Corrosion Reaction Research Articles

Breaking Activity‐Durability Inverse Relationship via Electrode Engineering by Utilizing β‐MnO2/RuO2 Heterostructures for Efficient Seawater Electrolysis

AbstractSignificant efforts are underway to enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production. Approaches that were explored are the design of an efficient anode, engineering of electrolytes, and application of diffusion protective layer over the catalyst to protect it from corrosive reactions. Here we are exploring the engineering of electrode fabrication to enhance the efficacy of anode catalysts by ensuring that the materials are carefully selected. β‐MnO2 has been used to develop a cost‐effective method for electrode fabrication that establish a Schottky junction at heterostructure interface. This method transforms commercial RuO2, which is considered to be less active and stable, highly selective for chlorine oxidative reactions, into a highly active, stable, and OER‐selective in alkaline medium and surrogate seawater. With the help of thorough electrochemical techniques, we found that this engineering significantly improves the effective electrochemical surface area, and higher kinetics and conversion per unit site, profoundly affecting the charge transfer mechanism and optimizing the adsorption of OER intermediates, resulting in much‐increased mass activity. It is observed that the selectivity of the OER was enhanced due to the Lewis acid repercussions of β‐MnO2.

Multifunctional Amphoteric Additive Alanine Enables High-Performance Wide-pH Zn Metal Anodes.

Interfacial pH fluctuation is one of the primary reasons for issues related to Zn metal anodes. Herein, polar amphoteric alanine, as a multifunctional electrolyte additive, is designed to regulate the electric double layer (EDL) and solvation structure. Alanine with self-adaptation capability to pH can stabilize electrolyte pH. Due to more negative adsorption energy, alanine preferentially adsorbs on the Zn surface and repels water molecules within the EDL. Alanine-enriched EDL effectively shields the surface tips, homogenizes interfacial electric field distribution, and promotes preferential deposition of horizontal flaky Zn. Alanine-enriched EDL limits the contact between water and the Zn anode. Alanine additive decreases the quantity of water molecules in the Zn2+ solvation sheath and disrupts H-bond networks in the electrolyte. Consequently, a dense and textured Zn deposition is achieved. Corrosion and side reactions are suppressed. Cycling stability of symmetrical cells attains 2700h at 3mAcm-2/1mAhcm-2 and 2050h at 5mAcm-2/1mAhcm-2. Average coulombic efficiency reaches 99.8% over 4500 cycles at 5mAcm-2/1mAhcm-2. Even within KOH alkaline electrolytes, alanine additive still improves the cycling lifespan of symmetrical cells to 100h at 0.5mAcm-2/0.5mAhcm-2.

Predictive Modeling and Adsorption Behavior, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies of <i>Anthocleista grandiflora </i>Leaf Extract for Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Seawater

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition performance of Anthocleista grandiflora leaf (AGL) extract on carbon steel in seawater, considering the effects of temperature, immersion time, and inhibitor concentration. Predictive modeling, adsorption behavior, and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the inhibition process were examined. The weight loss technique,characterization techniques combined with response surface methodology (RSM), revealed that the AGL extract follows the Langmuir adsorption model, exhibiting physical adsorption with ΔG values between −16.24 to −15.49kJ/mol, indicating spontaneous and endothermic inhibition. The thermodynamic parameters entropy (−198.87 to −52.58 J/mol), enthalpy (20.42 to 53.42 kJ/mol), and activation energy (13.68 to 56.32 kJ/mol further support this. The corrosion reaction follows first-order kinetics, with the half-life decreasing as the rate constant and extract concentration increase.The SEM images revealed that the AGL extract formed a protective surface layer on the mild steel, effectively preventing pitting. This protective effect became more pronounced as the concentration of the extract increased. RSM optimization identified optimal conditions for maximum inhibition efficiency (98.70%) and corrosion rate (0.058 mm/y) at 800 ppm, 303 K, and 45 days, with a prediction accuracy of 95%, making it suitable for application in the oil and gas industry.

