Textual Corruption Research Articles

Features of linguistic expertise of texts of dialogues on anti-corruption cases

The object of the study is dialogue texts with signs of corrupt speech behavior. The subject of the study are marker words, linguistic methods that reveal linguistic signs of a discourse that has a meaningful and semantic focus on receiving or transferring values for the actions of the recipient (inaction), in favor of the giver. The purpose of this work was to conduct a communicative analysis of corrupt speech behavior in the text–dialogue: to accept illegal remuneration for actions (inaction) in the service in order to obtain valuables in the event of an agreement between the specified persons.The main task of the linguistic and forensic examination of anti-corruption cases is to establish the event by its speech representation: it is required to prove that the dialogue is about the transfer of funds. To solve this issue, it is necessary to conduct a communicative analysis of the text-dialogue. The research methodology is related to the communicative analysis of texts-dialogues with signs of corruption content, based on the works of D.L. Karpov, "on the theoretical and practical works of A. N. Baranov, K. I. Brinev, E. N. Galyashina, M. A. Grachev, I. A. Sternin, etc., devoted to cases related to corruption. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the use of a communicative approach within the framework of text-dialogue analysis, logical-semantic and functional-stylistic analysis. The analysis of the expert study of the text-dialogue on anti-corruption cases is presented, the conceptual framework is developed. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the main task of linguistic expertise in anti-corruption cases is to establish an event by its speech representation through the use of a set of semantic and pragmatic techniques of discursive analysis, which allows us to clarify the signs of conversational dialogue that are significant for the legal qualification of speech crimes. When conducting a communicative analysis of a corrupt text, it is important to identify signs of corrupt speech behavior. When analyzing a communicative corruption situation, it is necessary to consider the speech strategies and tactics of the participants in the dialogue, which ultimately allow us to determine the true intentions of the communicants aimed at achieving a communicative goal.

A text criticism of Hikayat Si Miskin: A textological study of writing and use of letters

This research aim to describe a textological study of the issue of how the Hikayat Si Miskin manuscript text from the Harvad University - Houghton Library/ ms_Indo_18-METS collection was translated into handwritten Arabic-Malay script, the appearance of which is much different from the standard form of the letters of this script. This is the most important part in the textological study of the subfield of philology before the editing of texts from the old Malay Arabic-Malay script into Latin script is presented. His identity as the author is not included at the front of his work, but at the end of the manuscript called the colophon. The presentation of a text that has been cleaned of all writing errors paves the way for further study of the content of the text from various aspects related to the existence of the form and content of the text being studied, such as a study of the structural content of the text, a study of linguistic aspects, a study of social values. and culture, it is even possible to examine historical elements, because manuscripts are historical documents that describe the life systems and patterns of old society. The method used to discuss text issues and content that can be studied in various related scientific disciplines is the standard text criticism method, namely a philological method that attempts to re-present classical texts by criticizing and correcting corrupt texts. In accordance with the focus of the discussion which focuses on writing and visual text writing, the research results found writing irregularities and errors in writing lacunae, substitutions, additions, transpositions, dittography, and haplography. The most common writing errors are substitution errors.

Trois notes sur le texte des fragments historiques d’Hilaire de Poitiers (Fragmenta ex opere historico, B, II, 9, 6, 2 ; 11, 2)

Abstract The text of Hilary of Poitiers’ Historical Fragments (Fragmenta ex opere historico, CPL 436) is affected by numerous textual corruptions. This short article discusses three problems in two difficult passages in the section on the Nicene Creed and another creed, which Hilary denounces as crypto-Arian (B, II, 9, 6, 2, p. 149, 15-21; 11, 2, p. 151, 20-152, 2).

