Corrosion Protection Of Carbon Steel Research Articles

How does the integration of amino acids enhance the bonding ability of triazine-based inhibitors with iron surfaces: Insights from SCC-DFTB, COSMO-RS and molecular dynamics simulations

Theoretical investigations into the adsorption of molecules on metal surfaces play a pivotal role in the development of more efficient corrosion inhibitors. This study offers a novel approach by combining Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB), Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, and conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation (COSMO-RS) calculations to comprehensively assess the interaction and diffusion properties of glycine (Gly), 2,2′-azanediyldiacetic acid (IDA), and 5-aminopentanoic acid (5-APA) with two 1,3,5-triazine (Tris) derivatives (Tris-Gly and Tris-IDA) for corrosion protection of carbon steel in acidic medium. The solvation properties of these molecules were evaluated alongside their interaction strength with the Fe(1 1 0) surface, considering both neutral and protonated forms. DFTB simulations revealed a clear trend in interaction energies, following the order: Tris-IDA > Tris-Gly > 5-APA > IDA > Gly. It ranges from −1.191 eV to −1.853 eV, with the highest stability observed for protonated Tris-IDA (−1.853 eV), while neutral Glycine exhibits the lowest interaction energy (−1.263 eV). While these theoretical results diverged slightly from experimental observations, with Tris-Gly outperforming Tris-IDA, this discrepancy was attributed to steric effects and solvent interactions. The DFTB results also indicated strong covalent interactions, particularly involving acetic groups, between the inhibitors’ orbitals and the iron’s 3d orbitals. MD simulations further demonstrated the impact of protonation on inhibitor mobility, with reduced diffusion coefficients due to enhanced electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. COSMO-RS solvation analysis confirmed the strong hydrogen bonding capabilities of these molecules with water. Overall, this study elucidates the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition by integrating multiple simulation techniques, providing key molecular insights that can guide the design of more effective corrosion inhibitors. The findings emphasize the significance of electronic interactions and molecular structure in enhancing inhibitor performance, making this a valuable contribution to corrosion science.

Formation and characterization of organic silicon and fluoropolymers film on epoxy base for corrosion protection of carbon steel

Formation and characterization of organic silicon and fluoropolymers film on epoxy base for corrosion protection of carbon steel

Electrophoretic Deposition of Barium Titanate Nanopowder Coatings for Corrosive Protection of Carbon Steel

Nanomaterials coatings were developed for corrosion protection of carbon steel. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) possesses a distinctive layered structure that can be effectively utilized to enhance the resistance to corrosion in industrial coating systems. Homogeneous Barium titanate films were deposited successfully by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using an aqueous suspension under altering deposition time. An investigation was conducted using electrochemical measurements to determine the impact of a Barium titanate BaTiO3 coating on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel. Deposited layers characterizations such as adhesion and wettability have been investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the successful incorporation of the composites in the coating. The corrosion protection properties of the prepared coatings were evaluated using OCP, Tafel, and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurements. The surface morphology of the coatings after corrosion was studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the deposited thin film shows that the film is adhered, dense, and free of voids. This characteristic allows the coated carbon steel to have a high corrosion resistance.

The utilization of ionic liquids as sustainable and eco-friendly inhibitors for corrosion protection of carbon steel in petroleum fields

Various ionic liquid compounds are synthesized from the combination of iminodiethanol and fatty acid of butyric (IL-4) caprylic (IL-8) and capric (IL-10). The composition of such compounds was confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques and was tested as mitigators for the destruction of carbon steel in 10 % diluted oil field-produced water. The measurements of electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization, impedance spectroscopy, and gravimetry were complemented by surface investigation of some corroded carbon steel samples utilizing scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The data indicated that the addition of IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10 inhibits the destruction of carbon steel in the 10 % diluted oil field-produced water by lowering the corrosion current density (Iorr) and the double-layer capacitance (Cdl). Tafel polarization data confirmed that the studied compounds acted as mixed inhibitors. The values of the cathodic Tafel slope, bc, are found to be close to each other confirming that the adsorbed compounds did not alter the mechanism of hydrogen evolution. The charge transfer resistance, Rct, for the blank solution is 1501 and increased with the addition of such compounds to reach 5332 at a concentration of 500 mg/l of IL-10 with a protection efficiency of 85.83 %, at 25 ◦C. The computed -ΔG°ads values varied between −18.11 and –23.98kJ mol/1 depending on the type of inhibitor and the temperature, which confirms the suggestion of the physisorption mechanism. The negative values of ΔG°ads explain the spontaneity of the adsorption process. The lowering in Kads values with T is attributed to the escaping of some of the adsorbed inhibitor molecules leaving the carbon steel surface. Theoretical quantum computation was used to confirm the adsorption ability of various ionic liquids on the examined metal.