Long-short-term memory model for quantitative analysis of corrosion products in concrete

A quantitative analysis model is proposed to describe the content evolution of corrosion products in concrete structures subjected to sulfate or chloride attack. The model is inspired by the idea of the Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm in the machine learning field. For establishing the relationship between engineering data and theoretical computations, the training samples of the model are generated by solving the rate equations of the sulfate corrosion reactions in concrete with wide-range initial conditions and validated by the existing experimental data. The Pearson correlation coefficient is employed to determine the model features. The model performance is comprehensively evaluated and discussed. The results show that the proposed model has enough accuracy and feasibility. It could effectively predict the contents of the corrosion products during the sulfate attack by several input values rather than the initial contents of all chemical constituents. The proposed model builds a bridge between experimental methods and theoretical predictions, adequately inheriting their advantages.

Strong Ion‐Dipole Interactions for Stable Zinc‐Ion Batteries with Wide Temperature Range

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries are widely recognized as promising alternatives to lithium batteries due to their excellent safety, environmental compatibility, and cost‐effectiveness. Nonetheless, the formation of dendrites, corrosion, and undesirable side reactions on the zinc surface pose significant challenges to the cycling stability of zinc‐ion batteries. In this study, polar propylene carbonate (PC) is paired with tetrafluoroborate anions to establish a strong ion‐dipole interaction. Strong ion‐dipole interaction can not only alter the solvation structure of zinc ions but also facilitate the formation of a dynamic double electric layer on the surface of the zinc electrode, suppressing the formation of ZnF2 interface and carbonate, thereby facilitating uniform zinc ion deposition, and consequently improving battery cycling stability over a broad temperature range. Concretely, the formulated electrolyte enhances the cycling stability of the battery over a wide temperature range of −30 to 40 °C, accompanied by a capacity retention of ≈100% even after 10 000 cycles at −30 °C. The symmetrical battery utilizing this electrolyte exhibits stable cycling performance for over 1200 h at 25 °C and 1900 h at −30 °C, respectively. The findings provide a promising direction for the development of long‐cycle batteries capable of operating over a wide temperature range.

UV light-triggered fluorescence corrosion sensing coatings for AA2024-T3 based on 8-hydroxyquinline loaded vanadium oxide nanorods

Fluorescent corrosion indicators potentially locate the underlying corrosion on metallic substrates based on sensing metal ions caused by corrosion reactions. Nanoparticles loaded with indicators are significant components of the fluorescence corrosion detection system. These fluorescent coatings face challenges (including fluorescence quenching, sluggish response rate, and expensive instrumentation). To tackle such issues, we have developed 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) loaded oxygen-deficient vanadium oxide (VOx) nanorods (∼220 nm in length and ∼50 nm in width) via solvothermal technique yielding enhanced fluorescence efficiency. 8-HQ/VOx/Ac2403 was utilized to develop a fluorescent corrosion sensing coating for AA2024-T3. The system is designed to detect corrosion within the first few days to weeks after exposure to corrosive conditions by making a complex by reacting with metal ions (Al3+), resulting in a reduction and bright blueish fluorescence effect in the exposure of UV light and can be seen with the naked eye. As a result, fluorescent corrosion-sensing coatings provide a practical substitute for typical coatings to satisfy rising industrial demands by providing corrosion sensing before significant structural damage occurs.

Unveiling the interaction between corrosion products and oxygen reduction on the corrosion of Mg–4Nd–0.4Zr alloy under thin electrolyte layers

