Corrosion Prevention Measures Research Articles

Evaluation of corrosion potential in near-shore piles and analysis through RSM modelling

Corrosion is a significant problem in marine environments that ultimately leads to structural failure and economic losses. The assessment of the conditions of concrete piles is an essential part of corrosion prevention measures in marine environments. This research investigated the corrosion potential of concrete marine piles using a half-cell potentiometer. Following this, the observed potential values are subjected to RSM modeling. Approximately ten piles were chosen in Chennai Fishing Harbor, and the corrosion potential values along the depth of the piles in three different zones, namely, the atmospheric, splash and submerged zones, were measured at three-month intervals. Based on the visual inspection, the piles were damaged, and minor cracks developed on the surfaces of the concrete due to the dynamic impact of wave action, specifically in the splash zone. From the results obtained in the field for the chosen piles in the fishing harbor, the corrosion potential values are in the range of −361.45 mV to −527.57 mV in the atmospheric zone, − 520.67 mV to −784.85 mV in the splash zone and– 401.23 mV to—631.28 mV in the submerged zone. RSM was noted to be the most accurate predictor with the highest R2 and least errors. The RSM model captured the variability of the data according to the R2 threshold (R2 > 0.9855). The splash zones have higher corrosion potentials and are more prone to corrosion than the other zones.

Analysis of Corrosion Prevention Measures for Reinforced Concrete in Cross-sea Bridges

Analysis of Corrosion Prevention Measures for Reinforced Concrete in Cross-sea Bridges

Economic assessment of corrosion prevention measures in new structures

AbstractChloride‐induced corrosion is a main cause of deterioration in reinforced concrete (RC). The premature deterioration of RC leads to unplanned repairs, hence elevating the direct and indirect costs of the RC infrastructure. The current prescriptive durability design approach has proven to be insufficient in assuring the durability of the RC exposed to chlorides. The objective of this study is an economical evaluation of several prevention measures for chloride‐induced corrosion following the performance‐based approach. A case study is inspired by a real set of RC columns, which suffered from chloride‐induced corrosion damage after 14 years in service. The considered prevention measures are the use of different binder systems, variation of the water/binder ratio, and changes in the concrete cover. To compare the obtained results, a reference design is set with a concrete mix and a cover thickness according to the requirements of the prescriptive approach described in the European standards. The results show that a balance between the binder type, concrete cover and water/binder ratio is necessary in order to optimize the costs while assuring the durability of the RC element.

Modeling the Effects of Electromagnetic Interference from Multi-Wire Traction Networks on Pipelines

The 25 kV traction network creates highly intensive electromagnetic fields. These fields affect the long conductive structures located near railway lines and can induce voltage, posing a danger for maintenance personnel. Typical examples of such structures are pipelines, which are used to transport liquid and gaseous products. In addition to compromising electrical safety, the induced voltage can result in dangerous densities of corrosion currents in pipe insulation defects. Therefore, the determination of the induced voltage and current in the pipes is undoubtedly relevant. An analysis of existing literature on the electromagnetic compatibility of traction networks and pipelines indicates that important aspects regarding the effects of traction networks and high-voltage power lines on extended conductive structures have been addressed. However, these works do not present a unified method to determine the induced voltage on parts of the structures and the current flowing through the pipeline. Such a method could be based on a technology that models the operation of electric power systems in phase coordinates. This paper presents the development of a method and the results of the studies aimed at modeling the voltage induced by complex traction networks. The developed digital models make it possible to adequately determine the induced voltage created by multi-wire traction networks and the current flowing through the pipes. Using these models, one can make an informed decision regarding the appropriate measure to ensure the safety of personnel working on these structures, as well as the development of corrosion prevention methods and measures.

Study on the Characteristics, Harm, Mechanism and Prevention Measures of Corrosion at the Tower Foot of Transmission Line

The transmission line is the key medium and channel for power transmission from the power supply side to the power consumption side. As the infrastructure supporting the transmission line, the iron tower is crucial for the safe and stable operation of the grid. In recent years, the phenomenon of corrosion at the foot of power transmission towers has been expanding, which is a major hidden danger affecting the security of the power grid. Based on the actual situation, this paper summarizes the corrosion characteristics of the current transmission line tower foot and points out the harm and reaction mechanism of tower foot corrosion. According to the existing technical conditions, the corrosion prevention measures for the tower foot are proposed to eliminate the hidden danger of tower corrosion from the root and improve the safe operation level of transmission lines, which can be used for reference by relevant personnel.

