of corruption. It is noted that the causes of corruption in Ukraine are historical and are characterised by a deep penetration of corruption into the sphere of everyday life of society. into the everyday life of society. The article analyses the causes of corruption in the educational sector, which reflect individual factors of corruption in higher education institutions. The main models of corruption practices in education are investigated. It is concluded that the most significant obstacle to the eradication of corruption in education is the interest and acceptance of its existence both on the part of representatives of the teaching staff of educational institutions and students of all levels. Compliance with the requirements of scientific and pedagogical integrity in educational activities, as well as the avoidance of actions influenced by private interests should become the basis of the educational process in Ukraine.

Injustice and poverty as a threat to the national security of Ukraine

Injustice, poverty, socio-economic inequality are analyzed from the point of view of factors that threaten the national security of Ukraine. The sources of injustice lie in the nature of man, his natural selfishness, the desire to satisfy his needs at the expense of other people. Social injustice manifests itself in conflicts between society and the government, and individuals. Economic manifestations of injustice are noticeable when the principle of equivalence of remuneration for an individual’s work is violated in social relations or there is non-equivalent punishment for the damage caused. Injustice in the sphere of political relations manifests itself as a violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens guaranteed by current legislation. Injustice in legal relations appears as a violation of the principle of equality of all citizens before the law. Achieving socio-economic equality is hindered by corruption, which is a huge threat to national security. The consequence of injustice is the stratification of society into rich and poor, the destruction of the middle class. Injustice has a specific effect on political relations, the implementation of state policy at all levels, and makes the formation of civil society impossible. The result of this form of people’s life is marginalization and socio-economic degradation of society, which leads to crises, conflicts, anomie, tensions and social explosions. Injustice, poverty, and socioeconomic inequality are significant threats to national security. Modern science should investigate the main factors of the reproduction of social injustice, find ways to overcome poverty and introduce an effective mechanism for the elimination of social and economic inequality. In view of the spread of corruption in Ukraine, failure to bring corrupt officials to justice, which is provided for by the current legislation, and other violations of the law, we can also talk about legal inequality, which is unacceptable in a civilized state and is the greatest threat to the national security of Ukraine.

Effectiveness of international legal instruments to combat corruption

The relevance of this study is argued by the need to implement international practices of combating corruption and to improve the efficiency of legal mechanisms and instruments for combating corruption in all spheres of the state’s life. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the effectiveness of international legal instruments for combating corruption in Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, it was necessary to perform the following tasks: to identify international legal instruments for fighting corruption; to investigate ways to assess the level of corruption perception in the world; to determine the progress in the fight against corruption in Ukraine; to identify problems that prevent the increase of the corruption perception index in Ukraine; to develop tools for improving the level of combating corruption in Ukraine. The principles of dialectics served as the basis of the methodological framework of the study, which included such general scientific and special legal cognition methods as comparative legal, formal legal, analysis, and synthesis. Based on the analysis of secondary sources, the study established the significance of analysing and classifying the definition of international legal instruments for combating corruption and ways of assessing the level of perception of corruption in the world. The analysis of statistical data and sociological surveys helped to establish the progress of the fight against corruption in Ukraine, which is reflected in the concrete data of monitoring the level of perception of corruption in Ukraine. The emphasis was placed on a systematic approach to identifying the problems that hinder the improvement of the corruption perception index in Ukraine. Using the comparative legal method, the study compared the provisions of Ukrainian and international legislation directly related to the issues of combating corruption and its manifestations. The conclusions of the study were formulated, with propositions of concrete tools for improving the level of combating corruption in Ukraine by improving the activities of state structures. The study reviewed and analysed relevant scientific articles of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of using its findings in the activities of Ukrainian state bodies, considering the international experts’ assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-corruption instruments already applied

Fight against corruption: Analysis of strategies and impact of anti-corruption measures on the social and economic development of society in Ukraine