Although hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is considered to be the main cathodic reaction of Mg corrosion, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been recently confirmed to be a secondary cathodic reaction. The factors affecting ORR of magnesium (Mg) alloys are still unclear, especially in cases under thin electrolyte layers (TEL). In this work, the influence of the corrosion product films on the cathodic reactions of Mg alloys under TEL and in a bulk solution was investigated. ORR does not influence the hydrogen evolution rates in the corrosion of Mg alloys. Therefore, with the existence of oxygen, corrosion rates of Mg alloys measured by hydrogen evolution tests are not accurate under TEL. And weight loss test is a more accurate method to evaluate Mg corrosion rates under TEL. ORR was confirmed to participate in the corrosion of Mg–4Nd–0.4Zr, Mg–4Nd and Mg–0.4Zr alloys under TEL. In 100-μm TEL, the highest contribution of ORR in cathodic reactions for the corrosion of Mg–4Nd–0.4Zr, Mg–4Nd and Mg–0.4Zr alloys are 28.6%, 39.1%, and 35.8%, respectively. The more protective film on Mg–4Nd–0.4Zr alloy provides a stronger inhibition effect against the diffusion of oxygen, leading to decreased ORR contribution in cathodic reactions. In addition, it is suggested that the preparation of Mg alloys with protective corrosion product films can inhibit the corrosion induced by ORR in the atmosphere. This work emphasizes the effects of corrosion product films on ORR in Mg corrosion, especially under TEL.

High-viscoelasticity alginate-based coatings for reversible zinc metal anodes

High-safety aqueous zinc (Zn) ion batteries are troubled by dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution reaction on Zn anode, which can be well solved via the construction of surface protective layer. The recent researches mainly focus on the bulk property of the protective layer, but its separation from Zn anode is ignored. In this work, high-viscoelasticity alginate-based (HVAA) layer was in-situ constructed on Zn anodes by the cross-linking of sodium alginate with formaldehyde and the plastifying of glycerin. HVAA layer can combine with H2O and coordinate with Zn2+ ions in aqueous electrolyte to achieve viscoelasticity on Zn anode, which can accommodate volume change of Zn anode during plating/stripping processes to continuously protect Zn anodes under the real battery system. Physical block effect of HVAA layer impedes hydrogen evolution corrosion reaction by avoiding the immediate contact of Zn anodes with aqueous electrolyte. Ionic conductive ability of HVAA layer by coordinating oxygen-containing groups with Zn2+ can uniform ion flux to induce the homogeneous deposition of Zn2+ on Zn anode. Zn anode with HVAA endows ZnZn symmetric battery with stably cycle of 4000 h and Zn-iodide full batteries with better electrochemical performance of 8000 cycles comparing with bare Zn anode. This work opens a novel route to continuously protect Zn anode through the high-viscoelasticity films to closely fit with Zn surface and implement the high-value application of renewable sources.

Influences of heat flow on corrosion behavior and interfacial reaction kinetics

Heat transfer surface of heat exchange devices often suffers from severe corrosion, and their corrosion behavior is dramatically influenced by both surface temperature and heat flow. In this work, a novel heat transfer interface corrosion testing system was designed and built based on a simulation calculation analysis (COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 software). By the aid of it, effects of different heat flux on corrosion performance of steel Q235 was investigated through mass loss and electrochemical methods in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution at controlled interface temperatures. Results indicate that variations in concentration and temperature impose a great contribution to corrosion rate but not corrosion mechanism. However, heat flow not only changed the concentration of reactants near the interfacial surface but also affected the rate and kinetic mechanism of corrosion. Positive heat flow could reduce corrosion rate of heat transfer surface, while negative heat flow increased corrosion rate. Heat flow significantly altered parameters of the corrosion reaction rate constant (such as pre-exponential factor, activation energy, entropy change, and enthalpy change), and an approximate exponential relationship between corrosion rate and heat flux was proposed.

Corrosion of iron in liquid uranium hexafluoride at 80 °C. Part I: Normal and abnormal experimental kinetics

The results reported here are the first on pure iron corrosion in liquid UF6 at 80 °C. Two kinetic behaviours have been observed: one led to micrometric scales (from micron to hundreds of microns after several months) and the other one to hundreds of nanometers for several months. The higher corrosion kinetics resulted in the presence of impurities such as NOxF complexes formed by interaction between the medium and the reactor material. These NOxF catalysed the corrosion reaction leading to a corrosion mechanism controlled by the cathodic reaction rate. Effect of impurities in UF6 coming from experimental conditions or nature of uranium ore should then be systematically and carefully checked. Whatever the corrosion kinetics and the presence of impurities, the nature of the layer was identical: a duplex fluoride scale composed of an iron rich layer, FeF2, and a uranium rich layer evolving over time from U2F9 to UF5.