Investigation of Accelerated Degradation Methods to Cause Blisters for Non-Defective Vinyl Ester Resin Glass Flake Organic Coatings

Organic coatings are applied as a corrosion prevention measure, but their effectiveness may degrade over time. In this study, the acceleration effects of typical degradation methods in non-defective vinyl ester resin organic coatings containing glass flakes such as high-temperature immersion and immersion in chemical accelerators are clarified using physiochemical techniques. Immersion in an acetic acid (AcOH) aqueous solution causes resin swelling, and the behaviors are quantitatively evaluated through gravimetric, thickness, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Furthermore, a combined process of immersion in hydrofluoric acid and an AcOH aqueous solution reduces the electrical properties and eventually blisters the thick coating surface. This result suggests that an appropriate combination of the resin swelling and the glass degradation (glass dissolution and/or formation of the gap between glass and resin) decrease mechanical properties of the glass flake coating and causes blisters. In order to help the health diagnosis of the visually non-defective aged glass flake coating, the relationship between the electrical characteristic values and the invisible degradation by accelerated tests is finally indicated.

Sustainable concrete formulations for sustainable reinforced structures exposed to chloride induced corrosion

Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most used construction material for infrastructure due to its strength and durability. However, under chloride exposure, often the RC structures do not achieve their designed service life. Therefore, premature repairs or even replacement of components is required, hence increasing the environmental impacts and economic costs over the entire service life. This study evaluates the sustainability of low-clinker cements as a corrosion prevention measure in reinforced concrete under several chloride exposures conditions. Through a life cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental impacts of a RC generic element are evaluated, considering three alternatives for low-clinker cement and ordinary Portland cement as reference. The materials production and use service are considered in the LCA. The service phase includes the repair activities necessary to keep a defined level of serviceability given the steel corrosion due to chloride ingress. The number of repairs is determined on a probabilistic durability assessment. The results showed that the durability of the reinforced element plays a major role in the overall environmental impacts. Furthermore, low-clinker binders have a positive environmental impact in the sustainability of reinforced concrete structures.

Targeted Lead and Copper Removal from Aqueous Streams Using Carbon Electrodes in an Electrochemical Filter

Lead contamination in drinking water is a pervasive health problem across the US, brought into the public spotlight by the 2014 water crisis in Flint, Michigan. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established The Lead and Copper Rule in 1991 to limit exposure of these elements and set the action level to 15 ppb; however, there is no safe level of lead consumption.1 Despite corrosion prevention measures taken by public water authorities, lead concentrations in drinking water are routinely elevated nationwide.2 A reliable long-lasting water filter that can specifically target lead and other metals is currently lacking in the marketplace. Metals removal from wastewater is also a major concern for many industries, where water reuse is becoming commonplace, regulations are getting more stringent, and discharge limits must be met. Much of this current work has focused on lead and copper removal from drinking water and industrial wastewater, with a specific focus on commercializing a technology that can provide clean water in a sustainable manner. Applying this technology to other metals of interest has also been demonstrated.Conventional and electrochemical methods for metals removal from water cannot effectively distinguish between many dissolved species and behaves more as a bulk removal process. In order to obtain a purified or concentrated stream of a desired metal, additional separation steps need to be used, making the overall process more expensive and complicated. PowerTech Water has developed carbon electrodes in an electrochemical filter that can target specific metals in a water stream to either remove or recover them, depending on the application. The device uses activated carbon electrodes and a small applied voltage (<2.0 V) to induce Faradaic reactions at both the carbon-based anode and cathode within the cell. By tuning the device configuration and operating parameters, a targeted metal will precipitate out of solution, generally according to its Pourbaix diagram, and be trapped within the porous electrode matrix.Electrochemical water treatment was performed at a constant applied voltage with lead spiked tap water, achieving >90% removal of the target metal, while leaving other species (eg. Na+ and Ca2+) in solution. SEM and EDX analysis of the used anodes and cathodes confirmed the presence of lead species (Figure 1, right panel). To further understand the mechanisms at play, the near electrode pH and voltage distribution were measured. By varying the applied potential, the pH and voltage at the anode and cathode were recorded, along with the concentration of lead at the inlet and outlet. This information, when combined with the Pourbaix diagram, can be used to help identify the lead speciation at each electrode and optimize device performance. Additional experiments were performed with copper spiked tap water, demonstrating the versatility of the electrochemical filter described here.