Valla’s False Modesty: The Annotationes Novi Testamenti Compared with the Biblical Scholarship of Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459) and Aurelio Lippi Brandolini (1454?–1497)

ABSTRACT The Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457) wrote his Annotationes Novi Testamenti in Rome and Naples in the 1440s and 1450s. According to Valla’s own writings, the aim of this work was to cleanse the Latin Bible of textual corruptions and to clarify obscurities and inaccuracies. He questioned the common belief that the Latin Bible was written by Jerome. This article compares Valla’s reflections on his own project with those of two other fifteenth-century humanists who engaged in biblical scholarship: Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459) and Aurelio Lippi Brandolini (1454?–1497). Compared to them, Valla’s aim was modest: Manetti and Brandolini never questioned Jerome’s authorship, and yet they competed directly with the Church Father by providing an alternative to the Latin Bible. On the other hand, Valla’s aim may be considered more ambitious, because he directly challenged the Latin Bible as the standard translation of his time.

Revision in Astrophel and Stella

In his edition of the Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, William Ringler proposed that all the known manuscripts and early printed editions of Astrophel and Stella descended from a single source that was subject to various states of textual corruption in their transmission. This article proposes that instead of a unitary source, Sidney worked through various states of the text as the sequence evolved, and that the textual history reflects the genesis and evolution of Sidney at work, dividing the z tradition into two distinct parts. Further, it examines in detail the nature and character of the adjustments made to the z2 tradition when the copy was prepared for the press, and what it might indicate about the third party that did this.

Preface: Shakespeare and Milton

Preface: Shakespeare and Milton

AUTOPSY AND DIDACTIC AUTHORITY: RETHINKING THE PROLOGUE OF THE PERIODOS TO NICOMEDES

AbstractAll modern critics have read verses 128–36 of Pseudo-Scymnus’ iambic Periodos to Nicomedes (c.133–110/109 b.c.e.) as a description of the personal autopsies of the author. However, close analysis of both the literary dynamics of the poem and the syntax of the lacunose text that precedes this passage shows that this cannot be the case. This article proposes that Timaeus of Tauromenium (c.350–260 b.c.e.) is a superior candidate for the referent of these lines, and offers a coherent approach to emending the manifestly corrupt text. This reinterpretation makes better sense of the extant text of the Periodos, and allows these verses to be read as a second-century witness to Timaeus’ autoptic prowess.

Eine Marien-Elegie vom Hof Kaiser Maximilians I.: der Text von Heinrich Isaacs Motette "O decus ecclesiae"

This paper aims to revise and reconstruct the highly corrupt text of Heinrich Isaac’s Marianic motet O decus ecclesiae by examining the only manuscript source anew. It can be demonstrated that the text is written in elegiac distichs and artfully blends Christian ideas and classicising language. It is therefore highly probable that its author was one of the leading humanist poets at the court of Emperor Maximilian I and that the elegy was commissioned for a representative event.

Annotazioni su B1,1-3 (B1,4a?) di Parmenide

The extraordinary over all textual situation of Parmenides’ B1,1-3, due to complex, variegate and polymorphous causes, entailed and still entails diverse sorts of problematic issues so to constitute a true labyrinth of philological, hermeneutical and theoretical instances interwoven each other in almost inextricable way. In this analysis, a first substantial knot of philological type resulted necessary to a preliminary discrimination for making sure the textual reconstruction in order to argue then its most literarily clarifiable and specifiable meaning. In this way it was also possible to make sure its semantic and theoretical relevancies. This research leaded to outline and, hopefully, to demonstrate no textual corruption and following misunderstanding happened before sec. XIII, namely corresponding to the lecture present in the first available manuscript, the so-called cod. N, universally excluded and entirely misevaluated, even discarded; instead it is not only the principle, but the unique reliable codex. The detailed analyse including the autoptic exam is the result of enlightening the absolute goodness of this version and the reasons both philological and hermeneutical comparations, which allow to achieve its complete textological rehabilitation and so to grasp its real conceptual content.

Crux in the Proem of Henry of Avranches’ Bordo-Siler (R 129–144,17–18)

The 13th-century poet Henry of Avranches has given us in the form of his Bordo-Siler what is a chef-d’oeuvre of poetic vituperation. The proem of this important poem is marred by textual corruption in the view of its editor and commentator, A. G. Rigg. The present article endeavours to show that the text is sound. Here we in fact have a reference to the parable of the Prodigal Son. We also have a clever jeu grammatical in the matter of metrical quantity.