Aluminum composite powder as an additive in epoxy coatings for enhancement of corrosion protection of carbon steel

Aluminum composite powder as an additive in epoxy coatings for enhancement of corrosion protection of carbon steel

Impact of Co3O4 nanoparticles on epoxy's mechanical and corrosion-resistance properties for carbon steel in seawater

Co3O4 nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) are synthesized using the facile solvothermal method. FT-IR and XRD spectroscopic analyses verify the creation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 13.20 nm. Furthermore, Zeta potential assessments were carried out to identify the electrical charge of the surface of the produced Co3O4-NPs, which was found to be -20.5 mV. In addition, the average pore size of Co3O4-NPs is 19.8 nm, and their BET surface area is 92.4 m/g. The study also concerned the effect of Co3O4-NPs on epoxy's improvement of mechanical and corrosion protection for carbon steel in salt solution. By including Co3O4-NPs in an epoxy (EP) coating, corrosion is effectively prevented by non-permeable protective coatings that effectively reduce the transfer of corrosion ions and oxygen.

PH-Responsive Graphene Oxide-Based 2D/3D Composite for Enhancing Anti-Corrosion Properties of Epoxy Coating.

The functionalized graphene oxide (GO)-based composites as fillers added into organic coatings are desired for realizing the longstanding corrosion protection of carbon steel. Here, the pH-responsive two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) GO-based composite (ZIF-90-AAP/GO) was developed by environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) anchored on the in situ growth of zeolite imidazolate framework-90 (ZIF-90) on the GO surface (ZIF-90/GO) through the Schiff base reaction. The active filler (ZIF-90-AAP/GO) was incorporated into an epoxy coating (EP) to obtain a high-performance self-healing coating on the surface of carbon steel. ZIF-90-AAP can greatly improve dispersion and compatibility of GO in EP. The low-frequency impedance modulus of ZIF-90-AAP/GO-EP can still reach up to 1.35 × 1010 Ω⋅cm2 after 40 days, which is about three orders of magnitude higher than that of the EP containing GO (GO-EP) relying on its passive and active corrosion protection. Meanwhile, ZIF-90-AAP/GO-EP exhibits excellent self-healing performance. The self-healing rate of ZIF-90-AAP/GO changes from negative to positive after 24 h, which results from the effective corrosion inhibition activity of ZIF-90-AAP for carbon steel based on the pH-triggered controlled release of AAP. The developed pH-responsive 2D/3D GO-based composite coating is very attractive for the corrosion protection of carbon steel.

Green inhibitor loaded functional halloysite nanotubes modified coatings for improving corrosion protection of carbon steel

In this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were first etched with H2SO4 or NaOH and then loaded with a green corrosion inhibitor (sodium benzoate, SB) under vacuum. Subsequently, a thin layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was coated for the controlled release of SB. The dispersion of the coated HNTs in epoxy resin was improved by amino functionalization with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). The obtained S24HNTs-SB-TEOS-APTES nanocapsules were analyzed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), showing that after etching with 5 mol/L of H2SO4 for 24 h, the pore size inside the HNTs increased, and the tubular morphology was maintained. According to the results of UV–visible spectroscopy, SB was released faster in acidic (pH=3) and alkaline conditions (pH=11) than neutral condition. Furthermore, nanocapsules were successfully embedded in epoxy coating used for corrosion protection of carbon steel. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray experiments demonstrated that the smart composite coating exhibited outstanding corrosion resistance, and the addition of 3 wt% S24HNTs-SB-TEOS-APTES having the most excellent anticorrosion performance with its impedance at 0.01 Hz maintaining 3.11 × 106 Ω⋅cm2 even after 3 weeks of corrosion immersion.