Prospects of Autonomous Volcanic Monitoring Stations: Experimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generation from Fumaroles.

Fumaroles represent evidence of volcanic activity, emitting steam and volcanic gases at temperatures between 70 and 100 . Due to the well-known advantages of thermoelectricity, such as reliability, reduced maintenance and scalability, the present paper studies the possibilities of thermoelectric generators, devices based on solid-state physics, to directly convert fumaroles heat into electricity due to the Seebeck effect. For this purpose, a thermoelectric generator composed of two bismuth-telluride thermoelectric modules and heat pipes as heat exchangers was installed, for the first time, at Teide volcano (Canary Islands, Spain), where fumaroles arise in the surface at 82 . The installed thermoelectric generator has demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed solution, leading to a compact generator with no moving parts that produces a net generation between 0.32 and per module given a temperature difference between the heat reservoirs encompassed in the 69–86 range. These results become interesting due to the possibilities of supplying power to the volcanic monitoring stations that measure the precursors of volcanic eruptions, making them completely autonomous. Nonetheless, in order to achieve this objective, corrosion prevention measures must be taken because the hydrogen sulfide contained in the fumaroles reacts with steam, forming sulfuric acid.

Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steel in Presence of Two Non-Toxic Organic Inhibitor Compounds in Acidic Media

Mild steel is used by industries due to their properties and low cost. Pipes, machinery, civil structures, and other devices are made from mild steel, and are used in diverse environments. However, corrosion is an electrochemical deteriorative process, that affects metallic materials. This degrading mechanism can be minimized by some corrosion prevention measures such as inhibitors. In fact, several researches have demonstrated that organic compounds reduce corrosion rates. However, several of these compounds had caused negative effects in the environment. Hence in the development of novel corrosion inhibitors has considered in their design non-toxic compounds. In fact, recent researches had been studied natural and synthetized inhibitors. Some of them have been obtained from natural products, which have showed to be a good alternative. Even more, others have been studied synthetized organic non-toxic compounds with good results. The principal focus of this project was to find out alternatives to avoid environmental damages in preventing corrosion. We studied the metal behavior of mild steel in the presence of two organic compounds (a natural product and one synthesized) considered non-toxic, by electrochemical techniques such as polarization curves, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in acidic media (H2SO4 0.5 M) at different concentrations (20, 50, 100 and 300 ppm) at room temperature. Even more, we studied the electrochemical behavior for the passive film formed in the presence of both inhibitors by EN noise tests in potentiostatic regime during 24 hours. The potential applied was +600 mV for the natural inhibitor, and +500 for the synthetized inhibitor. The preliminary evaluation of mild steel in the presence of two different organic compounds, showed that in the case of the polarization curves the best efficiency (75%) for the synthetized inhibitor. However, up to +500 mV both inhibitors showed passive conditions. The frequency and amplitude of transients were analyzed by Power Spectral Density plots, and noise analysis in current under potenctiostatic regime reveals the presence of a passive film over the metal surface, which reduces the corrosion rate. The behavior during the formation depends on the concentration of the inhibitor, the stability of the film formed and the potential applied. Mild steel is used by industries due to their properties and low cost. Pipes, machinery, civil structures, and other devices are made from mild steel, and are used in diverse environments. However, corrosion is an electrochemical deteriorative process, that affects metallic materials. This degrading mechanism can be minimized by some corrosion prevention measures such as inhibitors. In fact, several researches have demonstrated that organic compounds reduce corrosion rates. However, several of these compounds had caused negative effects in the environment. Hence in the development of novel corrosion inhibitors has considered in their design non-toxic compounds. In fact, recent researches had been studied natural and synthetized inhibitors. Some of them have been obtained from natural products, which have showed to be a good alternative. Even more, others have been studied synthetized organic non-toxic compounds with good results. The principal focus of this project was to find out alternatives to avoid environmental damages in preventing corrosion. We studied the metal behavior of mild steel in the presence of two organic compounds (a natural product and one synthesized) considered non-toxic, by electrochemical techniques such as polarization curves, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in acidic media (H2SO4 0.5 M) at different concentrations (20, 50, 100 and 300 ppm) at room temperature. Even more, we studied the electrochemical behavior for the passive film formed in the presence of both inhibitors by EN noise tests in potentiostatic regime during 24 hours. The potential applied was +600 mV for the natural inhibitor, and +500 for the synthetized inhibitor. The preliminary evaluation of mild steel in the presence of two different organic compounds, showed that in the case of the polarization curves the best efficiency (75%) for the synthetized inhibitor. However, up to +500 mV both inhibitors showed passive conditions. The frequency and amplitude of transients were analyzed by Power Spectral Density plots, and noise analysis in current under potenctiostatic regime reveals the presence of a passive film over the metal surface, which reduces the corrosion rate. The behavior during the formation depends on the concentration of the inhibitor, the stability of the film formed and the potential applied.

