Corrosion Protection Of Stainless Steel Research Articles

Superhydrophobic Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Stainless Steel

Corrosion is a persistent challenge in the aviation industry, affecting the safety, performance, and maintenance costs of aircraft. While composite materials have gained widespread use due to their lightweight properties and corrosion resistance, certain critical parts, such as the wing and empennage leading edges and the engine inlet, demand alternative solutions. Aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel emerge as mandatory materials for such components, given their exceptional strength and durability. However, protecting these metallic components from corrosion remains crucial. In this paper, we present a study aimed at evaluating the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, employed as an erosion shielding panel for a composite vehicle’s wing, layered with a superhydrophobic coating. The samples with and without coating have been characterized by contact angle measurements, microscopy (optical and electronic), and visual inspection after immersion in two solutions, NaCl and NaOH, respectively. The application of the superhydrophobic coating demonstrated a significant reduction in corrosion extent, especially in the demanding NaCl environment. This was evidenced by diminished formation of ripples and surface roughness, decreased iron oxide formation from oxidative processes, and a lower Surface Free Energy value in both liquid environments. Notably, the surface maintained its superhydrophobic properties even following an 8-day immersion in NaCl and NaOH solutions, demonstrating the reliability of the superhydrophobic coating offering as a potential solution to enhance the longevity and reliability of aircraft structures.

Synergistic inhibition effect of ultraviolet irradiation and benzalkonium chloride on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel caused by Aspergillus terreus

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a key factor that damages engineering materials in marine environments. One of the major concerns in this regard is the corrosion protection of stainless steel (SS) caused against fungal attacks. This study investigated the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and benzalkonium chloride (BKC) on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) induced by marine Aspergillus terreus in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This was accomplished by employing microstructural characterisations and electrochemical analysis to analyse the synergistic inhibition behaviour of the two methods. The results indicated that while UV and BKC demonstrated individual abilities to suppress the biological activity of A. terreus, their inhibitory effects were not significant. The combination of UV light and BKC was found to cause a further decline in the biological activity of A. terreus. The analysis revealed that the combination of BKC and UV significantly decreased the sessile cell counts of A. terreus by more than three orders of magnitude. The fungal corrosion inhibition effect of individual application of UV light or BKC did not yield satisfactory results owing to the low intensity of UV and low concentration of BKC. Furthermore, the corrosion inhibition of UV and BKC occurred mainly during the early stages. The corrosion rate of the 316L SS declined rapidly when the combination of UV light and BKC were used, indicating that UV light and BKC exert a good synergistic inhibitory effect on the corrosion of the 316L SS caused by A. terreus. Therefore, the results suggest that the combination of UV light and BKC can be an effective approach to control the MIC of 316L SS in marine environments.

Surfactant assisted dip-coating method for deposition of polyethylmethacrylate-diamond coatings

ABSTRACT This investigation is motivated by increasing interest in polymer-diamond coatings for biomedical applications in implants and sensors. A conceptually new strategy is based on the feasibility of solubilisation of polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) in isopropanol using 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) and rhamnolipids (RLP) as solubilising agents. This approach offers benefits for biomedical applications by avoiding the use of traditional toxic solvents for PEMA dissolution. The ability to obtain concentrated solutions of high molecular mass polymer is a crucial factor for the development of a dip coating method. Potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that PEMA films provide corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3% NaCl solutions. The use of GRA facilitates the fabrication of films with improved protective properties. PEMA films are obtained as monolayers or multilayers of controlled film mass. Another important finding is a good dispersion of chemically inert microdiamond and nanodiamond particles using GRA and RLP. For the first time composite PEMA-diamond films are obtained using GRA and RLP as solubilising agents for PEMA and dispersing agents for diamonds in isopropanol solvent. The detailed analysis of film microstructures provides an insight into the influence of chemical structure of GRA and RLP on their interactions with PEMA and diamonds. Moreover, microstructure analysis indicates that such interactions are important for preventing defects in the composite films. The benefits of steroid-like dispersants are discussed. Composite films are obtained as monolayers with different diamond content or PEMA-diamond multilayers of different composition and film mass. The method represents a versatile strategy for the fabrication of alternating PEMA/PEMA-diamond multilayers. The benefits of the obtained microstructures for biomedical applications are discussed. The approach developed in this investigation opens an avenue for the fabrication of other polymer coatings containing various functional materials.