Classical Art: A Life History from Antiquity to the Present

To write a history “from antiquity to the present” of classical art or literature (or, worst of all, classicism) is the ultimate nightmare aspiration for a scholar whose colleagues are attentive methodologists. The product, when there is one (which I add because the aspiration can yield paralysis), is always in part an apologetic treatise on historical method. Professor Vout—of Christ's College, Cambridge—apologizes with the first word of her subtitle, A, which stresses that many differing histories may be as valid as her own. The next two words, Life History, imply that her study is unauthorized, conjectural, a bit personal or informal, and reliant to an extent on unconfirmable stories. Her book, she tells readers, is of necessity an arrangement of “fragments” and “a mapping not of facts, but of ways in which Greek and Roman artifacts experience history.” She sets down, moreover, as a rule that “classical” is not “a self-standing category: it is always relational” (which historians of the novel have been telling us for many decades about “realism”).We might expect the result of Vout's axioms to be evenhanded diffidence when treating definitions of the classical, and indeed she entertains even the idea of Jeff Koons—maker of Balloon Venus (Orange) and Gazing Ball (Barberini Faun)—as a classical sculptor. There is, however, one approach that she dismisses out of hand: the obsession of classical humanism with authenticity and its renascence. She objects especially to research into the original conditions of objects and to the application of increasingly intrusive methods of restoring them. As she writes, “ ‘Real knowledge’ comes not from antiquities that have been ripped from their original context, cleaned and reconstituted for display in galleries and glass cabinets. ‘Real knowledge’ comes from antiquities that carry their dirt with them.”What Vout, as a critic of humanism, means by dirt is patina—the residue, interesting and sometimes beautiful in itself, of the use and misuse of objects. Dirt is a word that would occur to a humanist art historian when examining the patina of a Greek or Roman object. Vout's use of the word is a parodic expression of reverse snobbery. When studying changes, whether mistakes or enhancements, in a Greek or Roman document, a humanist literary historian would speak of corruption and edit the corrupt text by means of processes that humanist editors invented and perfected. Despite the humanists’ devotion to the recovery of classical learning, however, once a Renaissance edition of a manuscript was in print, the original, however rare, was often destroyed or lost. In effect, the work was reborn, better than new. Rebirth is not the same as preservation: though both are perhaps conservative (or better, in Ulysses's words, “rere regardant”), a renascence or a resurrection is cataclysmic.The humanist approach to the past can appear unlovable and is certainly arrogant, but it can also inspire awe and gratitude. The work of Michelangelo depended on it, and so (more to the point) did Martin Luther's. Vout's attitude toward dirt (patina, corruption, misprision, insertions, recontextualizations, bowdlerizations, misappropriations, translocations) resembles that of Catholic theologians to the depositum fidei. Restoring the original conditions of the Christian church involved methods of research learned from Renaissance humanists and the removal, often destructive, of the “deposit” or residue or patina that adhered to, distorted, discolored, and obscured the conditions of the “primitive church.” A Roman Catholic may well dislike the processes that Luther set in motion, but imagine a scholarly history of Christianity that mentioned Protestantism only to regret its existence.Still, Vout's reasoning, it seems to me, is more sophisticated in its defense of dirt and in its criticism of restoration than any offered against the Protestants’ reasoning during the Counter-Reformation. Consider, for instance, this inspiring passage: “When the curators at the Munich Glyptothek removed Thorwaldsen's restorations from the Aegina pediments, they did not so much take them back to a pristine state as out of the feedback loop, rendering them damaged goods. It was not a restriction of avenues or a change of direction that was being enacted here, but a refusal to speak the language, or rather an insistence that the only language worth speaking was an academic [humanist, restorationist] one. . . . In 2011, the Glyptothek marked the two hundredth year of the pediments’ discovery by putting new versions of Thorvaldsen's restored figures on display. They had relearned the lingo. For art to be ‘classical,’ it has to know its place in the discourse.” May lingo and feedback loop have successful careers in the lexicon of classical scholarship. “Far from producing a nostalgic narrative,” as Vout informs us, “the lessons learned from looking back ensure that we keep traveling.”

Una musa “Dal nome amabile” (STES. FR. 327, 1 FINGLASS)?