Assessment of tap water quality and corrosion scales from the selected distribution systems in northern Pakistan.

Corrosion deposits formed within drinking water distribution systems deteriorate drinking water quality and resultantly cause public health consequences. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the concurrent conditions of corrosion scales and the drinking water quality in selected water supply schemes (WSS) in districts Chitral, Peshawar, and Abbottabad, northern Pakistan. Characterization analyses of the corrosion by-products revealed the presence of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4, and SiO2 as major constituents with different proportions. The constituents of all the representative XRD peaks of Peshawar WSS were found insignificant as compared to other WSS, and the reason could be the variation of source water quality. Well-crystallized particles in SEM images indicated the formation of dense oxide layer on corrosion by-products. A wider asymmetric vibration peak of SiO2 appeared only in Chitral and Abbottabad WSS, which demonstrated higher siltation in the water source. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant variations in pH, turbidity, TDS, K, Mg, PO4, Cl, and SO4 values, which revealed that these parameters differently contributed to the source water quality. Findings from this study suggested the implementation of proper corrosion prevention measures and the establishment of international collaboration for best corrosion practices, expertise, and developing standards.

차량을 이용한 원격전위 측정방법 개발에 관한 연구

도시가스사업법령에 따라 지하에 매설된 도시가스 배관에는 전기부식 방지조치를 하도록 하고 있으며, 테스트 박스에서 배관의 방식전위를 1년마다 측정하도록 하고 있다. 그런데, 도심에 설치된 테스트 박스(T/B)의 경우 대부분 차량이 통행하는 도로위에 설치되어 있어 전위를 측정할 때 어려움이 있다. 즉, 전위를 측정하기 위해서는 차량을 통제하거나, 교통량이 적은 심야에 실시해야 하는 등 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 방식전위 측정의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 차량을 타고 이동하면서 테스트박스의 전위를 측정하는 방법을 연구하였다. 도로위에 설치된 테스트박스 하부에 기준전극과 데이터로거를 설치하고, 차량이 이동하면서 데이터로거로부터 방식 전위를 수신하는 방법으로 시험 연구를 진행하였다. 테스트 박스가 도로위에 설치되어 있어 전파를 송수신하는 데 어려움이 있어 안테나 방식을 변경해 가면서 가장 효과적인 방법을 채택하기로 하였다. 개발한 방법을 도시가스사의 실제 테스트박스에 적용한 결과 이 방법은 기존의 측정방법보다 20배 이상 시간을 절약할 수 있었다. According to the urban gas business law, electrical corrosion prevention measures shall be installed to the buried gas pipelines and the pipe-to-soil potentials should be measured at the test box at least once a year. Most of the test boxes installed in urban area are usually located on the road where the vehicle travels, therefore, it is difficult to measure the CP potentials at the test boxes. That is, we need traffic control when carrying out the measurement of the CP potentials on daytime when the traffic is heavy, or we have to measure the potentials in the late night when the traffic is light. To solve these difficulties, we have studied remotely CP potential measuring method by using the patrol car. We have installed solid reference electrodes and data loggers under the test boxes on the site and received the CP potentials from the data loggers when the vehicle moves. It was difficult to send and receive the data because the data logger was located under the ground. We have applied 3 different method including 2 antenna systems to achieve best effective way in receiving the data. We have found the remote CP measuring method by using a car can save more 20 times of measuring time than conventional measuring methods.

