Corrosion Of Carbon Steel Research Articles

In-depth research into the synergistic inhibition mechanism of amino acids and KI on the corrosion of carbon steel in acidic medium

In-depth research into the synergistic inhibition mechanism of amino acids and KI on the corrosion of carbon steel in acidic medium

Effect of Drying on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel, Zinc, Aluminium and AZ31B Magnesium Alloy During Cyclic Accelerated Corrosion Tests

Effect of Drying on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel, Zinc, Aluminium and AZ31B Magnesium Alloy During Cyclic Accelerated Corrosion Tests

Individual and Joint Effect of Oleic Acid Imidazoline and CeCl3 on Carbon Steel Corrosion in CO2-Saturated Brine Solution

In production and transportation systems of the oil industry, brine solutions contain high concentrations of chloride and dissolved CO2, which is a very corrosive medium to which carbon steel is exposed. Therefore, finding new effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors is of great importance. The effect of CeCl3 (in concentrations from 5 mg dm−3 to 20 mg dm−3) and oleic acid imidazoline (IOA) (in concentrations from 5 mg dm−3 to 20 mg dm−3) separately and their mixtures (in concentrations from 5 mg dm−3 to 15 mg dm−3 of CeCl3 and from 5 mg dm−3 to 20 mg dm−3 of IOA) as corrosion inhibitors of AISI 1018 carbon steel corrosion in simulated brine solution saturated with CO2 at 60 °C were examined by means of weight-loss testing, electrochemical measurements (polarization resistance, linear polarization with Tafel extrapolation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface analyses (scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction). All test methods showed a higher efficiency of compounds′ mixtures (from 62.77% to 97.94%) and a higher degree of corrosion protection compared to the action of individual compounds (efficiency from 3.43% to 94.61% for IOA and from 57.58% to 96.27% for CeCl3). Imidazoline, a common corrosion inhibitor in CO2-saturated systems, most likely forms a surface film with voids via its adsorption on steel surface, while cerium carbonate tends to fill these voids by creating a more compact film. In this way, a denser and thicker surface film is formed.

Mechanism of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Accelerated Corrosion Tests

Mechanism of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Accelerated Corrosion Tests

Influence of Culture Type Interaction on Biofilm Formation, Carbon Steel Corrosion, and Fuel Degradation in B35 Storage System

Influence of Culture Type Interaction on Biofilm Formation, Carbon Steel Corrosion, and Fuel Degradation in B35 Storage System

Facile and green synthesis of Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles using waste banana peel extract for effective corrosion inhibition of mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) is widespread in the oilfield industry, and new environmentally friendly materials are urgently needed to inhibit MIC with the increasing environmental requirements and microbial resistance problems. The synthesis method and cost of the materials are important factors that must be considered in the production and application. In this study, Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) were synthesized by eco-friendly and sustainable method using waste banana peel extract (BPE) as a green reducing. The antibacterial and corrosion inhibition properties of Ag/Cu BNPs were investigated by using the enriched mixed strains containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) as model bacteria. The results of electron microscopy showed that the prepared BNPs exhibited spherical structure with about 19.0nm in size. The synthesized nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth of mixed strains by antimicrobial experiments with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 9.38μg/mL. The addition of Ag/Cu BNPs (9.38μg/mL) inhibited the corrosion of X65 carbon steel induced by the mixed strains with 77.9% compared to the untreated condition. Correspondingly, the number of sessile SRB cells in the solution containing Ag/Cu BNPs (9.38μg/mL) after 28 days of immersion decreased by 5-log compared with the treatment group without nanomaterials (1.1×108cells/cm2). Furthermore, the observation of the surface morphology and strains cellular microstructure of carbon steel treated with nanoparticle materials illustrated that the corrosion inhibition mechanism mainly includes destroying cell structure, affecting metabolic activities and inhibiting biofilm formation. The environmentally friendly nanoparticle materials prepared in this study have great potential in the safe and clean production of oil fields.