Laser Obtained Superhydrophobic State for Stainless Steel Corrosion Protection, a Review

Stainless steel has become an integral part of modern engineering materials and daily life due to its mechanical efficiency, strength, recyclability, high resistance to oxidation and corrosive attack, which make it the ideal material for many kinds of applications. At the same time, steel suffers from certain types of corrosion, such as intergranular corrosion, or contact corrosion that develops when stainless steel comes into contact with carbon steel or another metal with a different electrochemical potential. Finally, pitting corrosion is a serious problem often occurring when stainless steel parts work in sea water. This paper provides a brief overview of methods for protecting stainless steel from corrosion using a new approach based on superhydrophobization of the surface of stainless steel using laser processing followed by the deposition of a layer of a substance with a low surface energy. The review discusses the mechanisms of corrosion protection by such coatings and the properties of superhydrophobic coatings presented in the literature. Superhydrophobic protective coatings on stainless steel have been shown to significantly reduce corrosion, with some demonstrating a decrease in corrosion current of up to 156 times. However, a more comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms contributing to this effect, as well as a comparison with anti-corrosion coatings on other metals, suggests that the combination of these mechanisms has the potential to create even more durable and effective surfaces for corrosion protection of stainless steel.

Corrosion protection of stainless steel by a new and low‐cost organic coating obtained from cashew nutshell liquid

AbstractIn this work, the corrosion protection of 316L steel was promoted by an electro‐synthesized polymer obtained from the technical cashew nutshell liquid (t‐CNSL). Spectroscopic techniques confirmed the polymer formation. The polymer was dispersed in the ethyl acetate solvent and used to form coatings on 316L steel substrates. The coated samples were subjected to electrochemical tests in a saline environment. The coated electrode with poly(t‐CNSL) polymer was exposed to the corrosive medium for 24 days, and superior corrosion protection was observed compared with the uncoated sample. The open circuit potential measurements showed that the coated sample possessed a more positive corrosion potential when compared with the uncoated substrate. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that the coated electrode's polarization resistance (Rp) recorded ~1.0 MΩ cm2 after 24 days of exposure. A decrease in polarization resistance was observed with the exposure time due to the presence of micropores in the t‐CNSL coating. The polarization curves exhibited that the coated electrode with poly(t‐CNSL) has lower corrosion current density and less negative corrosion potential than the uncoated steel electrode. Therefore, t‐CNSL favors the manufacture of thin poly(t‐CNSL) coatings for corrosion protection purposes besides being a low‐cost material.

Potentiodynamic synthesis of poly(N-vinyl carbazole) films on stainless steel to enhance corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid solution

ABSTRACT This study concerns the use of potentiodynamically synthesized poly(N-vinyl carbazole) films (PNVnCz) for corrosion protection of stainless steel (SS). The PNVnCz films were synthesized on SS by cyclic voltammetry from nonaqueous acetonitrile solution of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and N-vinyl carbazole. The resulting PNVnCz films were characterized by ATR-FTIR and SEM. The ability of PNVnCz films to serve as corrosion protective coatings was evaluated using Eocp-time curves, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS techniques in 1 M H2SO4 solution. Corrosion test results revealed that PNVnCz films provide anodic protection and reduce corrosion rate of SS six times at the end of 5 days’ immersion.