NATURAL CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE — A REVIEW

Reinforced concrete is one of the widely used construction materials for bridges, buildings, platforms and tunnels. Though reinforced concrete is capable of withstanding a large range of severe environments including marine, industrial and alpine conditions, there are still a large number of failures in concrete structures for many reasons. Either carbonation or chloride attack is the main culprit which is due to depassivation of reinforced steel and subsequently leads to rapid steel corrosion. Among many corrosion prevention measures, application of corrosion inhibitors play a vital role in metal protection. Numerous range of corrosion inhibitors were reported for concrete protection that were also used commercially in industries. This review summarizes the application of natural products as corrosion inhibitors for concrete protection and also scrutinizes various factors influencing its applicability.

The Discussion about Concrete on the Relationship between Corrosion Resistance and Time under Bending Loads

Through the corrosion test method of different active mineral admixture concrete under bending loads,we studied the C50 concrete specimen under bending loads on corrosion resistance and with the relation to corrosion time about the condition of specimen in saline soil. The results showed that the maximum corrosion effect on concrete with the saline soil in the short-term (1 year) appeared from the sixth to the ninth month (under maximum corrosion loss coefficient), but in other time is smaller. Concrete with gas forming admixture exhibit best corrosion resistance, fly ash concrete come second and normal concrete show worst performance in corrosion resistance, we propose corrosion prevention measures for concrete structures under loads in saline soil region to improve the durability of concrete structures according to the result.

Chloride Transport in Concrete Subjected to Electric Field

Chloride transport in concrete is often subject to an electric field. This may arise from an internal source, such as the development of a membrane potential, or it may be imposed on the concrete by an external source, as is often the case when electrochemical remediation techniques are applied and accelerated chloride diffusion tests are undertaken. In this work the theory of chloride migration and its practical applications are reviewed. The migration of ions in an electric field differs from other transport processes in that positive and negative ions move in opposite directions, and the condition of electroneutrality does not impose the same constraint on the transport of ions as would otherwise be the case. Well established laws with appropriate boundary conditions have been used to model chloride transport in concrete under electrochemical chloride extraction and cathodic protection conditions, as well as in accelerated chloride diffusion tests. The minimum electric field that will prevent further chloride contamination may be regarded as the threshold requirement for chloride removal and also provides a basis for a corrosion prevention measure in its own right. The quantification of the membrane effects of concrete on the transport of chloride ions and the time dependence of chloride binding and dissolution require further research.

The depth distribution of organic additives in mortar measured with plasma-based Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry

Amino alcohols (AMA) have been found to be successful in corrosion prevention of steel-reinforced concrete [1]. However, to work effectively the amino alcohol has to be located at the interface between the concrete and the steel rods reinforcing the stability of the building material [2]. Corrosion prevention for new buildings is easy because the corrosion inhibitor has already been added to the liquid concrete mixture and thus can easily reach the steel rods. With subsequent corrosion prevention measures for existing buildings, however, the problem of transport of the corrosion inhibitor through the solid concrete to the steel surface has to be solved first. In order to determine penetration, transport behavior, and transport rate, an AMA was applied to one face of rectangular mortar blocks used as model samples. A certain period of time for dwelling was given to allow the AMA to penetrate into the mortar. Moreover, the influence of the ambient humidity during the application was investigated. The analysis of the mortar was made by Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry, a technique used for the first time for this type of material because of the easy sample preparation, short analysis time, and high sensitivity.

9437809 Corrosion resistance techniques of truck body: Corrosion prevention techniques, measures and long life techniques: Kazuhiro Teraguchi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Tadao Yamazaki (Isuzu Motors Limited Hokkaido Proving Ground), pp. 213–216, 7 figs., 3 tables, 3 refs

9437809 Corrosion resistance techniques of truck body: Corrosion prevention techniques, measures and long life techniques: Kazuhiro Teraguchi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Tadao Yamazaki (Isuzu Motors Limited Hokkaido Proving Ground), pp. 213–216, 7 figs., 3 tables, 3 refs

Trouble shooting and oilfield corrosion monitoring

The increasing incidence of corrosion induced failures query the efficiency of corrosion prevention measures and/or their monitoring techniques. Of concern too, is the phenomenon of twelve o'clock corrosion and the subsequent rupture. This indicated that the inhibitor was not protecting the upper surface of the pipe wall which could be possibly averted by batching a slug of inhibitor solution ahead of a pig or between pigs on regular (e.g. monthly) basis.

