Corrosion Protection Systems Research Articles

The vitro/vivo anti-corrosion effect of antibacterial irTENG on implantable magnesium alloys

Application of implantable triboelectric nanogenerator in vivo serves as a significant research route in self power medical facilities. In this research, we intended to settle the challenge of magnesium alloy implant corrosion protection in vivo. Here, we designed and fabricated a self powered corrosion protection system based on implantable rectified Argentum electrode Polydimethylsiloxane and Titanium (PDMS-Ti) film TENG (irTENG). This irTENG successfully deaccelerated the corrosion rate of Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca alloy in a short term measurement and possess excellent antibacteria ability. The irTENG could reach the short circuit current of 14 μA and open currrent voltage of 175 V. In addition, the examine of 2 months raising SD rats revealed the favorable recovery after irTENG corrosion control system implantation surgery. Therefore, it represents the fine biocompability and feasibility of the irTENG in vivo application. On account of the performance of the irTENG corrosion protection system, the over quick corrosion issue of Mg alloy implant could be terminated and a novel application of TENG in biomedical field was proposed.

Probabilistic modelling of pitting corrosion and its impact on stress concentrations in steel structures in the offshore wind energy

Supporting structures for offshore wind turbines and the appropriate transformer platforms are highly susceptible to corrosion. Especially the phenomenon of pitting corrosion is very crucial, since this leads to local stress concentrations and hence has an impact on the fatigue life of marine structures. Despite corrosion protection systems, corrosion cannot be completely avoided, which can lead to pitting corrosion on the steel surface. Stress concentrations from pitting corrosion are not explicitly considered within the design of offshore structures. This is only possible by using local fatigue concepts, which requires a realistic modelling of corroded steel surfaces and the corresponding stress concentrations. Hence, in this work, three different models for evaluating the stress concentrations were developed: single-pit model, double-pit model and random fields model. The results were compared to the stress concentrations of a real corroded surface, which was analysed with the reverse engineering method. In all models, the probability-based determination of the stress concentration was the main focus in order to consider the characteristic scatter in pitting corrosion. The comparison of the three models with the real surface shows a good agreement with the double-pit model. It becomes evident, that the single-pit and the random fields model are not sufficient for modelling the stress concentrations. However, derived stress concentrations from the double-pit model and the real surface model can be utilized for risk and reliability-based analysis with local fatigue strength concepts.

Selection of Organic Coating Systems for Corrosion Protection of Industrial Equipment

The most important element of corrosion protection in industrial conditions is the protective coating system. However, selecting the right coating can often be a real problem due to the sheer number of coating manufacturers and their products on the market. A quantitative approach based on the data mining technique used to analyze the obtained multi-site exposure data has been proposed. This was demonstrated by the example of the selection of a coating system to protect an industrial ball mill located in a hall for the enrichment of copper ore at the Polish company KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. A collection of 21 two-layer coating systems from different manufacturers was tested for one year. Multiple areas on the industrial ball mill, subjected to varying degrees of vibrations and abrasion, were painted. In addition, sets of samples that can be detached from the mill housing were mounted, as well as the set exposed in the hall without vibrations. The condition of the coatings after exposure was assessed using impedance spectroscopy. The obtained data from many different exposure areas were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). In this way, the most advantageous coating systems for the specific conditions in the hall were indicated. Additionally, on this basis, the contribution of various destructive factors, including vibrations and abrasion, to the protective properties of the tested coatings, was estimated.

Анализ пожаровзрывоопасности образования коррозионных отложений на внутренней поверхности резервуаров с сернистой нефтью