Spatial distribution of corrosion products from a bridge pier

AbstractThis paper studies the spatial distribution of corrosion by-products by a bridge pier within a conductive medium. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to investigate an uncoated metallic bridge pier submerged in static distilled water. An equivalent circuit model, derived from EIS results, served as the foundation for the study. Further, the role of diffusion was analysed, considering its significance in characterising the transfer of particles from the pier into the surrounding water. This exploration revealed the complex interaction between the diffusion processes of various corrosion by-products as a function of distance. In addition, by evaluating the spatial distribution of iron (II) corrosion by-products and modelling nanoparticle diffusion, the research examined the impact of diffusion and concentration on corrosion particle transmission. The findings, analysed via Nyquist and Bode plots, demonstrate significant differences between theoretical and empirical diffusion coefficients. Results indicated that under natural corrosion conditions, the primary product of the corrosion reaction, iron (II), disperses into the medium when oxidation occurs. The elevated resistivity due to the presence of iron (II) underscores the diffusion effect, leading to corrosion product precipitation and reaching saturation level. Additionally, the results demonstrated ideal values for the diffusion coefficient, which are crucial for advanced corrosion modelling. The results emphasised the need for empirical data to improve corrosion prediction models and informed maintenance strategies for submerged structures.

Anti-Corrosion Performance of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Coating on Steel Reinforcement: The Effect of Boric Acid.

It has recently been found that magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) paste coating applied on the surface of steel reinforcement can effectively retard the onset of corrosion and suppress corrosion reactions. However, the fast-setting nature of MKPC-which is a merit in repair-can be problematic in a practical engineering process of coating the steel reinforcement with MKPC paste. To address this problem, boric acid (H3BO3) was added as a retarder in an MKPC formulation to prolong the setting time. This work investigated the impact of boric acid (at 5% by weight of MgO) on the anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating through a series of electrochemical (EC) tests. The results showed that the anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating for a mild steel bar could be interfered with by the presence of boric acid. In the same testing situation (immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl corrosion solution), the polarization resistance and corrosion current density of the group including boric acid were inferior and exceeded the corrosion thresholds prior to the control group without boric acid. Meanwhile, the time constant phase in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 10 kHz was rarely observed, implying that the presence of boric acid probably impaired the formation of the passivation layer. This decrease in anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating could be related to the larger volume fraction of pores in the range from 0.1 to 10 µm that are formed during the initial stage of coating formation.

Trace Amounts of Multifunctional Electrolyte Additives Enhance Cyclic Stability of High-Rate Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are renowned for their exceptional safety and eco-friendliness. However, they face cycling stability and reversibility challenges, particularly under high-rate conditions due to corrosion and harmful side reactions. This work introduces fumaric acid (FA) as a trace amount, suitable high-rate, multifunctional, low-cost, and environmentally friendly electrolyte additive to address these issues. FA additives serve as prioritized anchors to form water-poor Inner Helmholtz Plane on Zn anodes and adsorb chemically on Zn anode surfaces to establish a unique in situ solid-electrolyte interface. The combined mechanisms effectively inhibit dendrite growth and suppress interfacial side reactions, resulting in excellent stability of Zn anodes. Consequently, with just tiny quantities of FA, Zn anodes achieve a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.55 % and exhibit a remarkable lifespan over 2580 hours at 5mA cm-2, 1 mAh cm-2 in Zn//Zn cells. Even under high-rate conditions (10mA cm-2, 1 mAh cm-2), it can still run almost for 2020 hours. Additionally, the Zn//V2O5 full cell with FA retains a high specific capacity of 106.95 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1. This work provides a novel additive for the design of electrolytes for high-rate AZIBs.

