Corrosion Rate Measurements Research Articles

Prediction of inhibition performance of agro-waste extract in simulated acidizing media via machine learning

The study aims to employ machine learning modelling approach to model the measurement of corrosion rate on AISI 316 stainless steel when corrosion inhibitor is added in different dosages and dose schedules. To achieve this, experimental data was analyzed statistically and modeled using Levenberg-Marquardt’s back-propagation artificial neural network (LMBP-ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithms. Maximum inhibition efficiencies of 96.44%, 94.74%, and 90.24% were obtained from experimental at a concentration of 10 g and temperatures of 288, 298, and 308 K respectively. The experiment shows that the corrosion rate time profile depends on the dosing schedule, whereas the final rate mainly depends on the environmental severity. The corrosion rates are predicted by the developed models while their capabilities were compared in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error root (MAPE), determination coefficient (R2), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for all outputs. From the statistical metrics obtained, credence was given to ANFIS as the best predictive model compared to the LMBP-ANN with MAPE, R2, MAD, and RMSE value of 15.242,0.893, 0.105,0.372 for corrosion rate, 13.135,0.904, 0.725,1.036, for weight loss and 18.342, 0.835, 20.417, 24.238 for inhibition efficiency at the testing stage. The effect of inhibitor concentration and exposure time are the most significant parameters for predicting eggshell extract as potential inhibitor for stainless steel in oilfield pickling and acidizing media.

Effect of Nacl Solution on Protection Rate of BJTP 40 Steel (SNI 07-2052-200219) With Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Utilizing Zn Anode

Reinforced concrete is a crucial element in infrastructure. However, it is unfortunate that the issue of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures has a significant impact and requires detailed consideration. Since the 1980s, research on corrosion-related problems has been initiated, one of which involves the SACP (Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection) approach using Zn sacrificial anodes. The purpose of this method is to control the corrosion rate in reinforced concrete. Environmental factors, such as the composition of solutions, play a role in influencing the resulting corrosion rate. Therefore, research is conducted by applying different solutions, namely 4% and 5% NaCl solutions, as well as Freshwater. This aims to compare the effects of these solutions on the measured corrosion rate using Zn anodes. The test results over a 4-week period indicate that the 5% NaCl solution exhibits a very high corrosion rate, as evidenced by the corrosion potential value of -790.3 mV. Conversely, the freshwater solution demonstrates a lower corrosion rate, with a corrosion potential value of -225.6 mV and a corrosion risk of only around 10%. This research provides a deeper understanding of the impact of solutions on the corrosion rate in reinforced concrete and offers a more scientific and contemporary perspective in line with current developments.

The use of isothermal calorimetry to measure corrosion rates of metals in contact with preservative-treated wood

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether isothermal microcalorimetry can be used to determine the corrosion rates of metals embedded in wood. Metal fasteners were driven into dowels of wood treated with alkaline copper quaternary, a common wood preservative that increases the corrosiveness of wood. The dowels were stored in a nearly 100% relative humidity environment at 27°C for one year; throughout the exposure period, dowels were removed and the thermal power generated by the sample was measured in an isothermal calorimeter. Measurements over the 1-year exposure showed that the thermal power depended upon the wood moisture content and ranged from 0 to 200 µW. The heat, determined by integrating thermal power over time, was higher than expected compared with the total amount of mass lost due to corrosion at the end of the experiment. Despite this, the technique shows promise as a method to determine how changes in wood moisture content affect the corrosion rates of metals in contact with preservative treated wood.

