Corruption In Countries Research Articles

Host country corruption and Japanese outward foreign direct investment: A sectoral and industry-level analysis

Japan regained its status as the world’s largest source of outward FDI in 2018. This paper studies the relationship between host country corruption and Japanese outward manufacturing and service FDI into 179 countries for the years 1995–2019. Employing a negative binomial model, we find that host country corruption is negatively associated with Japanese MNE activity at both aggregated, sectoral and industry-levels. Moreover, we do not identify major industry-level FDI determinant differences at the global level as both sectors and industries appear driven by market seeking motives. In contrast, the factor endowment variables signaling vertical FDI showed little if any statistical significance.

Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in a model with government corruption

This paper builds a theoretical model where corrupt government officials select the optimal amount of government spending directed toward building wealth for themselves and political allies. We refer to this type of government expenditures as rent extraction spending. Our results show that more government corruption leads to higher rent extraction spending, increased inflation, additional taxation, and lower non-rent extraction spending. The increases in inflation and rent extraction spending, however, are more muted when the corrupt country is a member of a currency union.

CEO's industry experience and emerging market SME performance: The effects of corruption and political uncertainty

We examine how Chief Executive Officer (CEO) industry-specific experience influences firm performance in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets. Drawing on the upper echelons perspective and learning theory, we propose an inverted U-shaped relationship between an SME CEO's industry-specific experience and firm performance. We also argue that country corruption and political instability moderate this relationship, resulting in lower performance for SME CEOs with little industry experience or many years of industry experience in countries with high corruption or political instability. We test our hypotheses using data from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey of firms in emerging economies from 2006 to 2019. The results support our hypotheses that corruption and political instability primarily hurt the performance of SMEs with CEOs having very long industry experience. We discuss implications of this research for scholars studying SMEs in lesser-developed institutional environments and how leaders may influence SME performance.

Making the best of bad data: A longitudinal analysis of elephant poaching in Africa from 2002 to 2018

The issue of bad data and the potential misinterpretation of that data is becoming part of a growing debate within the wildlife conservation field. However, research on this topic has been limited compared to other fields. Therefore, to overcome these issues, this study followed an inductive data-driven approach using mixed-effects longitudinal methods for count-based data. This study adds to this growing debate by attempting to discern the potential causes of elephant poaching in African countries utilizing potentially unreliable data. Because wildlife crime is a societal problem, this study measured the probability of a wildlife reserve reporting illegally killed elephants found on MIKE (monitoring of illegally killed elephants) sites, given country-level factors—such as the amount of gross domestic product (GDP), the rate of urbanization, the total percentage of forest area in a country, and the perception of corruption in the country—and wildlife reserve-level factors, such as the size of the MIKE sites and the population estimates for the number of elephants within these MIKE sites. This study also looked at other controlling factors, such as misreporting information, the reliability of reporting information, and the international effect on elephant poaching. As a result, this study found that several factors attributing to economic demand, urbanization, corruption in the country, and the elephant population size on a designated MIKE site contributed to the odds of elephants being reported as having been illegally killed despite issues with reporting, international pressure, and efforts to crack down on corruption in end-market countries like China.

International anti-corruption concepts and their implementation in Ukraine

The relevance of the research is that Ukraine needs eliminating corruption. A large number of measures have already been implemented; however, Ukraine still lags behind other countries concerning corruption indicators. The corruption does not depend on the political or economic regime. This phenomenon can be found in almost any country since the corruption is a general aspect of the exercise of state authority in the form of specific actions of civil servants. Having analyzed corruption in the civil service of Ukraine, it seems necessary to pay attention to the foreign experience in anti-corruption activities. This circumstance is attributed to many reasons. One of the reasons for applying foreign experience is that developed countries have a more advanced system of civil service. Therefore, the article is focused on the analysis of statistical indicators on corruption in different countries. The aim of the study is to analyze the specifics of tackling corruption in various countries. As a result, the dynamics of corruption in Ukraine are studied. In particular, the creation of specialized anti-corruption bodies and their effectiveness are analyzed. Finally, measures have been developed that would have a positive impact on the effective fight against corruption.