Influence of the oxidizing technique on the biocompatible and corrosion properties of Ti6Al4V in a physiological environment

This work aims to evaluate the corrosion and biocompatibility properties of oxide films generated on Ti6Al4V alloys using both traditional and novel methods. Oxide films were generated by anodization and plasma treatment to achieve a blue surface finish. The oxide films were then characterized and compared to a native film formed on the Ti6Al4V.Electrochemical tests, incorporating potentiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were employed to define the electrochemical resistance of oxides in an environment simulating biological exposure. In vitro tests were conducted to study ion release and biocompatible properties over a 6-week period of exposure to a 0.9 wt% NaCl solution, at body temperature. Various spectroscopic techniques, including ToF-SIMS, XRD, and Raman analysis, were used to study the structure and chemistry of the oxide films. The sub-surface layer was analysed by microstructural investigation.The type of oxidation was found to have a key influence on the oxide composition, especially with respect to the depth distribution of the individual alloy elements through the oxide film. The oxidation process determines which of the alloying elements are released into the environment, as a result of the corrosion reactions.

Exploring the performance of Coriandrum sativum extract as an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a [formula omitted] medium, and its sustainable application in the eco-friendly removal of heavy metals

This research investigated the performance of coriander seeds, for the first time, in two critical phenomena: wastewater treatment and corrosion inhibition in acidic environments. On one hand, the aqueous extracts from Coriandrum sativum seeds (CE) were evaluated for mild steel corrosion inhibition in a 2.0 M phosphoric acid medium using several techniques such as phytochemical analysis (GC-MS), potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX) and theoretical analyses, including DFT calculations and Molecular Dynamic Simulations, further elucidated the major chemical components. First, the phytochemical analysis has proved that CE contains heteroatoms. Second, the electrochemical results indicate that CE behaves as a mixed type inhibitor and the corrosion reaction is controlled by charge transfer process. Finally, The theoretical calculations confirmed that the active compounds of CE can be adsorbed on the Fe (1 1 0) surface through physical patterns and by sharing charges with iron to form coordinate bonds. The acquired results have shown a strong correlation between corrosion inhibition efficiency that was about 93 %, SEM-EDAX and DFT parameters. On the other hand, the study examined coriander seeds (CS) in powder form as a removal of copper ions in aqueous solutions through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis. The parametric study was effectuated by establishing the effect of contact time, adsorbent mass, solution pH and stirring speed. The removal rate was about 79 %. Regeneration studies showed that CS could be reused for five cycles without significant loss of effectiveness. SEM-EDAX analysis has proved the studied process.

Zinc-tin binary alloy interphase for zinc metal batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries are rapidly developing as the most propitious energy storage system due to their high security, high specific capacity and low cost, etc. However, zinc anodes suffered from dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution reactions during cycling, so it is of utmost importance to upgrade zinc anode properties. In this study, the homogeneous layer of ZnSn alloy interphase was formed by introducing metallic tin to the anode surface using an ion sputtering technique. ZnSn alloy can reduce the hydrogen evolution over-potential of anode and the corrosion current, inhibiting the occurrence of hydrogen evolution and corrosion reaction. Moreover, the ZnSn alloy anode can provide uniform nucleation sites and uniformize the electric field on the anode surface, promote the uniform deposition of Zn2+, thus inhibiting the formation of zinc dendrites. Notably, compared to the Zn foil//Zn foil cell (400 h), the ZnSn alloy symmetric cell showed excellent cycling performance by cycling for 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2. Furthermore, even at current density of 1 A/g, the capacity retention of the ZnSn alloy//MnO2 full cell was up to 89.5 % compared to only 32.3 % for Zn foil//MnO2 cell. The preparation of this ZnSn alloy anode may provide new ideas for future alloying strategies.

Bi-Functional Interfacial Modification enables Highly-Exposed Zn(002) Crystal Facet towards Durable Zn Metal Batteries.

Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have garnered growing interest in large-scale energy storage devices for the high safety, high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. Nevertheless, their widespread applications are significantly impeded by dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions of Zn anodes. Herein, a bi-functional polyacrylic acid (PAA) modified-Zn anode (Zn-PAA) is designed to concurrently inhibit Zn dendrite formation and alleviate side reactions. The bi-functional PAA coating not only selectively acid-etches the active Zn crystal facets to guide the planar deposition along the highly-exposed Zn(002) crystal facet, but also facilitate uniform Zn deposition through coordination between the polymer functional groups and Zn2+. Meanwhile, the electrically-insulated PAA protective layer effectively separates Zn anodes from the electrolyte and modulates the solvation structure of Zn2+.6H2O, significantly suppressing side reactions. Consequently, the assembled Zn-PAA//Zn-PAA symmetrical cell delivers an outstanding cycling stability of 1600 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2. The assembled KVO//Zn-PAA full cell shows exceptional cycling stability over 1500 cycles at 2.0 A g-1 with a high Coulombic efficiency approaching 100%. The facile bi-functional surface modification strategy, which enables to finely tune the crystal facet texture and ion distribution manner, opens up a groundbreaking path towards safe and durable ZIBs.

Effect of Temperature and Oxygen Concentration on Corrosion of J55 Steel in an O2/CO2 Environment

ABSTRACTThe corrosion product competition and transformation process of J55 under an O2/CO2 environment in the temperature range of 50–350°C and 0–1 MPa oxygen partial pressure range, respectively, were studied using electrochemical and surface analysis techniques as well as thermodynamic calculations to determine its corrosion rate change law and pitting corrosion phenomenon. This study demonstrates that the uniform corrosion rate of J55 with increasing temperature shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and finally increasing. The transformation of its corrosion products, from FeCO3 into Fe3O4, is consistent with the altering corrosion rate law with increasing temperatures. J55 corrodes faster at 350°C as the O2 partial pressure increases. When the O2 partial pressure is low, the predominant kind of corrosion product that is obtained is FeCO3; when the O2 partial pressure exceeds 0.2 MPa, all corrosion products are transformed into iron oxides. As the oxygen partial pressure increases, J55's corrosion product film becomes increasingly less protective of the substrate, making the substance more vulnerable to corrosion reactions.

Corrosion inhibition of tetrabutylphosphonium benzotriazolate on carbon steel in acidic medium

The inhibition effect of tetrabutylphosphonium benzotriazolate (TBPB) on carbon steel in a 1 mol·L−1 HCl solution was investigated using a combination of analytical techniques, including polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study revealed that TBPB acts as a mixed corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic conditions. The efficiency of corrosion inhibition was observed to increase gradually with rising TBPB concentrations, reaching a maximum of 92 % at a concentration of 10 mmol·L−1. This enhancement in corrosion inhibition efficiency is attributed to the adsorption of TBPB on the metal surface, effectively isolating it from the corrosive medium and thereby preventing corrosion reactions. Importantly, this mechanism aligns well with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model.

Disodium Malate Electrolyte Additive Facilitates Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode: Deposition Kinetics and Interface Regulation.

Due to the presence of H2O within the solvated sheath of [Zn(H2O)6]2+ as well as reactive free water in the electrolyte bulk phase, the extended cycling of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is significantly affected by detrimental side reactions and the growth of Zn dendrites. This study significantly enhances the long-term cycling stability of AZIBs by introducing a small amount of disodium malate (DM) into a 2m ZnSO4 electrolyte solution. DM involvement in the solvation sheath of Zn2+ reduces the desolvation energy of Zn2+, thereby mitigating the corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of the negative electrode surface by [Zn(H2O)6]2+ ions. Additionally, DM adsorption on the zinc surface retards the reduction kinetics of Zn2+ at anode, promoting uniform distribution and predominant deposition on the flat (002) crystal plane, thus reducing dendrite formation. The assembled Zn||Zn symmetric cell exhibits stable cycling for over 500 h at 10mA cm-2 and 5 mAh cm-2. The Zn||VO2 full cells with DM additive exhibits an ultralong cycling lifespan without capacity loss.