Protection performance of Azadirachta indica leaf essential oil on corrosion of plain carbon steel in weak HCl and NH4Cl

Azadirachta indica leaf essential oil (ADI) was assessed for its corrosion protection properties on plain carbon steel within 0.5 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl, 1 M HCl, and 5.61 M NH4Cl. Weight loss data indicates ADI exhibited strong inhibition properties in HCl, with peak performance of 97.53% and 97.55% at 5% ADI. The results indicates strong molecular interaction between protonated ADI molecules and the charged steel surface. ADI showed poor inhibition at 1-4% ADI within NH4Cl, at values below 50%. At 5% ADI concentration, the data considerably rose to 78.52% and 78.0% after 312 h. This shows ADI performance in NH4C is significantly concentration dependent which limits it versatility compared to its performance in HCl solution. Standard error for ADI performance within 0.5 M HCl were extreme, suggesting thermodynamic stability of inhibitor molecules. Standard error were lower in 1 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl, and 5.61 M NH4Cl. Numerical data showed a portion of ADI protection performance values generally exceeded 70%. Statistical analysis showed immersion duration was more dominant on the performance of ADI compared to ADI concentration, while ADI concentration wasmore influential in NH4Cl.

A Time Series Proposal Model to Define the Speed of Carbon Steel Corrosion in an Extreme Acid Environment.

This article shows the behavior of the corrosive effect of acid mine water on carbon steel metal alloys. Mining equipment, composed of various steel alloys, is particularly prone to damage from highly acidic water. This corrosion results in material thinning, brittle fractures, fatigue cracks, and ultimately, equipment failure. For this purpose, a set of carbon steel metal plates similar to those found in mine facilities were immersed into mine leachates of an AMD (Acid Mine Drainage) polluted river from the Tharsis Mine (Huelva, Spain). In these leachates, physicochemical variations occur, directly correlated with the alterations produced in the metal plates, manifested with the appearance of dissolved materials and particulate matter. Weight loss of up to 37 g in 30 weeks for plates of about 140 grs occurred and an increase in EC up to 45.64 mS/cm from 5.40 mS/cm and an increase in TDS from 2600 mg/L to 17,100 mg/L. STATGRAPHICS Centurion, a powerful data analysis tool was used for performing the time series analysis that was used for the first time to statistically define the corrosion effects on metal alloys. As a result, a significant variability in the physical and chemical factors of the leachates was observed due to the redox and precipitation-dissolution processes occurring within the system: an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature (T) (the corrosion process is an exothermic reaction) and a decrease in pH. It was also demonstrated that the longer the exposure time, the plates noticeably lost more material and became further weakened. Finally, these results allowed the formulation of a simple algorithm to define weight loss as a function of exposure time to acidic water.

Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel Immersed in Standardized Reconstituted Geothermal Water and Individually Treated with Four New Biosourced Oxazoline Molecules

The current demand for heat production via geothermal energy is increasingly rising amid concerns surrounding non-renewable forms of energy. The Dogger aquifer in the Paris Basin (DAPB) in France produces saline geothermal waters (GWs), which are as hot as 70–85 °C, anaerobic, slightly acidic (pH 6.1–6.4), and characterized mainly by the presence of Cl−, SO42−, CO2/HCO3−, and H2S/HS−. These GWs are corrosive, and the casings of all geothermal wells are carbon steel. Since 1989, these GWs have been progressively treated using petrosourced organic corrosion inhibitors (PS–OCI) at the bottom of the production wells. Currently, there is a great need to test not only new PS–OCIs but also, and above all, biosourced organic corrosion inhibitors (BS–OCIs) to improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of this carbon-free geothermal energy source. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential performance of biosourced corrosion inhibitor candidates (BS–CICs) in terms of their inhibition efficiency (IE) for carbon steel corrosion. This was achieved using a previously established geochemical and electrochemical method to study the mechanisms and kinetics of the corrosion/scaling of carbon steel and optimize short-term corrosion inhibition in standardized reconstituted geothermal water (SRGW) representative of the DAPB’s waters. Four new molecules from the 2-oxazoline family were evaluated individually and compared based on their behavior and inhibition efficiency. These molecules exhibited a mixed nature (i.e., anodic and cathodic inhibitors), with a slight anodic predominance, and showed a significant IE at a concentration of at 10 mg/L during the first hours of immersion of CS-XC38 in SRGW. The average IEs, obtained via the three electrochemical techniques used for the determination of corrosion current densities, i.e., Jcorr(Rp), Jcorr(Tafel), and Jcorr(Rw), are 51%, 79%, 96%, and 93% for Decenox (C10:1), Decanox (C10:0), Undecanox (C11:0), and Tridecanox (C13:0), respectively.