Colonialism and a history of oppression in Africa: Scenes from selected African novels

Examining the African suffering during the colonialism period and describing the different miseries of the African people have been the core theme of almost all African and Western writers during the colonial age and post-colonial time. Undoubtedly, all of these writings fluctuate considerably between exaggeration and degrading the human sacrifices of those countries during this period. Then, the African writers started taking the responsibility of narrating their history and describing their suffering to correct many false ideas and assumptions, many false conceptions which were established in the minds of consecutive generations. Chinua Achebe is one of the prominent authors and thinkers who has received international recognition due to his creative style of telling the African story and has impacted African literature in different ways. Through his books, he exposed many of the negative colonial impacts on the African communities and how they did their best to invade these countries politically, economically, and culturally. Achebe tried to uncover their claims, like linking Christianity and commerce together, and the only way to African progress should be through the European gates. In his novel Things Fall Apart, he tried to expose the side effects of the colonizers’ intentions to redesign the African communities up to Western standards. He assured that all colonial actions resulted in the colonizers’ good interests and were against African people. On the other hand, Ngugi Thiogn’o is interested in examining the post-colonial impacts on the African nations and how the Western colonizers succeeded in producing loyal followers adopting their beliefs and concepts. Those followers replaced the foreign occupation with another type of occupation where the people’s acceptance should be evaluated by their adaptability to the Western criteria in all life aspects. In his novel, Pedals of Blood, Thiog’o narrated the impacts of using foreign languages to diffuse the indigenous culture and lose the African identity. Throughout the novel, he examined the political elite’s corruption in African countries during the post-colonial period and how they continued colonial suppression of their nations.

Do corruption and inequality shape sustainable development? Evidence from the post-soviet countries

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of corruption and income inequality in three-dimensional sustainable development in the post-Soviet countries.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is based on dynamic panel regression with the fixed effects approach.FindingsThe authors' findings depict that increasing corruption and income inequality undermine sustainable development. Specifically, increasing corruption and income inequality negatively affect sustainable development. Moreover, unemployment and trade liberalization negatively impact sustainable development, whereas foreign direct investments (FDIs) positively affect sustainable development.Practical implicationsPolicy implications enclose galvanizing strong institutions and redistributive policy mechanisms that the bottom income groups enjoy in promoting sustainable development to keep away the distressful phase of corruption and income inequality.Originality/valueThis is the first paper on corruption, income inequality and sustainable development in the post-Soviet countries employing a sustainable development index (SDI), which is calculated by considering three factors including economic, social and environmental development.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2023-0065

К вопросу деструктивного воздействия коррупции на институты современного общества

This article is devoted to the study of the problem of corruption in modern society and the destructive impact that it has on all institutions of modern society. The article also explores the hidden nature of corrupt interactions, as well as the most visible cases of the fight against corruption and law enforcement activities in various countries of the world. The article touches upon the topic of the negative impact of corruption in the world on the effectiveness of the implementation of sustainable development goals.
 The article will analyze the relationship of corruption with key institutions such as justice, the legislature, the police and the economy. Particular attention will be paid to the destructive effects of corruption, including the weakening of the population's faith in the system, injustice, infringement of rights and economic instability. It is expected that the results described in the article will help to better understand the scale and impact of corruption on the institutions of modern society, as well as offer recommendations and solutions to effectively combat this problem.

COVID-19 data, mitigation policies and Newcomb–Benford law

We study how reliable are available data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in different countries. Our analysis is based on a modification of the law of anomalous numbers, the Newcomb–Benford law, applied to the daily number of deaths and new cases in each country. We first revisit the Newcomb–Benford law and show how to avoid false negative compliance with the data. We then compare the χ2 statistics deviation from this law to a number of social and economic indices for each country by computing the Spearman rank-order correlation between them and the χ2 deviation. We considered the proportion of excess deaths for those countries with sufficient available data for a good estimate and obtained similar results: less democratic, less transparent, and more corrupt countries tend to have data of lesser quality. We also discussed the limitations of the present approach and which countries the results were significant for.