Improved Corrosion Protection of Stainless Steel by Two Dimensional BN Nanomaterial Coating

Boron nitride (BN) nano coating was deposited on 304 type stainless steel sheets by standard thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) as a physical vapour deposition method. Deposited BN nano coating was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses tools. Corrosion performances of un-coated and BN nano material coated steel samples were investigated in 1 M H2SO4 solution using Eocp-time curves, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. BN nano coating was found to provide anodic protection to the steel and reduced significantly corrosion rate of 304 steel in acidic medium. Long term corrosion tests results demonstrated that the BN nano coating has ability to protect the 304 stainless steel in sulfuric acid corrosive media during 10 d and the protective behavior of the BN nano coating results from passivation effect of the coating against the attack of corrosive environment. Finally, BN nano coating is a promising two dimensional coating material for corrosion protection of stainless steel.

Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Composite Coatings Containing Halogen-Free Inorganic Additives with Flame-Retardant Properties

This investigation is motivated by the need for the development of polymer coatings containing inorganic flame-retardant materials (FRMs) and the replacement of toxic halogenated FRMs. A green strategy is reported for the fabrication of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)-FRM composite coatings using a dip-coating method. The use of water-isopropanol co-solvent allows the replacement of regular toxic solvents for PEMA. The abilities to form concentrated solutions of high-molecular-mass PEMA and to disperse FRM particles in such solutions are the main factors in the fabrication of coatings using a dip-coating technique. Huntite, halloysite, and hydrotalcite are used as advanced FRMs for the fabrication of PEMA-FRM coatings. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA data are used for the analysis of the microstructure and composition of PEMA-FRM coatings. PEMA and PEMA-FRM coatings provide corrosion protection of stainless steel. The ability to form laminates with different layers using a dip-coating method facilitates the fabrication of composite coatings with enhanced properties.

Stretchable and self-healing polyurethane coating with synergistic anticorrosion effect for the corrosion protection of stainless steels

Introduction of inorganic fillers into organic coatings is significant for enhancing mechanical properties and corrosion protection. Herein, we utilized the barrier function of the laminar structure (MXene, Ti3C2) and the inhibition property of the corrosion inhibitor (CeO2) to prepare a MXene/CeO2 polyurethane composite coatings and investigated the corrosion protection performance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Benefiting from the “labyrinth effect” of MXene and the inhibition effect of CeO2, the composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. What's more, we introduced the DA bonds into the coating to endow it with self-healing property. The results demonstrated that the obtained composite coating could achieve efficient self-healing behavior under sunlight, and its mechanical properties and anti-corrosion properties were basically unaffected after self-healing. Our strategy presents a new approach to protection of coating for metal substrates and provides the basis for a multi-mechanism synergistic approach to corrosion protection.

Versatile Strategy for Electrophoretic Deposition of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is an advanced functional polymer which exhibits excellent chemical and thermal stability, and good mechanical, piezoelectric and ferroelectic properties. This work opens a new strategy for the fabrication of nanocomposites, combining the functional properties of PVDF and advanced inorganic nanomaterials. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been developed for the fabrication of films containing PVDF and nanoparticles of TiO2, MnO2 and NiFe2O4. An important finding was the feasibility of EPD of electrically neutral PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles using caffeic acid (CA) and catechol violet (CV) as co-dispersants. The experiments revealed strong adsorption of CA and CV on PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles, which involved different mechanisms and facilitated particle dispersion, charging and deposition. The analysis of the deposition yield data, chemical structure of the dispersants and the microstructure and composition of the films provided an insight into the adsorption and dispersion mechanisms and the influence of deposition conditions on the deposition rate, film microstructure and composition. PVDF films provided the corrosion protection of stainless steel. Overcoming the limitations of other techniques, this investigation demonstrates a conceptually new approach for the fabrication of PVDF-NiFe2O4 films, which showed superparamagnetic properties. The approach developed in this investigation offers versatile strategies for the EPD of advanced organic-inorganic nanocomposites.