The Use of Some Natural Extracts as Environmentally Friendly Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitors

This paper presents the influence of natural extracts obtained from Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine on the corrosion of carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution. We started from dried leaves of Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine peel in order to prepare several extracts in a 50%:50% (v:v) water/ethanol solution and in analytical-grade ethanol. Several electrochemical techniques, such as open circuit potential monitoring, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization, were employed in order to investigate the influence of the synthetized extracts on the corrosion of carbon steel. The aggressive solution that the corrosion tests were performed in was a 3.5% NaCl solution modified with different amounts of the extracts. The electrochemical tests performed in order to determine the influence of the Levisticum officinale leaf and Citrus x clementine peel extracts showed that these extracts may be employed as natural corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution, achieving inhibiting efficiencies up to 87.8%, in the case of the Levisticum officinale extracts.

Advancing a Comprehensive Model for Carbon Steel Corrosion in Weak Acids: Validation Using Valeric and Acetic Acids

Acidic corrosion in industrial environments represents a serious threat that requires an active prevention and management strategy. In this context, weak acids can create a severe corrosion environment for metallic surfaces, sometimes exceeding the severity observed in strongly acidic solutions under similar conditions. While most of the research efforts of the last decades in the field of the predictive modeling of acidic corrosion have been focused on the specific case of sweet corrosion caused by carbonic acid, the goal of this work is to describe and validate a predictive model to be used as a more transversal tool for acidic corrosion. The model, called the Tafel–Piontelli model, leverages Tafel law to mechanistically describe the electrochemical behavior of carbon steel in acidic aqueous environments. Two different acids, acetic and valeric, were used to experimentally evaluate the performance of the model in weakly acidic solutions, varying the pH and the temperature conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization tests and mass loss tests were performed, allowing us to assess the kinetic parameters (the Tafel slope and the exchange current density of the cathodic and anodic reactions) and corrosion rates of the corrosion process. The promising results suggest that the Tafel–Piontelli model is able to adapt to different scenarios and its intrinsically theoretical nature allows us to extend its predictions outside the range of experimental conditions used to validate it.

`Evaluation of the antimicrobial corrosion properties of electropolymerized poly(aniline-co-o-toluidine) films on carbon steel surfaces

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can lead to structural weakening and shortened service life of carbon steel, resulting in serious economic losses and safety hazards. In particular, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) produce hydrogen sulfide and sulfide during their growth and metabolism, which accelerates the corrosion of carbon steel. Thin films of poly(aniline-co-o-toluidine) (PA-co-POT) were electrodeposited on the surface of carbon steel using cyclic voltammetry in an electrolyte consisting of oxalic acid, aniline and o-toluidine monomers. The mechanical properties of the polymer films were analyzed by a micro-Vickers hardness tester. The corrosion resistance of the polymer films was evaluated by an electrochemical corrosion test and immersion test of the polymer films in a solution containing SRB and 3.5% NaCl. The results showed that PA-co-POT films have superior SRB corrosion resistance than single polymer films. The corrosion rate of PA-co-POT film was 0.0171mm/year, and the protection efficiency was 83% after 14 days of immersion in solution. In addition, due to the antibacterial properties of the PA-co-POT film, the adhesion of bacteria on its surface is significantly reduced, and local corrosion is also effectively inhibited. This study demonstrates the potential of electropolymerized aniline derivative copolymer films in preventing MIC of carbon steel and provides valuable insights for the development of new corrosion protection materials.

Ricinus communis leaves extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution

The eco-friendliness of Ricinus communis leaves extract as an inhibitor for carbon steel (CS) corrosion was evaluated using weight loss (WL) as a chemical technique, and some electrochemical methods like AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization (PP), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The data acquired showed that the higher the dose of the extract, the higher the protection efficiency (% IE), which increases with increasing temperature from 80.5 at 25 °C to 91.4 % at 45 °C. Using adsorption isotherms, adsorption factors were determined. Activation parameters were calculated and discussed based on Arrhenius and transition state principles. The adsorption procedure of Ricinus communis leaves extract on CS surface was found to be spontaneous and follows Langmuir's isotherm. This extract is a mixed type according to polarization data. Based on EIS data, it was shown that the extract of Ricinus communis leaves decreased the capacitance double layer (Cdl) from 539 to 74 μF cm−2 while enhancing the charge transfer resistance (Rct) from 70 to 430.5 Ω cm2. Surface analysis was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the degree of surface roughness, film formation, and adsorbed groups on the CS surface. According to these tests, a layer of extract molecules forms on the CS surface.