Corruption, anti-corruption, and economic development

Corruption and anti-corruption efforts are intertwined with political and economic concerns. From an economic and political perspective, as the government strives to enhance its governance capabilities, it becomes crucial to consider the costs of anti-corruption supervision and the losses incurred from corruption. This evaluation is essential for formulating a scientifically sound anti-corruption strategy that maximizes government benefits. To address this issue, the paper presents a model that incorporates levels of supervision and associated costs. The findings reveal that in the case of homogeneous officials, the optimal level of supervisory input, which maximizes government benefit, is nearly zero when per capita income is low due to budgetary constraints on anti-corruption control. However, as per capita income reaches a certain threshold, the optimal level of supervisory input suddenly rises to its maximum and decreases as per capita income increases. Alternatively, if the government adopts a zero-tolerance approach towards corruption and provides adequate remuneration to its employees, ensuring that all competent authorities can resist corruption, then corruption can be eliminated. Moreover, when officials exhibit heterogeneity in terms of their honesty levels, certain conditions give rise to a middle per capita income range, resulting in an optimal level of supervisory input that leads to a phenomenon known as “partial corruption.” During this phase, the wages paid by the government to its employees promote honesty, preventing them from engaging in corruption. However, they are unable to curb the corrupt activities of more dishonest officials. To some extent, this model also explains the challenges associated with eradicating corruption in several middle-income countries.

The Genesis of the Establishment of the Legal Mechanism to Fight Corruption in the EU (Problem Statement)

Problem setting. In the modern world, the phenomenon of “corruption” has acquired an international character, which determines the need for a systematic and extensive approach to the cooperation of states in the field of combating this phenomenon. Therefore, defining a complex of means, primarily legal, as a set of measures and ways of identifying, overcoming and neutralizing this phenomenon is an urgent task. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue of the functioning of the legal mechanism for combating corruption in the EU has not been studied in modern legal science. Purpose of the research is to analyze the state of doctrinal and legal support for the functioning of the legal mechanism (system) for combating corruption in the EU in the context of the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the requirements of EU law. Article’s main body. The main approaches to the definition of the concept of “corruption” in the legislation of European countries, the means and measures to prevent this phenomenon, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of European legislation in Ukrainian have been studied in the research. The activities of the international, national, and supranational organizations whose functions include the prevention of corruption were discussed in the article. The main corruption factors and risks facing the legislator have been analyzed. It has been found that not all normative legal acts in the field of combating corruption are mandatory. A significant problem is the contradiction in the definitions, as well as the ways of overcoming corruption in different countries of the European Union. The range of main corruption factors of the EU countries has been adduced. Proposals for the prevention of corruption at the international level have been developed, as well as the results of international cooperation for the improvement of international institutions in the field of combating corruption. The experience of Ukraine in the field of anti-corruption has been studied. The process of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU legal system has been analyzed. The exceptional importance of the practical options for the implementation of those scientific research solutions in the field of combating and preventing corruption, which in the future can serve as the basis for the modernization of Ukrainian legislation in this area and assistance in the effective fulfillment of obligations under the Ukraine-EU Agreement, was justified. The necessity of forming a fundamentally new, modern Anti-corruption strategy of Ukraine was substantiated. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU legislation takes place simultaneously with the legal reform in Ukraine. The current legislation of Ukraine is contradictory, unstable, and therefore imperfect, but the EU attaches particular importance to the quality of normative legal acts. Activities for the further reform and implementation of modern anti-corruption legislation of Ukraine should be directed not only to the development of such legislation, which would correspond in form and content to international standards in the field of prevention and counteraction of corruption, but also to the establishment of practical international cooperation, which will contribute to the harmonization of the domestic legal system with provisions of EU law.

The positive association of education with the trust in science and scientists is weaker in highly corrupt countries.

One of the most prominent correlates of trust in science and scientists is education level, possibly because educated individuals have higher levels of science knowledge and thinking ability, suggesting that trusting science and scientists relies more on reflective thinking abilities. However, it is relatively more reasonable for highly educated individuals to suspect authority figures in highly corrupt countries. We tested this prediction in two nationally representative and probabilistic cross-cultural data sets (Study 1: 142 countries, N = 40,085; Study 2: 47 countries, N = 69,332), and found that the positive association between education and trust in scientists (Study 1) and science (Study 2) was weaker or non-existent in highly corrupt countries. The results did not change after statistically controlling for age, sex, household income, and residence. We suggest future research to be more considerate of the societal context in understanding how education status correlates with trust in science and scientists.