Harnessing active biofilm for microbial corrosion protection of carbon steel against Geobacter sulfurreducens

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by corrosive microorganisms poses significant economic losses and safety hazards. Conventional corrosion prevention methods have limitations, so it is necessary to develop the eco-friendly and long-term effective strategies to mitigate MIC. This study investigated the inhibition of Vibrio sp. EF187016 biofilm on Geobacter sulfurreducens on carbon steel. Vibrio sp. EF187016 biofilm reduced the corrosion current density and impeded pitting corrosion. A thick and uniform Vibrio sp. EF187016 biofilm formed on the coupon surfaces, acting as a protective layer against corrosive ions and electron acquisition by G. sulfurreducens. The pre-grown mature Vibrio sp. EF187016 biofilms, provided enhanced protection against G. sulfurreducens corrosion. Additionally, the extracellular polymeric substances from Vibrio sp. EF187016 was confirmed to act as a green corrosion inhibitor to mitigate microbial corrosion. This study highlights the potential of active biofilms for eco-friendly corrosion protection, offering a novel perspective on material preservation against microbial corrosion.

Smart self-healing coating with multiple synergistic effects based on ZIF-11 for corrosion protection of carbon steel

Adding fillers with corrosion inhibitors to organic coatings is an effective and common strategy for enhancing active and passive corrosion protection of coatings. However, most of the self-healing coatings only can offer limited corrosion protection because of a single corrosion inhibitor loaded in fillers. Herein, a smart self-healing coating system (ZIF-11-PAACe-EP) consisting of epoxy coating containing ZIF-11 encapsulated by cerium polyacrylate (PAACe) polymer (ZIF-11-PAACe) was designed. The anti-corrosion and self-healing properties of ZIF-11-PAACe-EP were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The EIS results show that the impedance modulus at the low frequency (|Z|0.01 Hz) of ZIF-11-PAACe-EP can continuously increase with time and reach 4.01 × 1010 Ω·cm2 after 60 days of immersion. ZIF-11-PAACe-EP can provide long-term corrosion protection for steel, which is attributed to its excellent self-healing abilities conferred by multiple synergistic effects of benzimidazole (BIM), Zn2+ and Ce3+ ions released from ZIF-11-PAACe based on pH-stimuli response. The design of the pH-responsive self-healing coating system with multiple synergistic effects will provide a new strategy for the fabrication of highly efficient anti-corrosion coating.

Electrochemical and DFT insights into 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: an innovative strategy for antibacterial activity and corrosion protection of carbon steel.

This study explored the potential of a newly synthesized derivative, 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile (AHMCC), as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent and a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel (C.STL) in 0.5 M HCl solution. AHMCC demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, as evidenced by agar plate tests and cell viability assays. In the corrosion inhibition studies, AHMCC exhibited mixed-type inhibitor behavior as revealed by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements. The inhibition efficiency increased with rising AHMCC concentration, confirmed by a significant enhancement in charge transfer resistance (R ct) observed in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) data with obtained CF2 and CF3 values further corroborated these findings. Langmuir isotherm modeling suggested AHMCC molecules followed a monolayer adsorption pattern on the C.STL surface. UV-visible spectroscopy indicated the formation of a protective layer through chemical interaction between AHMCC and the metal surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided visual confirmation of this protective film shielding the C.STL from the corrosive environment. Additionally, theoretical calculations supported the proposed adsorption mechanism of AHMCC molecules onto the C.STL surface.

Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Petroleum Industry

Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Petroleum Industry

Controllable synthesis of layered double hydroxide nanosheets to build organic inhibitor-loaded nanocontainers for enhanced corrosion protection of carbon steel.