Numerical simulation and experimental verification on the kinetics of droplet corrosion of carbon steel

Numerical simulation and experimental verification on the kinetics of droplet corrosion of carbon steel

Novel Efficiency of Turmeric Extract as a Green Inhibitor of Low Carbon steel corrosion in 3.5%NaCl solution

Novel Efficiency of Turmeric Extract as a Green Inhibitor of Low Carbon steel corrosion in 3.5%NaCl solution

Electrochemical Detection of Carbon Steel Corrosion Induced by Fermentative Bacteria From Natural Gas Transmission Lines.

The metabolic potential and corrosive activities of a fermentative bacterial enrichment culture from a natural gas transmission line were characterised. Three metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) attributable to Cytobacillus, Lacrimispora and Staphylococcus spp. were obtained. These MAGs hosted genes involved in the fermentation of carbohydrates to organic acids, which was reflected in the acidification of the growth medium by the culture. To evaluate the corrosive activities of the culture, it was incubated in a split chamber-zero resistance ammetry (SC-ZRA) format. This involved deploying carbon steel coupons immersed in liquid medium in opposing chambers of an electrochemical cell. Measurement of current between the coupons indicated the extent and mechanism of corrosion. When the enrichment culture was added to one side of an SC-ZRA incubation with bicarbonate-buffered medium, pH change and corrosion were minimal. In bicarbonate-free medium, the culture acidified the medium, induced electron transfer from the uninoculated chamber to the inoculated chamber, and caused mass loss. These results indicate that fermenter-induced microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is due to localised fluid acidification, inducing anodic reactions on the metal surface exposed to the microorganisms and mass loss of the non-exposed metal.

Electrochemical study and modeling of an innovative pyrazole carboxamide derivative as an inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in acidic environment.

The impact of N,1-dibenzyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-carboxamide (BPC) on the carbon steel (CS) corrosion in hydrochloric acid (1M) was studied in this work, considering concentration and temperature effects. Electrochemical investigation indicated that BPC functions as a mixed-type inhibitor. For an optimal BPC concentration of 125ppm, the inhibition efficiency of 91.55% was obtained at 298K. According to adsorption isotherm of Langmuir, the BPC adheres to the CS with standard adsorption free energy (ΔG°ads) of - 26.76kJmol-1. Furthermore, the calculation of dissolution activation parameters revealed an increase in energy (Ea) from 46.48 to 94.97kJmol-1, an elevation in the enthalpy (∆Ha) from 43.89 to 92.37kJmol-1, and a rise in the entropy (∆Sa) from - 91.17 to 51.43Jmol-1K-1 in the presence of 125ppm of BPC. The experimental results were confirmed by quantum chemistry calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular simulations using the Monte Carlo method. These theoretical approaches also allowed for a comparison of the inhibitory performances of BPC with its protonated form, BPCH, the latter being found more effective. Moreover, the study of the radial distribution function g(r) predicted that the nature of the bond formed with the steel surface is of a chemical type.

Novel eco-friendly quinolinone derivative as a water-soluble corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel: Synthesis, inhibitive efficacy, and DFT analysis