The role of corporate communication pt Angkasa Pura II (Persero) in communication of code of conduct (business ethics and work ethics) to employees to build anti-corruption attitude

The problem of corruption in Indonesia is still not completely resolved, even though there have been so many efforts to resolve it. Indonesia is even currently in the order of the most corrupt countries among the G 20 countries. Indonesia has a score of 37 on a scale of 0 -100, which is starting to be corrupt ( 0 ) and very clean. State losses due to corruption cases in semester 1 of 2021, reached Rp 26.83 trillion, an increase of 47.63% compared to the previous year. Efforts made by many organizations/companies to build an anti-corruption attitude continue to be made. One of them is PT Angkasa Pura II (Persero) which implements a Code of Conduct (Business Ethics and Work Ethics) for both internal and external public. Corporate Communications Division, AP II Jakarta, is one of the parties that communicates Code of Conduct to the internal public, in order to build an anti-corruption attitude for all employees. The purpose of this study was to find out the role of AP II's Corporate Communication Division in communicating Code of Conduct to employees to build an anti-corruption attitude. The concept used is organizational communication, internal communication, corporate communications, code of conduct, business ethics, work ethics, employee, and anti-corruption attitude. The method of research are post positivism paradigm and descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Informants interviewed were Corporate Secretary, Corporate Communication Division and several employees who felt the communication process. The results show that the Corporate Communications Division collaborates with the Human Capital Policy Unit, and the Airport Learning Center in communicating the Code of Conduct to the internal public. The role of Corporate Communication Division is to carry out communication functions throughout the internal public, the Human Capital Unit translate the Code of Conduct in its implementation on resources, and the Airport Learning Center Unit uses a mobile learning application to deliver materials or Code of Conduct modules, which are downloaded by all personnel of Angkasa Pura II.

Corruption, democracy and the location decisions of emerging multinationals: evidence from China’s cross-border mergers and acquisitions

PurposeThis study investigated the moderating role of democracy in the relationship between corruption and foreign direct investment. The purpose of this study is to understand whether corruption has different effects on the location decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs) depending on the regime type.Design/methodology/approachThis study explored how institutional context influenced the impacts of corruption on the location decisions of MNEs, specifically using a sample of Chinese cross-border mergers and acquisitions between 2000 and 2020.FindingsThis study assessed the role of democracy in the relationship between corruption and the location decisions of Chinese MNEs. In general, this study found that Chinese MNEs were hindered by host country corruption, but that these detrimental effects were weaker in the presence of more effective democratic institutions.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on institutional factors in international business through its simultaneous investigation of the effects of both democracy and corruption on the location decisions of MNEs. Moreover, there is a prevailing view that Chinese MNEs are willing to enter countries with high corruption, but the results of this study indicate that they are risk-averse in ways similar to their Western counterparts.

FATWA MUI MELAWAN KORUPSI

It is indisputable that fatwa plays a significant role in the society. This is the case because fatwas played a considerable role in the growth and gradual change of Islamic substantive law. However, eventhough fatwa is an important part of religious authority, how one fatw? is effective in influencing people’s attitudes and behavior is being questioned. This article explains the extent to which Majelis Ulama Indonesia’s (MUI) fatwa could be effective in changing people’s attitude toward corruption. Especially in Indonesia which was known as one of the worst country Corruption Perception Index. This article is based on a qualitative research using content analysis by scrutinizing the the MUI fatwa on bribery, corruptions and present for government officials. The data for this research is taken from the montly magazine of MUI, Mimbar Ulama. This article argues that the MUI fatwa against corruption is not really effective in changing people’s behavior. This can be seen in Indonesian coruption index which was not really changing at least 5 years after the fatwa was enacted.