Influence of chemical structure of bile acid dispersants on electrophoretic deposition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and composites

A biomimetic strategy has been developed for the dispersion of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles using commercial analogs of bile acids (BAs), such as lithocholic acid (LCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and cholic acid (CA). BAs were used as anionic surfactants for electrophoretic deposition of PVDF films. The EPD method allowed controlled deposition of PVDF films at high deposition rates. The PVDF deposition yield, obtained using different BAs, increased in the order LCA<CDCA<DCA<UDCA<CA. It depends on the number of OH groups and their positions and orientations in the BAs structures. Annealed PVDF films provided corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3% NaCl solutions. CA was used as a co-surfactant for diamond, silica and PVDF particles and allowed for the deposition of PVDF-diamond and PVDF-silica films of varied compositions. The biomimetic approach developed in this investigation opens a new strategy for the chemical modification and charging of electrically neutral hydrophobic materials and deposition of functional polymers and composites by EPD from colloidal suspensions.

Direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition of ZrO2 films from a heteroleptic Zr precursor: interplay between film characteristics and corrosion protection of stainless steel

The direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (DLI-CVD) of uniform and dense zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thin films applicable as corrosion protection coatings (CPCs) is reported. We present the entire development chain from the rational choice and thermal evaluation of the suitable heteroleptic precursor [Zr(OiPr)2(tbaoac)2] over the detailed DLI-CVD process design and finally benchmarking the CPC behavior using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For a thorough development of the growth process, the deposition temperature (Tdep) is varied in the range of 400 – 700 °C on Si(100) and stainless steel (AISI 304) substrates. Resulting thin films are thoroughly analyzed in terms of structure, composition, and morphology. Grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD) reveals an onset of crystallization at Tdep ≥ 500 °C yielding monoclinic and even cubic phase at low temperatures. At Tdep = 400 °C, isotropic growth of XRD amorphous material is shown to feature cubic crystalline domains at the interfacial region as revealed by electron diffraction. Corrosion results obtained through EIS measurements and further immersion tests revealed improved CPC characteristic for the 400 °C processed ZrO2 coatings compared to the ones deposited at Tdep ≥ 500 °C, yielding valuable insights into the correlation between growth parameter and CPC performance which are of high relevance for future exploration of CPCs.

Photo-assisted electrodeposition of NiMoZn on hematite nanostructures and their photoelectrochemical application as photoanode for corrosion protection of stainless steel

In this study, hematite nanostructures (HN) were prepared on iron plates through anodization method, followed by the deposition of NiMoZn on the nanostructures by photo assisted electrodeposition method to produce NiMoZn/HN electrodes. The deposition time greatly effects on the photoeletrochemical performance of prepared photoelectrodes. In comparison with the bare hematite, the photocurrent density of NiMoZn/HN electrode was enhanced up to 5 times. In addition, the photocathodic protection characteristics of the NiMoZn/HN were evaluated by measuring the photo induced open circuit potential (OCP) and Tafel curves under light. The results showed that the photocurrent density of NiMoZn/HN samples increased from 0.11 to 0.51 mA cm−2 compared with the bare hematite sample. In addition, the photo induced OCP of the best NiMoZn/HN photoanode was decreased by about − 620 mV vs. Ag/AgCl with regards to photocathodic protection application. The results indicate that the NiMoZn photo-electrodeposition on the hematite photoelectrodes is a facile and efficient method for the protection of stainless steel from corrosion.

Deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) and composites containing bioceramics and bioglass by dip coating using isopropanol-water co-solvent

A new dip coating method has been developed for the fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) coatings on stainless steel. Despite the insolubility of PMMA in individual solvents, such as water and alcohol, concentrated solutions of high molecular mass PMMA were obtained in an isopropanol-water mixture. The new dip coating method offers processing advantages of the use of isopropanol-water co-solvent instead of toxic organic solvents. It was been demonstrated that adherent films can be obtained by this method from solutions of high molecular mass PMMA. Another important finding was the feasibility of deposition of composite coatings, containing bioceramics, such as TiO2, Al2O3, hydroxyapatite, and bioglass in the PMMA matrix. PMMA acted as a dispersant or co-dispersant for deposition or co-deposition of the inorganic particles. Potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy studies showed that PMMA coatings provided corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3 % NaCl solution. Composite PMMA-TiO2, PMMA-Al2O3, PMMA-hydroxyapatite, PMMA-bioglass and PMMA-hydroxyapatite-bioglass coatings provided enhanced corrosion protection, compared to pure PMMA coatings. The obtained composite coatings are promising for applications in biomedical implants.