Development and Evaluation of Respirometric in Situ Corrosion Monitoring System

There is a growing need for a system to be used for real-time in-situ monitoring of corrosion rates. This system/method allows the determination of real-time corrosion rates under realistic exposure conditions and is capable of following changing exposure conditions in situ. This is realized by a combination of optical Oxygen sensor measurements with either gravimetric volume sensitive techniques or pressure sensor based techniques in a closed chamber. This study was therefore aimed at developing and evaluating a low-cost, real-time corrosion monitoring system, using copper (Cu) as a test sample. Materials used were sourced locally, the circuitry was designed and used to develop the system with incorporation of sensors that can monitor temperature, humidity and pressure within an airtight glass bottle and placed in a housing which was fabricated. The developed system was then evaluated using a piece of Cu exposed to 5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) within the closed chamber were monitored; and thus Ideal gas and Henry laws were adopted to calculate the amount of gas molecules, and convert them to cathodic reactions. The methods were carried out in accordance with existing literature and standard procedure. Results of evaluation of the system showed that, the more Oxygen is being consumed, the higher the corrosion. Mass loss validation measurements carried out at the end of exposure showed a good correlation with the total recorded cathodic charge. Immersion corrosion kinetics can be monitored non-destructively and in real-time. Manometric approach showed that HER leads to a pressure increase while ORR leads to a decrease in pressure. ORR monitoring is possible based on the amount of consumed O2 by manometric and sensor-based approaches; sensitive, non-destructive corrosion rate measurements are possible on Cu and could be monitored remotely.

Corrosion of steel rebars embedded in One-part Alkali activated concrete mixes

To reduce CO2 emissions and turn a variety of industrial/agricultural wastes into valuable cementitious products, alkali-activated materials (AAM) are recognized as suitable substitutes for regular Portland cement (OPC). However, the concentrated aqueous alkali solutions used in conventional two-part alkali activated materials are highly corrosive, viscous, and are difficult to handle in direct field applications. As a result, the potential for developing so-called "just add water" type one-part AAMs, as compared to traditional two-part AAM, is being explored, particularly in cast-in-situ applications. In the present study on corrosion of reinforcing steel bars in fly ash-slag (FA-GGBS) based one-part AAC mixtures, three parameters—the total binder content, the relative proportions of GGBS and Fly-ash and the percentage of sodium oxide (Na2O) - are recognized as the key factors in determining the strength and durability performance (including corrosion of rebars embedded in it) of a given AAC mix. Accordingly, experiments were conducted on AAC mixes with three binder contents (440, 460, and 480 kg/m3), three Slag/FA ratios (80/20, 70/30 and 60/40, by volume) and three alternate Na2O percentages (5, 6, and 7%, by weight of total binder content). Prismatic cylindrical test specimens of reinforced geopolymer concrete were prepared and half-cell potential and corrosion rate measurements were made after 28-, 56-, and 90 days of continuous exposure to 3% of NaCl solution, to accelerate the corrosion process. Measured corrosion current density and corrosion rates using a Electro-chemical Corrosion Analyser have indicated that the AAC mixture having a total binder content 440 kg/m3, GGBS/FS ratio of 70/30 and 6% Na2O content, exhibits best corrosion resistance amongst the various mixes tested herein, as measured up to the end of 90-days.

Corrosion Rate and Weight Loss of Geopolymer Mortar Coated Concrete Specimens with Different Thicknesses

This study is about the use of geopolymer mortar as an alternative repair material to reduce the corrosion rate of building structures. The experiment was conducted by comparing the corrosion rate and weight loss of concrete specimens with different thicknesses of geopolymer mortar coating with concrete specimens coated with Sikagrout 215M. Observations showed that the specimens with 2.5 cm thick geopolymer mortar coating cracked faster and had higher current values than the others. Corrosion rate measurements showed that the specimen with 4 cm thickness geopolymer mortar coating had the lowest corrosion rate, while the specimen with Sikagrout 215M coating had a higher corrosion rate. Visualization of the cracked specimens shows that the geopolymer mortar layer’s thickness affects the reinforcement’s rust formation. Geopolymer concrete with proper coating thickness can reduce the corrosion rate and weight loss of concrete structures. This research further explains the effect of coating thickness and coating type in protecting steel in concrete from corrosion.