Corruption is one of the phenomena that hinder the development of independent Ukraine. The anti-corruption reforms carried out after the Revolution of Dignity have brought the fight against corruption in Ukraine to a new level, and the investigation of this topic is therefore of undeniable relevance. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of the fight against corruption in Ukraine, especially the anti-corruption reforms of 2014-2015, on Ukrainian society and economic development. During the study, general scientific methods were used, in particular, analysis and synthesis, comparative method, generalisation, dialectical method, and statistical method. As a result of the study, it was found that the fight against corruption in Ukraine continued throughout all the years of independence. Ukrainian society demanded that the authorities overcome this phenomenon. The fight against corruption in Ukraine reached a higher level after the Revolution of Dignity in 2014. In 2014-2015, an anti-corruption reform was carried out, specialised anti-corruption bodies were launched, and mandatory electronic declaration for public officials was designed to prevent corruption. According to the Transparency International rating, the situation with corruption in Ukraine improved between 2014 and 2023, but Ukraine still remains on the list of corrupt countries. Ukraine's economic performance has also improved significantly since the introduction of the anti-corruption reform, as the fight against corruption creates better conditions for entrepreneurship development. Further effective fight against corruption in Ukraine will contribute to positive social and economic changes, and successful European integration of Ukraine. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used for further investigation of the social phenomenon of corruption and further development of possible anti-corruption strategies

Corruption in Ukraine during the Ukrainian–Russian war: A decalogue of policies to combat it

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has been a major humanitarian catastrophe. The war in Ukraine has also had serious global consequences. During the war, another of Ukraine's major problems, corruption, was also exposed. In response to these cases, the Ukrainian president has tried to crack down on fraud and corruption. Ukraine is a highly corrupt country, as indicated by the Corruption Perceptions Index. This article outlines Ukraine's corruption problem during the war, and the main forms of corruption, analyzes the country's performance in the Corruption Perceptions Index, and presents a 10‐point checklist of measures and policies to combat and end corruption in the short and long term.

Аналіз сприйняття корупції в період дії воєнного стану в Україні

The article summarizes the main scientific approaches to determining the essence of the category of «corruption». Based on the analyses of domestic and foreign publications, the authors’ own definition of corruption is proposed, which is considered as the purposeful dishonest actions of a person/persons aimed at using their powers not in an officially formally defined way, but in order to obtain unlawful benefits for themselves or a third party/parties, leading to the emergence of potential negative material and non-material losses for other individuals, their groups, the State and society in general. The data on the value of the Corruption Perceptions Index, the scale for assessing its level and sources of information for studying the perception of corruption in Ukraine are systematized. The possible reasons for Ukraine’s lagging behind in terms of the Corruption Perceptions Index compared to neighboring countries are substantiated. The main recommendations on the part of Transparency International Ukraine, an accredited representative of the global movement Transparency International, regarding Ukraine’s further steps for 2024 in the fight against corruption are highlighted as follows: to increase the efficiency of the fight against corruption at the highest levels of big business and public service; improve the system of using the assets of corrupt officials and pro-russian accomplices; improve the system of transparency and monitoring of public procurement. Practical recommendations for reducing the level of corruption in Ukraine during martial law are proposed, which, in turn, will contribute to improving the socioeconomic development of the country and serve as a foundation for further European integration processes in Ukraine. In particular, emphasis is placed on the need to pay special attention to taking into account the recommendations of international partners in a timely manner; further improvement of anti-corruption legislation in Ukraine; creation of «profiled codes of conduct» for public servants; resumption of the processes of competitive selection of managers, heads of executive bodies, and members of supervisory boards of the State-owned enterprises and submission of their financial statements, which is now an urgent task to restore public confidence in the government.

ПРОТИДІЯ КОРУПЦІЇ ЯК ЧИННИК ДЕТІНІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

Background . Under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, there is an increase in corruption risks, which in turn negatively affects the level of shadowing of the national economy. Therefore, the effectiveness of the economic policy of the state during the war and the post-war period largely depends on the detinization and anti-corruption mechanisms due to the interdependence and interdependence of these processes. At the same time, one of the conditions for granting Ukraine EU membership is to strengthen Ukrainian anti-corruption legislation and bring it into line with European standards. Methods . A complex of general scientific and special research methods was used: analytical, historical, comparative, systematization, classification, generalization. Results . The general trends and causes of the shadow economy in Ukraine are analyzed. The influence of corruption aspects on the shadow sector of the economy is studied. The growth of the share of the shadow economy in Ukraine under the conditions of martial law has been established. Factors restraining the process of detinization of the economy of Ukraine have been identified. The Anti-corruption Strategy for 2021–2025 and the directions of state policy in the priority sectors of public administration, which it defines, were analyzed, namely: courts, prosecutor's office and law enforcement agencies; state regulation of Economy; public and private sectors of the economy; taxes and customs; construction, land relations and infrastructure; defense sector; the sphere of health care, education and science and social protection. The implementation mechanism and subjects of coordination of the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2021–2025 have been determined. The expected consequences of its successful implementation are foreseen. It was noted that the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2021–2025 is an extremely important step in the direction of the European integration movement of Ukraine and a powerful tool for reducing the level of corruption as a factor in the shadowing of the national economy. Conclusions . The directions of the state policy of Ukraine regarding the prevention and counteraction of corruption with the aim of minimizing the level of the shadow economy in the conditions of European integration have been determined. It was established that the state policy in the direction of reducing the level of corruption in Ukraine should be one of the main aspects of the state's activity, which will promote transparency and reduce the level of the shadow economy, which will eventually provide opportunities for the post-war recovery of Ukraine and the fastest possible full membership of Ukraine in the EU.