Smart coatings embedded with polydopamine-decorated layer-by-layer assembled SnO2 nanocontainers for the corrosion protection of 304 stainless steels

Polydopamine (PDA), which is a mussel-inspired synthetic polymer, is widely used in surface modification field because of the high potential of the dopamine functional groups. Herein, we develop an SnO2 nanocontainer and deposit polypyrrole (PPy), molybdate corrosion inhibitors and PDA layers using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technology. Then, the SnO2 nanocontainer were incorporated into the epoxy coating to improve their corrosion resistance and self-healing ability and realize the active corrosion protection of stainless steels. The XRD, FTIR, TGA and Zeta potential results confirm the deposition of each layer on the surface of the SnO2 nanocontainer. The FESEM and HRTEM images confirm the formation of the core-shell structures on the SnO2 nanocontainers. The ICP-MS test indicates the slow-release tendency of the encapsulated molybdate corrosion inhibitors the in neutral environments. Further, the corrosion behaviors of the epoxy-based coatings with/without 10 wt% SnO2 nanocontainers are evaluated using electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Results suggest that epoxy coatings with PDA-decorated SnO2 nanocontainers exhibit a high corrosion resistance and an excellent self-healing performance. The enhanced anti-corrosion and self-healing properties of the epoxy coatings can be attributed to the deposited PDA layer on the SnO2 nanocontainer, which serves as a pH-sensitive gatekeeper that can control the on-demand release of the molybdate corrosion inhibitor and promote the reformation of the cracked polymer networks using the dopamine functional groups and iron oxide. Furthermore, various OH groups provided by PDA facilitates the dispersion of the SnO2 nanocontainers in epoxy coatings. The application of multi-functional dopamine-based gatekeepers will allow more applications with respect to multi-functional intelligent anti-corrosive coating formulations.

Electrophoretic deposition of materials using lithocholic acid as a dispersant

Lithocholic acid (LCA) was used as an anionic biosurfactant for the dispersion and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of electrically neutral materials, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and diamond from suspensions in ethanol. The steroid structure of LCA facilitated its adsorption on PTFE and diamond, which allowed for particle charging and deposition by anodic EPD. LCA was used as a co-dispersant for the fabrication of composite PTFE-diamond coatings. PTFE coatings provided corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3% NaCl solutions. Potentiodynamic studies revealed increased corrosion potential and decreased corrosion current of coated steel in comparison with uncoated steel. Impedance spectroscopy studies and analysis of the equivalent circuit showed that PTFE coating acted a barrier for electrolyte diffusion. LCA is a promising surfactant for EPD of other hydrophobic electrically neutral materials.

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Graphene Oxide/Chitosan/Silver Nanoparticle Composite Coating on Stainless Steel Utensils in Aqueous Media

Graphene oxide (GO) ornamented with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was manufactured by a simplistic solution‐created methodology in chitosan (CS) solution. The morphology and elemental composition of AgNPs/GO/CS nanocomposite were considered by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, respectively. The effects of AgNPs/GO/CS nanocomposite on the corrosion behavior of stainless steel were considered by electrochemical measurements and immersion assessments. The effects of pH, temperature and surface modification on the corrosion protection of stainless steel were investigated in constant composition of universal buffer by impedance, polarization and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Temperature and pH values were found to strongly influence the corrosion protection of stainless steel; the protection efficiency progressively reduced with enlarging the temperature and lessening the pH value. This study gives a new tactic for modifying commercial utensils utilizing safe and cost-effective graphene oxide for improving its action.