Introduction. The annual number of fires at the facilities of the petrochemical industry is increasing. Spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric corrosive deposits is one of the main sources of ignition. The large damage caused by fires on tanks with sulfur oil indicates a serious danger of the formation of pyrophoric corrosive deposits on the surface of oil tanks. The purpose of the study. Analyze the fire and explosion hazard of the formation of pyro-form corrosion deposits on the surface of oil tanks. The tasks of the work: - analysis of statistics of accidents that occurred at the facilities of the petrochemical industry; - analysis of fires that occurred due to spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric corrosive deposits; - analysis of the danger of formation of corrosive deposits on the surface of oil tanks, protection systems against them. Methods. In the course of the work, methods of comparison, description, generalization were used. The information basis of the study was various literary sources, regulatory documents, materials of fire analysis at tank farms. Results and discussion. The practice of operating oil tanks during the storage of sulfurous oil and the origin of fires shows that modern methods of corrosion protection are ineffective. It is necessary to adjust the existing regulatory and legal documentation in the field of improving the fire and explosion safety of petrochemical industry facilities, to develop new, more effective means of anticorrosion protection of tanks with sulfurous oil. One of the methods to protect the oil tank from corrosion is to apply protective coatings on the inner surface of the tank. However, modern anticorrosive coatings do not have the required protective ability. Conclusion. The corrosion protection system currently used is insufficiently effective. At the same time, the problem of protecting the inner surface of sulfurous oil tanks by applying anticorrosion paint coatings has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a more thorough study of this issue is necessary in order to increase the fire and explosion safety of sulfur oil tanks. Keywords: fire and explosion safety, tank, corrosion, pyrophores, protection, oil, sulfur.

RELIABILITY OF DETERIORATED MARINE STRUCTURES BASED ON MEASURED DATA

Reliability assessment of a corroded deck of a tanker ship subjected to non-linear general corrosion wastage is performed, accounting for an initial period without corrosion due to the presence of a corrosion protection system, and a non-linear increase in wastage up to a steady state value. The reliability model is based on the analysis of corrosion depth data. Two types of uncertainties are accounted for. The first one is related to the corrosion degradation trend as a function of time, which is identified by a sequence independent data analysis. The second uncertainty is related to the variation of the corrosion degradation around its trend, which is identified as a stochastic process, and is defined based on the time series analysis. The time series determines the autocorrelation and spectral density functions of the stochastic process applying the Fast Fourier transform. The reliability estimates with respect to a corroded deck of cargo tank of a tanker ship is analysed by a time variant formulation and the effect of inspections is also incorporated employing the Bayesian updating formulation.

Development of cathodic corrosion protection systems of nuclear ice breakers and arctic offshore structures

This article presents the results of the development and implementation of special ice-resistant anodes on nuclear icebreakers and offshore structures, capable of ensuring long-term effective cathodic corrosion protection systems under shock and abrasive effects of Arctic ice. The results of inspections of the hull and hull elements of the cathodic protection of the nuclear icebreaker “50 Let Pobedy” and the offshore ice-resistant platform “Prirazlomnaya” after their long-term operation are shown. Cathodic protection of the atomic icebreaker “Leader” has been described.

Multiple Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components: Field Tests

AbstractThe results of field tests to evaluate methods designed to make epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) more resistant to corrosion are reported. Reinforcing bars coated with epoxies designed to h...

Toward two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on a I-PE/UHV-PVD system for exceptional corrosion protection

The combination of inorganic thin films with highly functionalized organic molecules has been desired for state-of-the-art applications in electrochemistry and catalytic science. To address this need, we report a rapid, new strategy to fabricate functionalized two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic (2D HOI) materials through the combination of interface-plasma electrolysis (I-PE) with ultrahigh-vacuum physical vapor deposition (UHV-PVD), where benzene-1.3.5-tricarboxylic acid (BTC) was used as the organic compound. We demonstrate growth control of organic thin films assembled by reaction sites in BTC molecules, such as carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups, on a porous inorganic layer. Beginning with a defective surface and organic molecules, we rely on the evaporation of BTC molecules during UHV-PVD to induce layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, i.e., consecutive formation of multilayers of the organic constituents on 2D HOI materials. DFT calculations were carried out to understand the organic-inorganic interfaces, the adsorption behavior, bonding, and the energetics between BTC molecules and the inorganic surface. Theoretical calculations reveal a robust reciprocal interaction between parallel adsorption configurations of BTC molecules and neighboring MgO layer, facilitated by the formation of a BTC….MgO bond. More interestingly, upon contact with reactive solution, the molecules in the self-assembled multilayers rearranged to a flower-like structure with holes (diameter > 100 nm), which facilitated the corrosive penetration of the magnesium substrate. Finally, on the basis of impedance results, we conclude that the fabricated 2D HOI materials exhibit exceptional corrosion protection.