A novel and rapid synthetic route for producing 4-imino-3-(2-phenylhydrazono)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (IQ) from 3-(2-phenylhydrazono)quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)‑dione 1 is introduced. The inhibitory effectiveness of IQ in mitigating the corrosion of low carbon steel (LCS) in acidic environments was evaluated using weight loss (Wt-L) and electrochemical methods, such as potentiodynamic polarization (Pd-P) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The optimum concentration of IQ was determined to be 30×10−3 Mm, at which it exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency of approximately 93.2 %. The nature of IQ as a mixed-type inhibitor was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit both anodic and cathodic reactions, primarily acting as an anodic inhibitor.The adsorption of IQ onto the LCS surface followed the Langmuir adsorption model, indicating a monolayer adsorption mechanism. Moreover, EIS findings suggest that IQ forms a protective layer on the LCS surface at the metal/electrolyte interface, preventing its dissolution in the acidic medium. Further analysis of the corrosive solution containing IQ after two days of LCS immersion showed the formation of Fe-IQ complex, confirmed by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we confirmed that a protective layer of IQ forms on the surface of LCS. Additionally, in silico studies of IQ revealed the active sites responsible for its interaction with the LCS surface under acidic conditions. These findings underscore the potential of IQ as an effective corrosion inhibitor for LCS in acidic environments, providing significant protection by forming a stable, protective film on the metal surface.

Corrosion of carbon steel by Pseudomonas stutzeri CQ-Z5 in simulated oilfield water

Carbon steel, an important infrastructure material in the petroleum industry, experiences serious damage due to Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC) with untold economic impact. Pseudomonas stutzeri CQ-Z5 with solid biofilm formation and organic acid-producing ability was isolated from Changqing oilfield produced water. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of 20# carbon steel by P. stutzeri CQ-Z5 were explored in a simulated oilfield product water circulating device. Bacteria inoculation can hasten steel corrosion, the maximum corrosion rate reached 1.84 mm y−1. Pitting corrosion on rust layer was observed using SEM, and CLSM monitored the change in biofilm thickness. XRD displayed that oxides were the primary corrosion products, including Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeOOH. Analysis of contributions of corrosion types indicated that biofilm corrosion contributes 72 % to total corrosion, far higher than those of ion erosion and organic acid decay. Many genes involved in iron metabolism, biofilm synthesis, and organic acid production were annotated in the genome of P. stutzeri CQ-Z5. Accordingly, a hypothetical corrosion mechanism model of P. stutzeri CQ-Z5 for carbon steel involvement of initial ion erosion, then biofilm corrosion and organic acid decay was proposed. The work helped prevent carbon steel corrosion and improve corrosion mitigation strategies.

Corrosion Enhanced By Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens Differently Enriched on Copper Alloys

Copper and its alloys, such as brass and bronze, are widely used in heat exchangers valves, fitting, and other components of industrial facilities due to their corrosion resistance, high conductivity, and biocide properties. However, they can suffer of microbial corrosion like or more than other non-toxic materials, as several bacteria and archaea can settle and form thick biofilm on them. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in studying the metabolisms of methanogens and their effects for materials [1], due to the pivotal role that these microorganisms play in the biotechnological processes. The production of methane by CO2 and H2, for instance, is one of the most promising bioprocesses addressing the energy transition [2].In this context, the aim of this work is to evaluate, and underline, the corrosiveness of biofilm growth on different copper alloys, starting from a common microbial pool enriched of bacteria and hydrogenotrophic archaea, treated at different temperatures and autoclaved. The study was evaluated based on 16 days test on the surface of two different copper materials, a pure Cu and a CuZn brass (40 wt. % Zn). Electrochemical investigations were performed using a three-electrode cell consisting of a working electrode (test alloy), a reference electrode (saturated Ag/AgCl electrode) and a counter electrode (titanium mesh). Investigations included open circuit potential (OCP) monitoring and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Chemical characterizations of the corrosion products and post-experiment observations were performed by SEM and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μRS). Molecular analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S RNA was performed by swabbing the surface of the material and identifying the microorganisms constituting the microbial communities for each case. Results evidenced a different corrosion behavior of materials, which corresponded to different enrichment of microorganisms and different corrosion products, depending on the material and the treatment of the inoculum. [1] Lahme S, Mand J, Longwell J, Smith R, Enning D. Severe Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Oil Field Produced Water Can Be Linked to Methanogenic Archaea Containing a Special Type of [NiFe] Hydrogenase. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021 Jan 15;87(3) [2] Hirano SI, Ihara S, Wakai S, Dotsuta Y, Otani K, Kitagaki T, Ueno F, Okamoto A. Novel Methanobacterium Strain Induces Severe Corrosion by Retrieving Electrons from Fe0 under a Freshwater Environment. Microorganisms. 2022 Jan 25;10(2):270.