АНАЛІЗ ТОНАЛЬНОСТІ ТЕКСТІВ НА ОСНОВІ МЕТОДІВ МАШИННОГО НАВЧАННЯ ДЛЯ МОНІТОРИНГУ СУСПІЛЬНИХ НАСТРОЇВ ЩОДО КОРУПЦІЇ

Monitoring public attitudes towards corruption is critical for governments, organisations and researchers seeking to understand the causes of its spread and ways to prevent and counteract these destructive processes in society. The article is devoted to analysing the corruption-related tone of media publications and making an analysis of the content on corruption in the world and in Ukraine. The relevance of solving this scientific problem is due to the fact that the use of machine learning methods allows processing large amounts of data from various sources and obtaining a detailed and dynamic understanding of public attitudes towards corruption. The article analyses the areas of application of sentiment analysis at different levels of economic relations. Machine learning methods, namely the VADER analyser, were used to study the tone of the text of publications about corruption. The articles published in The Guardian were selected for analysis. The study period was 2021– 2024. For the analysis of the text tone, Orange Data Mining was chosen. The study of the issue of tone of texts in the media in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: collection of text data on corruption, data pre-processing (cleaning and preparing the text for classification), transformation of textual data into numerical representations for machine learning models, and sentiment classification based on machine learning methods. The study found that during the first six months of the year with about 910 publications on corruption issues were published annually. One third of the corruption stories in The Guardian in 2022 mentioned Ukraine. The analysis showed that the dominant emotional tone of articles about corruption in the world was negative. At the same time, the emotional colouring of news texts on corruption in Ukraine is more negative compared to world news on similar issues. The results of the study are of practical importance and can be used by non-governmental organizations, government institutions and international organisations in assessing the effectiveness of policies to prevent and combat corruption in the country.

Data-Mining Modeling of Corruption Perception Patterns Based on Association Rules

Corruption is one of the many challenges facing Ukrainian society. After the full-scale war, 89% of Ukrainian citizens consider corruption to be the most serious problem for the stable development of Ukraine. In the article, it is argued that neglecting the problem of corruption in society leads to a decrease in the level of trust in public authorities, economic losses, a decrease in the country’s investment attractiveness, a loss of trust from international partners, as well as other economic and political turbulences. The study aims to develop an economic and mathematical model for determining the patterns of corruption perception in Ukraine based on association rules implemented using data mining methods. The Python Numerical Python library was used to build association rules. The study of the patterns of corruption perception was analysed in terms of the legislative (based on the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine), judicial (based on the activities of the courts) and executive (on the example of the activities of the President and his Office) branches of government. The source of primary data was the data of a survey conducted by the “Join!” Public Participation Support Program together with the USAID project “Support for Leader Organizations in Combating Corruption in Ukraine”. 38 association rules were determined for the judicial system, among which the most informative consequences were “distrust in the judicial system” and “corruption is widespread in the courts”. For the executive branch of government, 27 association rules were built, where the informative consequence was “citizens can influence, namely participate in public councils or public hearings to monitor state institutions and their decisions”. For the legislative branch, 33 association rules were formed, where the informative consequence was “citizens can influence, namely participate in public councils or public hearings to monitor state institutions and their decisions”. According to the empirical calculations, a regularity was found that Ukrainian society is democratic and believes in its power to overcome corruption in any branch of government, but members of society do not show active desire and only revolutionary manifestations are possible in a critical situation. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine can use the results obtained during the improvement of Ukrainian legislation, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine when approving the State Program for the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy and other state bodies in developing anti-corruption programs at various levels.