Culture Of Corruption Research Articles

Book Review: A Culture of Corruption: Changing an Australian Police Service

Book Review: A Culture of Corruption: Changing an Australian Police Service

Changing a police culture of corruption: Implications for the police psychologist

The majority of police cadets, upon being sworn in and becoming rookie officers, enter their law enforcement organization and actively seek connections that they hope will be fulfilling and meaningful as well as provide a sense of belonging, security, honesty, mutual understanding, and trust. They strive to be the best that they can be. To the extent that healthy relationships form, the individual officer moves closer towards achieving a sense of wellness and a sense of personal wholeness that typically translates into optimum commitment to and performance on the job. However, to the extent that relationships are embedded in a culture of corruption and meta-pathologies such as dishonesty, an officer's sense of well-being will forever fall short of achieving wholeness and less than optimum performance will be achieved. As the culture continues to become increasingly more toxic, the individual's performance will continue to decline (Trott, 1996, Yerly, 2000).

Failing Financial and Training Institutions: The Marginalization of Rural Household Enterprises in the Indian Punjab

The tiny, family-owned and managed household enterprise is the overwhelmingly dominant form of private, non-farm, economic organization in the developing world. Harnessing the latent potential of these own account enterprises (OAEs) is now widely acknowledged as a legitimate policy objective to generate productive employment and to promote sustainable long-term growth [ILO 1995; World Bank 1995]. The design of appropriate institutions, and the reform of existing ones, is recognized as occupying a key part of this process now that the market-versusstate dichotomy has been replaced by the more pragmatic market-and-state approach. Such a program assumes particular urgency in rural areas. In the countryside, entrepreneurs face daunting hurdles relating to both the startup and consolidation of business. Two of the most significant are raising finance at affordable terms and acquiring necessary skills. The purpose of our paper is to highlight, through a village study, these constraints in the populous Indian economy. We argue that problems of administative complexity, limited information, discrimination and gender bias, and stymied access to formal institutions have helped to create and perpetuate a culture of corruption. The result is that entrepreneurs are forced to fall back on a weak local resource base and to rely heavily on informal avenues of finance and know-how. This condemns the majority of OAEs to operate on the margins of viability and the households to remain in poverty [World Bank 1997].

Changing a culture of corruption: How Hong Kong’s independent commission against corruption succeeded in furthering a culture of lawfulness

The former British Crown Colony of Hong Kong is generally regarded as one of the finest examples of a laissez-faire, free market economy in the world. With its large natural harbor, close proximity to China, Taiwan, Japan, and other commercial powerhouses, and highly industrious population of about six million, 98 percent of whom are Chinese, Hong Kong was destined to play the role of commercial and financial center of Asia. After the Japanese occupation of the Second World War and the British resumption of control, Hong Kong began to achieve economic success. Although the population swelled during the 1950s and 1960s from a prewar level of less than one million to five million by the 1970s, Hong Kong was able to maintain social stability and economic progress, while providing housing and social services for the rapid influx of Chinese refugees from the People's Republic of China (PRC). Political turmoil in China, especially during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), and continued economic desperation caused thousands to risk arrest, imprisonment, and even death, to cross the border into Hong Kong in search of a better life. For a brief period in 1967, some of the Mainland China-based disturbances did spill over into Hong Kong resulting in attacks on police stations and violent demonstrations inspired by Communist agitators. It is a well-known fact that millions of Mainland Chinese perished during the Cultural Revolution, one of the darkest periods in modem Chinese history. While postwar conditions in Hong Kong were not ideal, they at least provided the opportunity for refugees to obtain food, housing, employment, and education for children, albeit under fiercely competitive conditions. By the 1970s and 1980s, Hong Kong's economy was booming and workers at all levels were enjoying an unprecedented rise in living standards. In fact, Hong Kong was rapidly developing a middle class and many residents began to look upon Hong Kong as more than simply a stopover on the way to a better life elsewhere. Although there were still others who, having been through the turmoil of the last half-century of Chinese history, sent their children abroad for schooling and opted for the "safety net" of a foreign passport in the event that the situation in Hong Kong changed. With the rise in living standards and the transition from modest colonial trading port to a major international commercial and financial center, Hong Kong developed a "culture of corruption," which was shared by local Chinese and their British colonial administrators. It is arguable as to whether the culture of corruption was a carryover from China, which has been notoriously corrupt throughout its history, or a phenomenon unique to Hong Kong developed during the colonial period. Although the colonial government had anticorruption laws on the books, the famous BlairANTICORRUPTION PROGRAMS IN ACTION

Burma and Cambodia: Human Rights, Social Disruption, and the Spread of HIV/AIDS

The debate around the issues raised by HIV/AIDS and human rights has largely focused on the protection from rights violations of individuals or groups affected by the disease. The relationship between political and social conditions where human rights abuses are frequent and the spread of HIV infection has been less studied. Two countries in Southeast Asia, Burma and Cambodia, are currently undergoing serious and uncontrolled epidemics of HIV; both are marked by political cultures of state violence and corruption, chronic civil war and insurgency, and widespread human rights violations. This article attempts to investigate associations between rapid HIV spread and political and social crises, using Burma and Cambodia as case studies. The climate and context of rights abuses are seen as significant factors of national vulnerability to the epidemic spread of HIV/AIDS.