Aramid-Zirconia Nanocomposite Coating With Excellent Corrosion Protection of Stainless Steel in Saline Media.

Resistance to stainless steel corrosion in marine-based industries requires more research into materials with an improved surface and enhanced protection by utilizing surface coatings. Herein, a thermally stable aramid–zirconia nanocomposite has been successfully prepared using the sol–gel method to produce a zirconia network-structure bonded to the polymer chain. Using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), the residue mass of zirconia retained after the thermal degradation of aramid-zirconia film was determined and found to be 10% by mass. The investigated nanocomposite (using 10% zirconia) was coated on the stainless-steel surface through a facile and effective spin coating method and its protection was examined in saline solution (3.5% NaCl). The aramid–zirconia nanocomposite coating (Ar-Zr10) was found to provide an outstanding corrosion resistance to steel surfaces which led to protecting it against the corrosive marine environment. The electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements were carried out to evaluate steel resistance against dissolution in chloride solution in the absence and presence of the investigated coatings showed a corrosion protection efficiency of 99.3% using Ar-Zr10 compared to 92.1% using pure aramid. Moreover, the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) plots showed a pronounced decrease in the corrosion current values which confirmed the formation of a passive layer which mitigated the corrosion reaction and ions diffusion. The water contact angle of stainless-steel coated with pure aramid and the aramid–zirconia was found to be 84.2° and 125°, respectively, confirming the hydrophobic nature of the hybrid coating Ar-Zr10. On the other hand, the results achieved through the electrochemical and surface techniques were used to clarify the protection mechanism. The aramid–zirconia nanocomposite coating showed a remarkable protection performance by controlling the charge transfer at the interface between the steel alloy and the electrolyte which prevented the alloy dissolution.

Layer-by-layer stacked graphene nanocoatings by Marangoni self-assembly for corrosion protection of stainless steel

Graphene nanosheets are widely used in anti-corrosion polymeric coating as filler, owing to the excellent electrochemical inertness and barrier property. However, as the arrangement of graphene nanosheets is difficult to form a perfect layered structure, polymeric coating with graphene nanosheets usually needs micron-scale thickness to ensure the enhancement of corrosion protection. In this work, layer-by-layer stacked graphene nanocoatings were fabricated on stainless steel by self-assembly based on Marangoni effect. The anti-corrosion property of graphene coatings were studied through Tafel polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and accelerated corrosion test with extra applied voltage. The self corrosion current density of optimized three-layered graphene coated sample was one quarter of that of bare stainless steel. And the self corrosion potential of optimized sample is increased to -0.045 V. According to the results, graphene nanocoatings composed of layered nanosheets exhibits good anti-corrosion property. Besides, the self-assembly method provide a promising approach to make layered-structure coating for other researches about 2D material nanosheets.

Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles as Corrosion Inhibitor of Stainless Steel in Saline Medium

Tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles at various concentrations of 1.7×10-2, 2.5×10-2 and 3.4×10-2 M were electrophoretic deposited onto stainless steel surface for corrosion inhibition investigations with respect to concentration as well as temperature by using potentiostatic polarization technique. Results obtained show that WO3 nano coating was used as a barrier layer for the corrosion protection of stainless steel in saline solution. The morphology of nanoparticles was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).The obtained results indicated that these nanoparticles are good inhibitors. All polarization curves yielded similar behavior pointing to stainless steel corrosion is controlled by the charge transfer process so that the stainless steel dissolution mechanism does not alter due to the presence of the nanoparticles. Generally, increasing the inhibitor concentration and temperatures leads to an increase in the inhibition efficiency. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, and the energy of activation data obtained of the corrosion reaction was decreased with an increase of the concentration of nanoparticles. It is likely that the adsorption of WO3NP on the surface of stainless steel was chemical in nature.