An overview of sustainable green inhibitors for aluminum in acid media

<abstract> <p>Metal corrosion is a significant and growing area of study in industrial problems, which has found productive research ground in the field of green chemistry. In the last 10 years, green chemistry has been highlighting the importance of safeguarding human as well as the environmental well-being, in an economically advantageous way aiming at keeping away from reducing waste hazardous toxins, and pollutants. The era of metal degradation, commonly faced due to the usage of hazardous chemicals became very relevant and useful in the research area of chemistry. Even though several experiments have been conducted and, several research articles were published on this topic of nature-friendly green and clean inhibitors still there are yet a lot of things to be explored in this field for sustainable eco-friendly existence of human and natural interconnected existence. The main aim of the study is to provide a summary and describe the past authentic research that accounted in the research literature to employ eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors, especially extraction from leaves, stems, seeds, and fruits of the plants for aluminum alloy in acid solutions in the past decade. Weight loss and electrochemical approaches are among the most often utilized methods to measure corrosion rate and to evaluate the effectiveness of green corrosion inhibitors. The relevance of the area prompted the further study, leading to a large number of substances being evaluated.</p> </abstract>

Classification and spatial mapping of atmospheric corrosion of China

Atmospheric corrosion is ubiquitous in China but varies a lot among different regions covering the cold, temperate, and tropical zones. Categorizing the atmospheric corrosivity and plotting precise atmospheric corrosion map remain key interest for a variety of industries. The present work proposed an atmospheric corrosion map of China for hot-dip galvanized steels, which was constructed by inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation algorithm based on both the measured corrosion rates of coupons exposed at 2393 inland test stations and calculated corrosion rates from a prevalent dose-response function in 2918 sites in coastal regions. When the corrosion category was used as the criterion, the IDW interpolation algorithm of power 2 performed best. Cross-validation results confirmed that the prediction accuracy of IDW interpolation reached 85.6%. Based on the corrosion map, the categories of atmospheric corrosivity in China could be determined.

Mitigation of corrosion of zinc with amylopectin: Electrochemical, adsorption, and surface studies

AbstractCarbohydrate polymers are proven to be potential green corrosion inhibitors because of their outstanding structural features and eco‐friendliness. Work undertaken reflects the effectiveness of biopolymer amylopectin (AMP) as an eco‐friendly green inhibitor to mitigate the deterioration of zinc in 0.1 M sulphamic acid (NH2SO3H). Electrochemical studies like potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied for corrosion rate measurement in the absence and presence of AMP. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were calculated and described in detail. The results were fitted into a suitable adsorption isotherm model, and an appropriate mechanism was proposed for the corrosion inhibition process. A detailed surface morphology study was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The inhibition efficacy of AMP increased with an increase in its concentration and temperature. Upon the addition of the inhibitor, corrosion potential shifted more towards the positive side, indicating more control of the anodic process. The adsorption of AMP over zinc conformed to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. For the concentration of 0.1 gL−1, maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 74% could be accomplished. Surface studies reaffirmed the adsorption of AMP on the surface of the metal. Thus, AMP turned out to be an effective green inhibitor with economic benefits.

Cost-Effective Corrosion Detection Sensor for Above-Ground Oil and Gas Flowlines

A sensor for monitoring of the external corrosion of small-diameter aboveground oil and gas pipelines (called flowlines), based on fiber-optic strain sensing, is proposed. The working principle of our proposed sensor relies on the use of a pre-stressed sacrificial structure made of the same material as the pipeline and monitoring changes in the measured strain that occur due to deterioration caused by corrosion to the structure. We present the development of analytical equations that allow designing the sensor structure to achieve the desired strain values. The analysis was verified using commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software. The proposed sensor is simple and cost-effective and can be easily manufactured. It can be deployed on existing overground pipelines without any modification to the pipeline structure. While it is not capable of measuring the corrosion rate continuously, it can provide a measurement of the average corrosion rate over the life span of its sacrificial metal structure.

Improved Tafel-Based Potentiostatic Approach for Corrosion Rate Monitoring of Reinforcing Steel