Cultures of institutional corruption and the natural environment

Cultures of institutional corruption and the natural environment

Nigeria: the politics of adjustment & democracy

Nigeria is in a long-standing crisis. Military rule has suffocated civil society and has entrenched a culture of repression, corruption, and official irresponsibility. The reign of Ibrahim Babangida has resulted in near total economic disaster for the country. The situation is so bad, as Julius Ihonvbere shows, that Nigerians are now saying that the days of colonialism were better. In this major new study, Ihonvbere searches out the sources of Nigeria's predicament. He finds them in the country's historical experience, and the consequences of that experience since gaining political independence. Nigeria has become a society in which its citizens live in fear and its youth emigrate to other countries. It is now impossible to survive in the country without belonging to a certain religion, living in a particular region, having connections with top military officers, and being involved with some form of corruption. Even involvement in drug pushing or extrajudicial murder is no longer considered a crime, but a circumstance of life. Such conditions have encouraged the emergence of several popular organizations. New alliances of students, workers, women, youths, intellectuals, professionals, and the unemployed transcend ethnic, regional, and religious differences. For the author, it is at this emerging level of struggle and interaction that the future of Nigeria lies. This work examines several critical, but often overlooked or underresearched aspects of Nigeria's political economy. Ihonvbere analyzes in detail Nigeria's foreign policy, its economic crisis, the military, the decay of its educational system, and democratization. He pays particular attention to the paradoxical connection between IMF/World Bank-supervised structural adjustment and the struggle for democracy. His book will be of interest to experts hi socioeconomic development, foreign policy analysts, students of military science, and scholars of African politics and history.

Thoughts on Whistle‐blowing

Examines the circumstances in which a need for whistle‐blowing arises and how it arises, particularly in small concerns. Looks at how fraud may be promoted by top managers; the weakness of the auditor′s position in a corrupt culture; the dangers of whistle‐blowing; and the need to support the whistle‐blower.

Corruption and Political culture in Britain and The United States

Corruption and Political culture in Britain and The United States

Persistence and Pervasiveness of Corruption: New Perspectives

Among the questions which this paper addresses are, how does a culture of corruption perpetuate itself over time, what effects do different features of the economy have on the phenomenon of corruption, and why the culture of corruption might or might not alter over time? A central feature of the present dynamic analysis is that rational individuals (citizens as well as bureaucrats) learn from their past experiences. The past economic environment thus affects current choices of individuals which, in turn, influence the future economic environment. As a result, if bureaucratic corruption has been more pervasive in the past, then different citizens are more likely to choose those behaviors (such as more extensive cheating) which induce a greater pervasiveness of corruption in the future. These inter-temporal behavioral externalities are formalized within an overlapping generations framework, and the resulting aggregate corruption and cheating is characterized and analyzed. This positive analysis yields new perspectives as well as new results. I examine how the pervasiveness of corruption and cheating is altered by such features of the economy as the extent of government intervention, and the beliefs of the youngest generations. Among the results is that if youngest generations of citizens believe that corruption is more pervasive, then corruption actually becomes more pervasive.

Do We Need a Code of Conduct for Politicians? The Search for an Elite Political Culture of Corruption in Canada

AbstractDo we need a code of conduct for politicians, or are the existing unwritten rules a sufficient safeguard against acts of political malfeasance? Based on interviews with 84 backbench MPs, this article examines politicians' informal codes of conduct. The study reveals considerable disagreement in assessments of particular acts, notably those involving conflicts of interest and constituency service. Differences among MPs are related to a number of factors including partisanship, political experience and spatial cleavages. Such divisions of opinion belie the presence of a single elite political culture of corruption and underline the need for a code of conduct to clarify and augment such unwritten rules as presently exist.

Corruption and Political Culture in America: An Empirical Perspective

Corruption and Political Culture in America: An Empirical Perspective

Corruption and Political Culture in America: An Empirical Perspective*

Political culture helps define the boundaries of permissible political action. Thus, it should affect the amounts and types of political corruption occurring in political systems, as well as responses to corruption when it is discovered. This article compares the distribution of corruption convictions among federal judicial districts over a three-year period to social and political characteristics of the districts, and to scaled measures of Elazar's moralistic, individualistic, and traditionalistic political subcultures. Nationally, strong moralistic subcultures and high voter turnouts are associated with numerous convictions, both before and after district population is controlled. Analysis of regional patterns reveals a different model in the South, however, one suggesting ideas about the dynamics of traditionalistic politics. Corruption, and the impact of federal laws against it, are best understood within their political and cultural settings.

Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers

THE new economic approach to political behavior seeks to develop a positive theory of legislation, in contrast to the normative approach of welfare economics. The new approach asks why certain industries and not others become regulated or have tariffs imposed on imports or why income transfers take the form and direction they do, in contrast to asking which industries should be regulated or have tariffs imposed, or what transfers should be made.

Local Level Perception of Corruption: An Anthropological Inquiry

The underlying problem of corruption in Nepal at the micro level stems from the 'capture' of the sustainable number of the policies and implementing rules and regulations of the different laws by vested interests. The long standing collusion between political parties and government officials has resulted in a destructed economy that favors private economic interests over the broader public goods. The situation is compounded by the patterns of non transparent and illegitimate practice that sustain the culture of corruption. Sources of income for individual and employees are unregulated and often arbitrarily determined through the patronage system that is link to the culture of silence underpinning such patronage. The role of civil society is to controlling corruption by working at the grass roots political and bureaucratic, and legal judicial level. Key words: Civil society; problem; power; judicial; corruption DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2785 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 163-174