A Retrospective of Platform Development in Cook Inlet, Alaska

Summary About 20 years ago a number of unique offshore platforms were installed in Cook Inlet, AK. To date, these structures are still the only oil and gasplatforms operating in an ice environment. Although originally designed for a20-year field life, higher oil prices and the discovery of field extensionsmake it likely that several of these platforms will remain in place for as longas 50 years. This paper reviews the design and installation methods developedfor these platforms and describes the inspection procedures and thecorrosionprevention measures that have prolonged the lives of these structures.prolonged the lives of these structures. Introduction During the early 1960's four oil fields and one gas field were developed in Cook Inlet, AK. These fields (Figs. 1 and 2) were placed on production with 14self-contained placed on production with 14 self-contained drilling andproduction platforms (Table 1), which were installed during 1964-68. Anotherplatform was installed in 1986. The rapid development of these five fields wasan extraordinary accomplishment because environmental conditions in Cook Inletmake it one of the most difficult offshore areas in which to operate. Thecombination of ice, tides, current, bitter cold, and earthquakes made thedesign, fabrication, and installation of these platforms a formidable technicalchallenge. This rapid development was possible 20 years ago because an aura ofcooperation existed among the oil industry, the responsible governmentalagencies, and the public. It is questionable whether the same type ofdevelopment could be accomplished today in two or three times the length oftime, if at all. The discovery of the immense Prudhoe Bay field on Alaska's North Slope shortly after production from Cook Inlet began has overshadowedthese accomplishments and made this remote corner of the world an almostforgotten offshore area. Yet, even today, the Cook Inlet platforms are the onlyfixed offshore drilling and production platforms anywhere in the world thatoperate platforms anywhere in the world that operate in an ice environment. Theinitial development plans for Cook Inlet fields anticipated an economic fieldlife of about 20 years, and the platform designs were based on this assumption. These 20 years, however, have passed and, because of new field extensions andsecondary recovery projects, it now appears that several of the fields have afurther remaining economic life of 25 years or more. This implies that theplatform structures must also remain in place for this period of time becausereplacing place for this period of time because replacing them, at least atcurrent oil prices, is not economical. That this platform life extension ispossible is attributable to the conservative design-criteria assumptions thatwere used and to an early recognition that special measures were needed toarrest the high corrosion rate of the underwater portions of the platformstructures. This paper provides a retrospective of the design and installationmethods developed for these unique platforms and describes the inspectionprocedures and corrosion prevention measures that have been taken to preventionmeasures that have been taken to prolong the lives of these structures. prolongthe lives of these structures. Environmental Conditions Cook Inlet is located in southern Alaska (Fig. 1) and penetrates 170 miles[270 km] inland from the Gulf of Alaska. Table 2 summarizes the area'senvironmental conditions. Because of the shape of Cook Inlet and its northernlatitude, tides are among the highest in the world, ranging up to 30 ft [9 m]. The resulting high currents keep the water turbulent most of the time, and somuch sand and glacial flour is in suspension that underwater visibility is nil. Upper Cook Inlet, the area of oil activity, is covered with ice during thewinter months. Ice can be expected as early as November and as late as May. Theinlet is ice-free the remainder of the year. During periods of ice cover, thetides move the ice periods of ice cover, the tides move the ice up and down theinlet at essentially the same speed as the water current. Bottom and subsurfacesoil conditions vary greatly, ranging from soft unconsolidated clays on thewest side of the inlet to boulder-covered, extremely stiff clays on the middleand the east side. Cook Inlet is in the Pacific earthquake belt and, asevidenced by the widespread damage from the 1964 Good Friday earthquake, structures in the inlet are subject to potentially large earthquake loadings.potentially large earthquake loadings. Environmental Forces Winter sea ice is the principal environmental force imposed on Cook Inletstructures. In 1963, when the first oil field was discovered, very littleinformation was available on the characteristics and strength of the sea icegenerated during the winter months in Cook Inlet. P. 146

Cathodic protection monitoring on buried pipeline systems by close interval potential surveys

Cathodic Protection has been successfully used for many years as a corrosion prevention measure. Structures ranging from buried steel/iron pipelines to offshore platforms have enjoyed an enhanced operational life due to this effective and often simply applied process.