Potential step voltammetry (PSV) was introduced in earlier works as an advantageous alternative to traditional methods for measuring corrosion rate in reinforced concrete. The present study aims to improve PSV to maximize its applicability in corrosion rate monitoring, that is, beyond the narrowly-defined steel–concrete systems in which was initially validated. It was therefore identified necessary to address the most suitable PSV pulse amplitudes to accurately obtain the Tafel lines and, therefore, corrosion rate in steel-mortar systems with well-differentiated ohmic drop. PSV findings were compared to reference methods, i.e. Tafel intersection and linear polarization resistance. As a novelty, we propose a procedure to improve the reliability of the PSV-determined Tafel lines, which is based on three protocols (P1, P2 and P3). P1 consists of a specific pulse sequence to accurately characterize the morphology of the polarization curve without disturbing the system. P2 consists of two short pulses for determining the ohmic drop compensation factor. Finally, P3 consists of a simple calculation procedure to accurately adjust the PSV pulse amplitudes (∆V) to the steel–concrete system assessed, thus obviating the need for preset values and, therefore, ensuring accurate corrosion rate results. The procedure proposed is intended to improve PSV with a view to its consolidation as a reliable tool for the unsupervised monitoring of real structures.

Corrosion Behavior of Cu in Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants

Cu ion release due to corrosion plays a critical role in the antimicrobial efficacy of Cu. There are, however, concerns regarding surface passivation, and thus, decreased Cu ion release after routine cleaning with hospital-grade disinfectants. In this study, immersion corrosion rate measurements up to 7 d coupled with SEM and XPS were employed to evaluate the corrosion behavior of pure Cu in 0.5% H2O2 and two commercially available hospital-grade H2O2-based disinfectants. Results show considerably higher corrosion rates in the commercially-available cleansers compared to H2O2 alone, meaning that Cu ion release occurs readily during routine disinfection with these products.

On the corrosion rate measurement of reinforcing steel in chloride induced macrocell corrosion

This study investigates the corrosion rate measurement of reinforcing steel under chloride-induced macrocell corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC). The corrosion rates of RC columns with different cover thicknesses and chloride concentrations were evaluated using different techniques and cathode over anode ratios. The applicability of the Stern-Geary equation on the macrocell corrosion of RC was studied. The results show that the corrosion rate of highly corroding steel can be underestimated by an order of magnitude by the linear polarisation resistance method due to a failure to compensate for diffusion resistance. The effect of macrocell corrosion on the measurement of polarisation resistance is moderate with a relative error less than 2. The galvanostatic polarisation technique can eliminate the influence of diffusion resistance and therefore reliably measure polarisation resistance. A B value of 52 mV is recommended under macrocell corrosion.

Toward understanding in vivo corrosion: Influence of interfacial hydrogen gas build-up on degradation of magnesium alloy implants.

Limited material transport, causing gas cavities formation, is commonly observed during the degradation of magnesium implants, yet its effects on corrosion are not understood. Herein, a bespoke cell was designed, allowing for the incorporation of an additional agarose layer above the corroding magnesium sample. This design replicates the limited material transport in vitro and enables us to understand its influence on corrosion of magnesium alloys. This work investigated the influence of varying thickness of agarose (0-0.9 mm) on the corrosion of Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy maintained at 37°C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The introduction of agarose slowed transport of material away from the corroding magnesium surface, including the evolved hydrogen forming a gas cavity. It has been found that an initial increase in the agarose thickness (or the reduction in material transport) of 0.3 mm leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of the magnesium alloy by 62%. However, with a further increase in agarose thickness from 0.3 to 0.9 mm, the corrosion rate decreases by 37%. This observation has been attributed to the accumulation of, and competition between, chloride and hydroxide ions near the alloy's surface. In the presence of materials barrier, hydrogen measurement is no longer a reliable method for the measurement of corrosion rates. This study underscores the importance of the consideration of limited material transport during the in vitro corrosion tests of biomedical implants.

Pitting and General Corrosion Susceptibilities of Materials for High Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Disposal.

The disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in deep stable geological formations is accepted at an international level to be the most promising option for its long-term management. The supercontainer concept is currently being considered as the Belgian reference design, wherein the waste will be stored in geological stable clay formations. The outer barrier of the supercontainer is the envelope, which should be made of a corrosion-resistant material as it will be in contact with the aggressive species leaching from the host rock (i.e., chloride) and diffusing through the cementitious barriers of the disposal system. Polarization measurements are carried out to study the pitting susceptibility and the uniform corrosion of possible candidate materials in chloride-rich concrete pore solutions, aerated by high-purity oxygen. The tests are carried out at a deep soil-representative temperature of 60 °C. All materials showed high pitting resistance in aerated concrete pore solutions and can withstand chloride concentrations up to 1 M. Regular 316L and LDX2304 stainless steel also showed good corrosion resistance and can serve as a more economical alternative. The pH of the used pore solutions did affect the measured corrosion rate irrespective of the alloying elements inside the steel grades.