Stes. fr. 327 F. contains an invocation to the Muse for her to sing the love story between a boy and a girl. The last section of v. 1 has serious corruption problems. Taking up the meaning of a proposal by Meineke, this contribution discusses the hypothesis that the Muse invoked was Erato and that the corrupt text may hide an adjective capable of qualifying the Muse: in this case a plausible correction could be ??????????. The reference to Erato as Muse “with an amiable name” would be supported by A. R. 3.5; Ov. Ars 2.16; Fast. 4.195-6.

Unearthing Text-Critical Possibilities through Lexical-Syntactic Analysis: A Case Study from Judg 15:3

Abstract In the discipline of text criticism of the Hebrew Bible, one is usually alerted to the possibility of textual corruption either by a reading that poses significant logical or syntactic difficulties in its immediate context, or by the presence of significant variants in ancient manuscripts and translations of that text. In this article, however, it will be argued that occasionally, even when a reading seems to enjoy unanimous support from ancient manuscripts and versions and poses no significant difficulty in context, there remains the possibility of textual corruption. Using Judg 15:3 as a test case, this article will show that when even seemingly trivial lexical-syntactic irregularities such as the use of the notoriously fluid מן preposition in conjunction with נקה are noted and carefully analysed, new text-critical possibilities that would otherwise be overlooked may come to light.

On Plato Theaetetus 149d3

This note discusses a textual problem in Plato Theaetetus 149d3. It argues against previous attempts to solve the textual problem by suggesting that the sentence contains a lacuna rather than merely a textual corruption. It then offers a few textual suggestions for how to fill the lacuna. The piece also contains some discussion of the philosophical context of the line, as well as its debated linguistic features.

Four notes on Martial

Four notes on Martial* T. J. Leary 1. Mart. 1.941 cantasti male, dum fututa es, Aegle.iam cantas bene; basianda non es. You sang badly, Aegle, as long as you were fucked. Now you sing well, but you shouldn't be kissed. Howell 1980 ad loc. begins 'This epigram has always puzzled commentators'. He continues: 'The explanation is probably related to the widespread belief that women's voices change after they lose their virginity', before considering several possibilities, for instance, that Aegle used to sing in a hoarse voice but now, having given up vaginal intercourse, sings better after switching to fellatio (the reason why she shouldn't be kissed).2 As he concedes, though, abstinence cannot make a good voice out of a bad one. It seems to me that fellatio is definitely in question, but that the explanations of the poem have so far missed the mark. Could not the point be this, that Aegle has a bad singing-voice but that, once she has turned to fellation, she cannot sing at all since her mouth is full and so she sings 'well' (line 2)? In contrast (line 1), while she practised vaginal intercourse, her mouth was free and so she was able to indulge her lack of vocal talent. Compare Adams 1982: 126–27: 'It was a standard joke to speak of irrumatio [i.e mentulam in os [End Page 297] inserere] as a means of silencing someone', noting especially his explanation (cf. Leary 1996 ad loc.) of Mart. 14.74 Corvus, which varies the theme: corve salutator, quare fellator haberis? in caput intravit mentula nulla tuum. Welcoming crow, why are you considered a cock-sucker? No penis has entered your head. Although the crow was popularly believed ore coire, he cannot be a fellator (i.e. irrumatus) because he is so noisy.3 The logical extension of this explanation is that Aegle used to sing at the same time as engaging in vaginal sex, just as she wasn't able to sing while she was busy fellating someone; but perhaps, for the sake of the joke, one is not meant to push logic as far as this.4 2. Mart. 2.48 coponem laniumque balneumque,tonsorem tabulamque calculosqueet paucos, sed ut eligam, libellos;unum non nimium rudem sodalemet grandem puerum diuque levem 5et caram puero meo puellam:haec praesta mihi, Rufe, vel Butuntis,et thermas tibi habe Neronianas. An inn-keeper, a butcher, a bath, a barber, a games board and counters, a few books, but of my choice, a friend, just one, of some cultivation, a boy, full-grown and smooth-cheeked for a while to come, and a girl dear to my boy: supply me with these, Rufus, even at Butinti, and you can keep the Baths of Nero. [End Page 298] The puer in line 5 has generally been interpreted as being a slave-boy and potential sexual partner for Martial, but questions have then been prompted by the following line: why does Martial see, as a requisite for the ideal life, having a slave-girl who is dear to his slave-boy? Surely she too is a potential sexual partner, and, while a threesome is not impossible, it seems unlikely that Martial would consider sharing her favours a life-enhancing prospect. Compare Williams 2004 ad loc., who also lists some of the other scenarios suggested to explain the perceived difficulty;5 but the possibility of textual corruption is not raised. Puero, in line 6, seems suspect after puerum in line 5. Might it be an intrusion, prompted by it and replacing something like cubitu? Compare, for example, [Sen.] Oct. 853 nostris coniugem caram toris. For cubitus to mean 'bed' (cubile), see TLL 4.1276.74−82 s.v. cubitus (Lambertz). 3. Mart. 3.92 ut patiar moechum rogat uxor, Galle, sed unum. huic ego non oculos eruo, Galle, duos? My wife asks that I tolerate a lover, Gallus, just one. Shall I not gouge out his eyes, Gallus, both of them? Shackleton Bailey 1993 wonders ad loc. whether oculos refers to the testicles, but adds that 'oculi does not seem to be so used elsewhere.' His suspicion...