A STUDY OF CORROSION CONTROL IN PIPELINES

Pipeline corrosion is the deterioration of pipe material and the related system due to its interaction with the working environment. It affects pipeline and accessories made of both metals and non-metals. Pipeline corrosion—and the related catastrophic failures that it can cause—cost billions of dollars to the economy. The total annual cost of corrosion in 2016, including direct and indirect costs, was estimated at over USD $1.1 trillion in the United States. In other words, corrosion is a big problem. It predominantly affects pipelines made of metals such as copper, aluminum, cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel and alloy steel pipes used for buried, underground, submerged or other pipelines. That makes designing and selecting the best available systems and materials for pipelines and their corrosion protection systems an extremely important issue for the oil and gas industry. In this research paper we will investigate and take a look at the key types of corrosion that affect pipelines, and some of the methods that are used to protect this infrastructure.

Double corrosion protection of sewage tunnel linings

ABSTRACT In sewer environments, there are complex chemical and microbiological processes with a reaction between the hydrogen sulphide, a gas produced by the used water, and aerobic feeding microorganism. This resulted in production of sulphuric acid which would cause long-term corrosion on cement based concrete structures. This corrosion process is known as “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion“. Generally, the ordinary Portland cement-based concrete is not considered as a suitable material for direct exposure to acidic sewer environments. As such, it is necessary to prevent the aggressive environments from developing, as well as to prevent the corrosive environments from coming in contact with the concrete elements. A robust corrosion protection system must be specified and provided for the tunnels and underground structures to ensure the durability of these structures under the aggressive sewer environments and able to withstand a design life span of 100 years. Case example with discussion on seven proven corrosion protection lining systems based on current technology. Past experience of the tunnels is provided with further exploratory study in terms of cost effectiveness and quantity analysis for these seven lining systems to be investigated. A technical specification for Portland cement–based Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion resistant concrete is provided.

Corrosion protection for cold‐formed structural steel elements

AbstractUnprotected steel and steel structures exposed to the atmosphere inevitably corrode. For thin‐gauged structures especially, corrosion is critical for stability. Although the reduction in thickness caused by corrosion is insignificant for some structures, in other structures corrosion is unacceptable. Therefore, corrosion protection is a crucial issue for steel structures and the steel industry. Over the last decades, many new corrosion protection systems and innovative steel products have been introduced onto the market. Corrosion protection for cold‐formed structural steel elements has been standardized through the introduction of the EN 1090‐4. This paper introduces the harmonized rules for the corrosion protection of loadbearing thin‐gauged structures. The zinc‐magnesium‐aluminium (ZM) metal coating system developed in recent years is also dealt with.

К вопросу использования цинковых электродов для контроля протекторной защиты судов и кораблей

The article focuses on the importance of organizing the ship operators training, who control the operation of systems protecting the sea vessels from corrosion. There are presented the results of a scientific research - control of the operation of the tread protection system of the steel hull of an auxiliary marine vessel (floating workshop PM-15), which is in a long-term standby mode. The potential difference between the ship's hull and two reference electrodes was measured at a given control point. The control measurements have been carried out using the reference electrodes: silver chloride reference electrode recommended for use by regulatory documents and zinc reference electrodes (not recommended by regulatory documents for sea vessels). There have been made 50 parallel control measurements. The time interval between parallel measurements was 5 seconds. Control measurements were performed within 5 days from 07.02.2020 to 07.14.2020. The accuracy of the control measurements was assessed in accordance with regulatory requirements. It has been stated that both reference electrodes provide high accuracy of control measurements; the results of control carried out with the help of zinc reference electrodes are highly stable. It has been inferred that zinc reference electrodes can be used on Russian ships to control the tread protection of the ship's hull and can be recommended for using by ship crews for training ship operators of ship corrosion protection systems.