Corrosion performance characteristics of heat treated Al-6082 with nano-SiC reinforcements

The composite material of Al-6082 reinforced with 15% nano-SiC, and post-processed through quenching and age hardening revealed an increased mechanical strength. The effects of heat treatments on corrosion performance were studied. The ASTM D-1193 standard was used to conduct the salt spray test. The SEM images indicated that when compared, the samples heat treated at 500 °C had lower corrosion to those heat treated at 520 °C. The EDAX testing revealed the existence of aluminium, magnesium, silicon, carbon, and other elements. The G5-14 ASTM standard was used to conduct the Potentiodynamic polarisation test, which was performed at different concentrations of NaCl dissolved in distilled water. The measured corrosion rate decreased as the NaCl concentration increased. Tafel plots were drawn for the analysis of the anodic and cathodic polarisation, which indicated a constant corrosion rate. Overall, it was concluded that the corrosion initiations and corrosion rates were found to be minimal in the samples heat treated at 500 °C.

Application of machine learning models to investigate the performance of stainless steel type 904 with agricultural waste

In this study, machine learning algorithm was used to model measurements of corrosion rates of stainless steel Type 904 in 0.5 M H2SO4 media as a function of exposure time, and temperature, when corrosion inhibitors are added in different dosage. Hyper-parameter optimization of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) was carried out to select the best model that accurately predicts the corrosion rate. A range of 1–10 neurons in a single hidden layer neural network with varying prominent training algorithms and activation functions was tested. The FCM-clustered ANFIS model tested a range of 2–20 cluster numbers. The models’ performance was evaluated using correlation determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean absolute deviation (MAD). The experiments show that the FCM-clustered ANFIS model with 20 clusters outperformed all other models with MAPE, MAD, RMSE, and R2 values of 1.9222, 0.5543, 0.7317, and 0.9308 at the testing phase respectively, and 0.5457, 0.3943, 2.9258 and 0.9993 at the training phase respectively. The entire FCM-ANFIS model produced the optimum prediction with a 96.40% level of robustness and accuracy. Therefore, ANFIS and ANN can be used to predict corrosion inhibition using agricultural waste in acidic media with great degree of success. These models are reliable, cheap, fast, efficient, and effective tools for corrosion inhibition prediction.

High-temperature corrosion rate and diffusion modelling of Ni-coated incoloy 800H alloy in MgCl2–KCl heat transfer fluid

The polarization and long-term dipping corrosion behaviors of pristine and Ni-coated Incoloy 800H (800H) alloys were investigated in the eutectic MgCl 2 –KCl molten salt at different temperatures and compared their performance with expensive Haynes 230 (H230) alloy. The corrosion rates of all the studied alloys increased with temperature. The corrosion rates obtained from the electrochemical study showed Ni-coating increases the corrosion resistance of 800H alloy. Further, the linear polarization measurements were also performed at different temperatures to investigate the effect of Ni-coating on the exchange-current density. A long-term corrosion study showed that 800H has a higher corrosion rate than H230. However, Ni-coating significantly decreased the corrosion rate of 800H (even lower than H230) in the molten MgCl 2 –KCl salt. A diffusion model for Ni-coated 800H was presented to describe the diffusion behavior of Cr, Fe, and Ni elements in the Ni-coated 800H alloy in a long-term corrosion study. The diffusion model was simulated based on the partial differential equations and known initial boundary conditions. The simulated result is compared with experimental data by altering the diffusion coefficient and reasonable values of diffusion coefficients of Cr, Fe, and Ni in 800H alloy and Ni-coating. The estimated diffusion coefficient (D) values in the Ni-coating from 800H alloy are in the range of 2–4 × 10 −11 cm 2 s ˗1 , 4–6 × 10 −11 cm 2 s ˗1 , and 5–8 × 10 −11 cm 2 s ˗1 for Cr, Fe, and Ni, respectively. The overall results indicated that Ni-coated 800H could be employed as a suitable alternative construction material for solar thermal energy storage containers. • We report polarization and long-term dipping corrosion of pure and Ni-coated Incoloy 800H alloy in MgCl 2 -KCl molten salt. • Measured corrosion rates and weight loss showed Ni-coating on Incoloy 800H substantially increased the corrosion resistance. • Exchange current densities of Incoloy 800H with and without Ni-coating were investigated at different temperatures. • A diffusion model of Fe and Cr elements in Ni-coated 800H alloy was validated experimentally.