Marcionism and Luke 3:22

Abstract One of the most intriguing textual variants in the New Testament occurs at Luke 3:22, the scene depicting the heavenly voice at Jesus’s baptism. This particular variant has broad consequences for how scholars understand the place of Luke’s Gospel within the Christological controversies that dominated the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Considering external, intrinsic, and transcriptional evidence, this article argues that perceived fears about Marcionism in proto-orthodox circles precipitated the textual corruption at Luke 3:22, prompting a theological redactor to introduce a reading that compounds Christological notions of messiah, prophet, and king in an attempt to strengthen Jesus’s links to Jewish history.

How the Bible Is Written

How the Bible Is Written

Early Shakespeare, 1588–1594. Edited by Rory Loughnane and Andrew J. Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. v+324.

<i>Early Shakespeare, 1588–1594</i>. Edited by Rory Loughnane and Andrew J. Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. v+324.

Exposing Textual Corruption: Community as a Stabilizing Aspect in the Circulation of the New Testament Writings during the Greco-Roman Era

Because few manuscripts of the NT writings are preserved from the first three centuries of the Christian era, scholars have debated the extent that modern critical editions of the NT reflect the text in circulation during these early centuries. In order to answer this question, this article will set out the evidence for ancient publication through community transmission. It will consider examples from Cicero, Martial, Quintilian, Pliny the Younger and Galen. These authors reveal that they preferred social networks rather than commercial dealers to circulate their writings. These same communities that copied and distributed an author’s works inadvertently created an environment in which significant alterations and plagiarizing of these same writings became known. Matthew D.C. Larsen, who has recently approached the same problem addressed in this article by examining ancient publication conventions, is engaged with throughout. The conclusions drawn here press hard against Larsen’s assertions.

Annotazioni su B1,1-3 (B1,4a?) di Parmenide

The extraordinary overall textual situation of Parmenides’ B1,1-3, due to complex, variegate and polymorphous causes, entailed and still entails diverse sorts of problematic issues so to constitute a true labyrinth of philological, hermeneutical and theoretical instances interwoven each other in almost inextricable way. In this analysis, a first substantial knot of philological type resulted necessary to a preliminary discrimination for making sure the textual reconstruction in order to argue then its most literarily clear and specifiable meaning. In this way it was also possible to make sure its semantic and theoretical relevancies. This research leaded to outline and, hopefully, to demonstrate no textual corruption and following misunderstanding happened before sec. XIII, namely corresponding to the lecture present in the first available manuscript, the so-called cod. N, universally excluded and entirely misevaluated, even discarded; instead it is not only the principle, but the unique reliable codex. The detailed analyse including the autoptic exam is the result of enlightening the absolute goodness of this version and the reasons both philological and hermeneutical comparations, which allow to achieve its complete textual rehabilitation and so to grasp its real conceptual content.