Cu-BTA complexes coated layered double hydroxide for controlled release of corrosion inhibitors in dual self-healing waterborne epoxy coatings

Smart self-healing coatings with the active healing ability are the current research hotspot in the field of metal corrosion protection. In this work, we designed a novel corrosion protection system of waterborne epoxy. Under alkaline condition, Cu-BTA complexes were deposited on the surface of MoO42− intercalated Mg-Al Layered double hydroxide (MIH) by electrostatic assembly as pH-sensitive gatekeepers. When MIH@Cu-BTA(MIHC) nanosheets were filled into the coatings, the layered structures of Layered double hydroxide(LDH) improved the barrier properties of the coatings to prevent corrosive ions penetration. Meanwhile, the excellent ion exchanges ability of LDH could be used to reduce the concentration of Cl- ions, both of MoO42− ions and BTA could release quickly from MIHC in an acidic environment to achieve the self-healing effect. All of them cooperated to synergistically improve the anti-corrosion performance of the coating. The long-term protective performances and self-healing properties of WECs which loaded nano-containers were evaluated by salt spray test and electrochemical experiment. The impedance results indicate that the addition of MIHC(0.5 wt.%) increases the impedance of pure epoxy coating from 1.579 × 108 to 1.041 × 109 Ω cm2.

Possibilities and limitations of the organization of anticorrosion protection at gas production facilities

Products of several going and promising onshore and offshore hydrocarbon extraction sites both in Russia and foreign countries are known due to elevated level of corrosive СО2. The article analyzes present procedures aimed at rating corrosive hazard of extracted fluids, selection and implementation of measures for protection of equipment and pipelines against of inner corrosion. Onshore and offshore facilities work within specific environment, which affects arrangement of corrosion protection and corrosion monitoring systems. Presence of СО2in the extracted products together with other factors stimulate intensive growth of corrosion, and require attentive and reasonable attitude to choose engineering solutions providing safe and reliable operation of production facilities.

A self-healing coating based on facile pH-responsive nanocontainers for corrosion protection of magnesium alloy

• Mesoporous silica core@layered double hydroxide shell nanocontainers were obtained. • The preparation process is facile, low cost and environmentally-friendly. • The acidic-responsive feature of the nanocontainers was demonstrated. • The corrosion protection of nanocontainers-embedded coating is enhanced remarkably. • The corrosion protection mechanism of nanocontainers-embedded coating is proposed. The preparation of pH-responsive nanocontainers by typical silane modification of the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) surface is usually high-cost, complex, and time-consuming, which remains a great challenge for effective corrosion protection of magnesium alloy. Here, a new strategy to construct pH-responsive nanocontainers (MSN-MBT@LDH) is demonstrated. The nanocontainers consist of corrosion inhibitor (2-mercaptobenzothiazole, MBT) loaded MSN core and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet shell serving as gatekeepers. The successful loading of MBT and encapsulation by LDH nanosheets were confirmed by a series of characterization such as scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The pH-responsive feature of the nanocontainers was demonstrated by determination of the MBT concentration in buffer solutions with different pH values. A smart corrosion protection system on Mg alloy is obtained by incorporating the synthesized nanocontainers into a self-assembled nanophase particle (SNAP) coating. The electrochemical tests and visual observations show that the hybrid coating has the best barrier properties and robustness in corrosion protection in NaCl corrosive solutions in comparison with the control coatings. The present method simplifies the synthesis processes of nanocontainers and eliminates the potential detrimental effect of excess gatekeepers on the coating. The findings provide new insights into the preparation of scalable nanocontainers. The self-healing coatings are expected to have widespread applications for corrosion protection of Mg alloy and other metals.

Flash-PEO as an alternative to chromate conversion coatings for corrosion protection of Mg alloy

In the present work, a flash-PEO coating is developed on AZ31B alloy in a combination of silicate, phosphate, and fluoride based electrolyte in order to offer a green alternative to chromate conversion coatings. Multilevel active protection is achieved through synergetic combination of self-sealing effect of PEO coating itself and active inhibition provided by an organic inhibitor impregnated in PEO pores in a post-treatment step. The results indicate that flash-PEO coatings, loaded with organic corrosion inhibitors, can be recommended for exploitation on industrial level as an equally effective corrosion protection system alternative to CCC for paint-bearing and paint-free applications.

Liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators array and its applications for wave energy harvesting and self-powered cathodic protection

A new type of array combination for liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators is constructed by using polytetrafluoroethylene ultrafiltration membrane as the friction layer with water to collect wave energy to self-power the cathodic protection system in marine environment. The dual liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator array shows the output performance with a short current circuit of 2.68 μA and output voltage of 105 V. Meanwhile, a self-powered corrosion protection system with liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators array as the power supply is achieved for A3 carbon steel in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The electrochemical measurements results show that compared with the bare carbon steel, the open circuit potential drop of the carbon steel coupled with the liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators is about 330 mV. Compared with photocathodic protection and other new energy-based methods, the solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator could realize all-weather protection of metals by utilizing natural energy and through parallel or series circuit design, it could be used to achieve more efficient cathodic protection for metal materials. The intelligent self-powered system possesses great potential in the area of all-weather cathodic protection and power supply by utilizing liquid-solid friction energy for the ships, buoys, and marine equipments in ocean conditions.

A Review on Anodizing of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys for Corrosion Protection

Aluminum alloys used for aerospace applications provide good strength to weight ratio at a reasonable cost but exhibit only limited corrosion resistance. Therefore, a durable and effective corrosion protection system is required to fulfil structural integrity. Typically, an aerospace corrosion protection system consists of a multi-layered scheme employing an anodic oxide with good barrier properties and a porous surface, a corrosion inhibited organic primer, and an organic topcoat. The present review covers published research on the anodic oxide protection layer principles and requirements for aerospace application, the effect of the anodizing process parameters, as well as the importance of process steps taking place before and after anodizing. Moreover, the challenges of chromic acid anodizing (CAA) substitution are discussed and tartaric-sulfuric acid anodizing (TSA) is especially highlighted among the environmentally friendly alternatives.

Research on vibration control for glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (GFRP RC) frames subject to seismic loading

Deterioration of concrete structures caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement is a significant problem worldwide with high remediation costs. This problem has been addressed by corrosion protection systems, which prevent chlorides from penetrating the concrete cover and reacting with steel reinforcement. However, these solutions are complex and require high maintenance costs. In this paper, we propose to add viscous dampers to GFRP RC frames to improve its energy absorption capacity under seismic loading. Three RC frames were designed; two GFRP frames, and one steel RC frame. The fundamental dynamic parameters of RC frames with and without viscous dampers were calculated and compared. Results show that GFRP and steel RC frames can reach a similar lateral deformation, but the former is more fragile, with failure occurring at the compression zone of beams. Our results show that the addition of viscous dampers reduces the lateral deformation and story drifts in the GFRP RC frames. Moreover, the energy dissipation of viscous dampers is more efficient at GFRP RC frames. We conclude that the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of GFRP RC frames can be improved by adding viscous dampers and high lateral confinement, which demonstrates better performance than steel RC frames.

Advanced self-healing coatings based on ZnO, TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2/polyvinyl chloride nanocomposite systems for corrosion protection of carbon steel in acidic solutions containing chloride

Anti-corrosion protective self-healing coating systems for carbon steel that utilizes ZnO, TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposites and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as an organic healing agent was introduced. These nanocomposites systems were fabricated by a facile preparation method by the coating of ZnO, TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2 with PVC. These synthesized systems are well characterized by the investigation techniques of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The good crystallinity of the zincite and anatase phases was confirmed by XRD studies along with a nano grain size of 46.5 nm for ZnO and 13.5 nm for TiO2. ZnO, TiO2, and/or ZnO-TiO2/polyvinyl chloride composites films were applied as an anti-corrosive coating deposited on carbon steel by dip-coating processes. The anticorrosion performance of uncoated and coated carbon steel was inspected in 0.5 M HCl+3.5% NaCl by performing immersion test, Eocp vs. time, impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentio-dynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The ZnO, TiO2, and/or ZnO-TiO2/PVC composite coating exhibited premium protection against corrosion of C-steel with protection capacity of 96.2–97.1% after 10 days of exposure. The capacity of the fabricated films increased in the order of ZnO-TiO2/PVC > TiO2 /PVC > ZnO /PVC. The surface topology of the coated specimen before and after 240 hrs dipping in the aggressive medium was assessed using FE-SEM. The current study contributes to the preparation of novel protective systems with self-healing capability for steel corrosion in acidic medium containing chloride.