Quantitative measurement of corrosion at the nanoscale by in situ spectral modulation interferometry

This research study presents a novel application of a quantitative phase microscopy technique, spectral modulation interferometry (SMI), for in situ nanoscale characterization of corrosion of an aluminum alloy in real time. SMI offers high sensitivity, rapid image acquisition, and speckle-free images; thus, real-time quantification of surface topography evolution during corrosion can be obtained accurately to evaluate the temporally- and spatially-dependent corrosion rates. With an innovative additive-manufactured fluid cell, experiments were performed in situ under flowing solution conditions. Electrochemical tests via stepwise polarization and solution chemistry through collected aliquots of outflow solution were also performed alongside the nanoscale SMI experiment to simultaneously provide a corroborating corrosion rate measurement. Based on the quantitative 3D height profiles across the corroded surface, pit formation resulting from rapid local corrosion was predominant, appearing at different times and are heterogeneously distributed across the surface. The computed time-dependent dissolution rates of aluminum also varied as the experiment proceeded, with the combination of linear and nonlinear surface normal distributions. An initial mean linear dissolution rate of [0.40 ± 0.007] μmol m−2 s−1 transitioned to a more rapid mean rate of [1.95 ± 0.035] μmol m−2 s−1, driven by the anodic polarization. Dissolution rates from the three performed methods follow similar trends and there is the visibility of linking the nanoscale in situ SMI data to the electrochemical corrosion measurements and ex situ chemical solution analysis. At the end of the corrosion period, rates of 118 μmol m−2 s−1, 71 μmol m−2 s−1, and 2.45 μmol m−2 s−1 were obtained from electrochemical measurements, ex situ solution analyses, and in situ SMI corrosion measurement, respectively. Finally, these experimental results validate the applicability of SMI for in situ nanoscale characterization of a corroding alloy surface.

Potential use of Friction Welding for Fabricating Semi-Biodegradable Bone Screws

Certain surgical interventions, such as fractures, may require implants that have a combination of external and internal parts made of inert and biodegradable biomaterials, respectively. This implant design can be fabricated using specific fabrication methods such as friction welding that are able to efficiently combine two biomaterials. This study reports the utilization of the direct friction welding technique for the fabrication of semi-biodegradable bone screws using two parent metals of low carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel 202. The welding parameters were optimized to obtain welded joints for bone screw fabrication. The mechanical properties of metals that have been welded were identified through tensile and three-point bending analyses. The corrosion test was then conducted on the welded metals through the measurement of corrosion rate, changes in pH value, morphology visualization, and element release, while the cytotoxicity effect was evaluated through a cell viability test. Screw implant materials with a diameter of up to 12.7 mm were successfully fabricated using a continuous friction drive welding machine at 4000 rpm and 24.5 MPa hydraulic pressure. The results of mechanical testing show that the tensile strength of weld joints decreased by 3.6% from low carbon steel and 20.4% from stainless steel. Fractures were observed at the welding interface after being subjected to flexural testing. The pH value of the Saline solution decreased from 7.13±0.06 to 6.73±0.06 after the welded metals were immersed for up to 8 weeks. Evaluation of the surface morphology in all welding zones at week eight samples obtained that almost all types of corrosion that occurred were uniform corrosion, except in the PZ zone where galvanic corrosion was formed. The concentrations of Cr and Ni ions (ppm level) were very low, namely 0.058 ppm for Cr and 0.199 ppm for Ni. The viability of human fibroblast cells was maintained at higher than 75% viability after the cell incubation at 1, 3, and 5 days with different parts of welded joints.