The development of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets as nanocontainers has been intensively studied in recent years. Despite their potential for application on a large scale, their synthesis in an aqueous medium is rarely reported. Herein, we report a straightforward approach for the controllable synthesis of uniform MgAl-LDH nanosheets by an aqueous nucleation process followed by a hydrothermal treatment. The key to this method relies on the well-dispersed LDH nuclei that are produced by high-speed homogenization. Following the nucleation step, the coalescence of the aggregate hydroxide layers is diminished by hydraulic shear forces, leading to the disaggregation and even distribution of LDH nuclei. As a result, the oriented growth of individual crystals along the horizontal plane becomes predominant, leading to a high surface charge density of the hydroxide sheets and preventing their stacking. The electron microscope virtual proofs showed that the particles had a well-defined circular shape with a thickness of about 2-3 nm. Afterward, for the first time, LDH nanosheets were used to prepare LDH nanocontainers loaded with 2-benzothiazolythio-succinic acid (BTSA) by anion exchange. The incorporation of BTSA into the interlayer region and the emission behavior of the inhibitor were investigated. These results indicate that the prepared nanosheets can be utilized as effective nanocontainers for organic inhibitor loading and anti-corrosion application.

Acetylated lignin as a biocomponent for epoxy coating — Anticorrosive performance analysis by accelerated corrosion tests

Carbon steel is one of the main metallic materials used in the manufacture of products in various sectors of society. The high susceptibility of this material to the corrosive process makes it necessary to use mechanisms to protect it from corrosion, with the use of epoxy coatings being one of the main methods. However, in harsh environments, the anticorrosive ability of epoxy coatings weakens. Therefore, there is a growing number of studies of compounds to be used as additives in the development of anticorrosive coatings. This work uses Kraft lignin, a waste from the pulp and paper industry, as a bio-additive for epoxy resins to be used in the corrosion protection of carbon steel when exposed to severe corrosion environments. For this, accelerated corrosion tests of salt spray, ultraviolet weathering, and saturated humidity were carried out. The epoxy-lignin coatings were obtained by incorporating acetylated lignin (AKL) in the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A resin (DGEBA). The curing agent for the coatings was isophorone diamine (IPDA). Two types of epoxy-lignin coatings were prepared, namely: DGEBA/7.5% AKL, and DGEBA/15%AKL. The structural characterization of the coatings was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physicochemical properties of the coatings were analyzed by testing contact angle, gel content, water vapor transmission, and ion permeation. The anticorrosive properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The performance of coatings with acetylated lignin was compared with the epoxy coating without acetylated lignin and the corrosion protection mechanism of epoxy-lignin coatings was proposed. The results indicate that the addition of acetylated lignin improves the resistance of the coatings against corrosion, as demonstrated by higher impedance values and capacitive behavior in the accelerated corrosion tests. Additionally, the coatings with acetylated lignin exhibit better performance in blocking the migration of Na+ and Cl− ions, further slowing down the corrosion process.

Epoxy polymers reinforced with phosphorus‐doped carbon dots for enhanced corrosion protection of carbon steel in marine environments

AbstractFish skin, a major component of fish waste, has been utilized in this study for the facile synthesis of phosphorus‐doped carbon dots (PCDs). The study aimed to synthesize and investigate the potential application of PCDs as an effective material against corrosion when reinforced in different epoxy polymers. The UV‐visible and fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of PCD from fish skin confirmed the presence of multifluorophores and P doping, while transmission electron micrograph images revealed that the synthesized PCD had a diameter ranging from 6 to 8 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis showed the presence of a carbon skeleton with conjugated carbon double bonds, amines, ‐OH groups, aromatic rings, and phosphate groups. PCD reinforcement in three epoxy polymers and their coating over BIS 2062 carbon steel showed that PCD and epoxy polymers synergistically acted to improve the corrosion resistance of the coatings. An optimum concentration range of 0.01%–0.02% PCD was found to provide maximum corrosion resistance. PCD reinforcement has a potential impact on surface morphologies and electrochemical characteristics of epoxy coatings.