The Effect of Human Development Index on Corruption in ASEAN Countries

The Effect of Human Development Index on Corruption in ASEAN Countries

Host country corruption and MNE location choice: The view of institutional pluralism

Host country corruption and MNE location choice: The view of institutional pluralism

The effect of corruption level in steering the business–government relations: evidence from 23 African countries

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of corruption level in steering the business–government relations (BGRs) in developing countries. It also examines the moderating effect of firm size.Design/methodology/approachUsing robust tobit and probit models, this study tests the response behavior of 9787 firms from 23 African countries to their government's policy and regulations and the direct effect of corruption control level in their response decisions. The authors also perform several other additional analyses to ensure the robustness of the findings, including change analysis, two-stage model and recursive bivariate model.FindingsThe result shows that corruption level is among the significant factors that drive BGRs exponentially. The finding points out that, there is a strong alliance of business and government in more corrupt countries. Moreover, the impact of corruption level exacerbates when the firm is bigger.Research limitations/implicationsManagers should focus more on activities that create long-term sustainable advantage. Valuable time of the senior managers should not waste on negotiating government policies to earn a short term advantages.Practical implicationsIt is evident that legal and transparent government alliances can lead to economic rent for firms. However, it is important to note that any alliance based on corruption and illegality is short-lived and ultimately detrimental to long-term prosperity. Therefore, it is crucial for firms to prioritize ethical business practices and build relationships with governments that prioritize transparency and accountability.Social implicationsGiven the detrimental impact of corruption on economic progress, it is crucial for Africa policy-makers to prioritize reforms aimed at reducing its adverse effect. By implementing ethical and transparent business practices, countries can attract more investment and promote economic growth.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature on the passive form of political connectivity/activity and to what extend corruption level affect the political activities of firms.

Corruption and Economic Growth Nexus: What has the Arab Spring Changed?

Corruption is an everlasting phenomenon in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It is considered one of the fundamental reasons for the Arab incidents that started in Tunisia in 2011. Considering its devastating effects, this paper concentrates on the impacts of corruption at the macro level following the Arab uprisings. Notably, it investigates the impact of corruption on economic growth between 1996-2020 in 18 MENA countries. The paper utilizes panel estimators with country-fixed effect regressions given the results of the Hausman test. Panel estimators help control time-variant unobserved heterogeneity and capture both time and country-specific differences. The results indicate that after the Arab Spring, corruption lowers economic growth. One unit increase in control of corruption score of World Governance Indicators (WGI) decreases economic growth between 1.64-2.98 percentage points depending on the model. The results are robust with alternative corruption indexes such as the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), and the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Furthermore, the Chow test confirms that 2011 constitutes a structural break in the history of the MENA region. The outcomes indicate that specific policies need to be implemented to alleviate the adverse impacts of corruption in MENA countries.

Renewable energy for achieving environmental sustainability: institutional quality and information and communication technologies as moderating factors.

The environmental challenges are currently placed at the forefront in order to achieve sustainable development. Although existing studies have largely examined the underlying factors of the environmental sustainability, the institutional quality and the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) still insufficiently investigated. The aim of this paper is to clarify the role played by institutional quality and ICTs to mitigate environmental degradation at different scales of the ecological gap. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to examine whether the quality of institutions and ICTs consolidate the contribution of renewable energy to reduce the ecological gap and thereby, promote environmental sustainability. The results of panel quantile regression applied to fourteen selected Middle East (ME) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries from 1984 to 2017 showed that the rule of law, control of corruption, Internet use, and mobile use exert no beneficial effects on environmental sustainability. The ICTs and the institutional development through the presence of an appropriate regulatory framework and the control of corruption have rather advantageous moderating effects on the environmental quality. Indeed, our findings revealed that the effects of renewable energy consumption on the environmental sustainability are positively moderated by the control of corruption, Internet use, and mobile use for countries with medium and high ecological gaps. The beneficial ecological effects of renewable energy are also moderated by the presence of a solid regulatory framework, but only for countries with high ecological gaps. In addition, our results showed that financial development promotes environmental sustainability in countries with low ecological gaps. Urbanization has perverse effects on the environment across all quantiles. The results found lead to important practical implications for preserving the environment as it suggests designing ICTs and improving the quality of institutions oriented to renewable energy sector in order to reduce the ecological gap. In addition, the findings from this paper can serve decision-makers in terms of environmental sustainability given the globalizing and conditional approach followed.