Synergistic Effect of Aluminum Lactate and Sodium Molybdate on Freshwater Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Irradiation

In this study, a corrosion inhibitor suitable for the corrosion inhibition of primary containment vessels at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station is investigated. Considering the internal environment of the primary containment vessels, the corrosion inhibitor should inhibit the freshwater corrosion of carbon steel under irradiation and should not come under effluent standards in Japan. Herein, a corrosion inhibitor was devised by combining Al lactate and Na molybdate that met the above conditions, and its corrosion mechanism was investigated. It was found that 0.75 mM Al lactate and 0.25 mM Na molybdate were the most inhibitive to the corrosion of carbon steel. As Al lactate has never been reported as a corrosion inhibitor for metallic materials, it could be developed as a novel corrosion inhibitor in this study. The corrosion inhibitor inhibited the freshwater corrosion of carbon steel even under gamma irradiation of 200 Gy/h. Al and molybdate ions in the solution formed a metal cation layer on carbon steel with few defects and without iron. This metal cation layer inhibited both the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction and the anodic iron dissolving reaction, thereby enhancing the corrosion protection of carbon steel in freshwater.

Expired antihypertensive drugs as eco-friendly and efficient corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in CO2-saturated oilfield water: Experimental and theoretical approaches

In the process of oil and gas exploitation, it is crucial for the corrosion protection of carbon steel in oil and gas exploitation to develop highly efficient and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. Expired antihypertensive drugs (candesartan and valsartan) can be used as eco-friendly, low-cost and efficient green corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion inhibition performance and adsorption mechanisms of candesartan (CST) and valsartan (VST) for carbon steel in CO2-saturated oilfield water were investigated by weight loss tests, electrochemical measurements, surface analysis and theoretical calculations. The weight loss test results show that the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 400 ppm (0.9 mM) VST and CST are 89.33 and 95.83% at 333 K, respectively. The polarization curves results indicate that VST and CST resist both anodic and cathodic reactions and function as mixed-inhibitors. The adsorption behavior of VST and CST follows the Langmuir adsorption model. Moreover, the adsorption modes of VST and CST involve physisorption and chemisorption. The results of theoretical calculations suggest that the adsorption of VST and CST on metal surface is mainly achieved by bonding N/O atoms to Fe atoms. Furthermore, the adsorbed films formed by CST and VST can inhibit the diffusion process of corrosive particles more effectively, thereby protecting the carbon steel from corrosion more efficiently. The results obtained from quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations confirm the experimental findings and provide further insight into the mode of adsorption.

Combination of layered-based materials as an innovative strategy for improving active corrosion protection of carbon steel

Layered hydroxide salt and layered double hydroxide intercalated respectively with molybdate (LHS-M) and gluconate (LDH-G) were used together for corrosion protection of carbon steel for the first time. Essays revealed that inhibitor release from LHS-M and LDH-G occurred in presence of chloride anions, within different timescales. Electrochemical studies performed for inhibitors, directly in solution and intercalated into the nanocontainers, showed that the protection of carbon steel can be tuned using the right ratio of inhibitors and nanocontainers. Coatings loaded with a mixture of the nanocontainers were applied on carbon steel plates and found to improve the anticorrosion performance, attributed to the inhibitors' action and chloride anions trapping.

Organic Synthesized Inhibitors for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel: A Comprehensive Review

Organic Synthesized Inhibitors for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel: A Comprehensive Review

Effect of selected green corrosion inhibitors on SO2 removal during carbon steel corrosion in aqueous solutions of ammonia and histidine

To understand the feasibility of using carbon steel in the flue gas desulfurization process, the corrosion protection of carbon steel was investigated by adding four green corrosion inhibitors (12-aminolauric acid; 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid; 1,2,3-benzotriazole; and L-methionine) to an ammonia solution containing histidine as the SO2 absorbent. The effects of the corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion rates of carbon steel and SO2 absorption performance were investigated. We observed that 1,2,3-benzotriazole was the most effective corrosion inhibitor, reducing the corrosion rate by 73 % and increasing the SO2 absorption loading by 8.3 % compared to other corrosion inhibitors. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies were conducted to understand the corrosion inhibition behavior of 1,2,3-benzotriazole. The formation of the Fen-(SO2-BTA)m complex and its subsequent adsorption on the carbon steel surface blocked active sites and inhibited corrosion. This study demonstrated the feasibility of effectively using carbon steel under harsh environmental conditions such as in desulfurization.