Corrosion Of Reinforcing Steel Research Articles

The Impact of Climate Change and Carbonation on the Durability of Concrete Structures in Afghanistan

Infrastructure plays an important role in human settlements, offering essential facilities such as buildings, transportation and other necessary systems. However, the impacts of climate change, whether direct or indirect, create various challenges for human settlements and ecosystems. This study investigates the dual impact of climate change and carbonation on the durability of concrete structures in Afghanistan. The durability of reinforced concrete is significantly affected by the corrosion of steel reinforcement, and carbonation is the main factor causing corrosion of steel bars in concrete. With shifting climate patterns influencing environmental conditions, this study aims to analyze how these changes contribute to the carbonation process in concrete and the results will contribute to a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by climate-driven changes and carbonation, thereby providing the basis for necessary measures to minimize the environmental impacts. To facilitate this investigation, (75x75x75mm) concrete cubes were prepared and after 28 days of curing in laboratory conditions, the specimens were exposed in four different regions: Afghanistan, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia. The carbonation depths were measured at the ages of 6 months and one year. Considering the environmental and climatic conditions of all mentioned regions, despite Kabul's lower humidity and temperature, the carbonation was still significant compared to the other regions. This substantial carbonation poses a threat to structures, emphasizing the need for special attention in the design phase to ensure resilience against climate-induced challenges.

Axial compressive behavior and model analysis of BFRP-jacketed corroded and pre-damaged circular reinforced concrete columns

Corrosion of steel reinforcements degrades the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns under static and seismic loads. Such corroded RC columns are usually retrofitted with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). However, existing studies on the retrofitting of RC columns with corrosion and load-induced damage are limited. To confirm the effectiveness of basalt FRP (BFRP) jacketing on the compressive behavior of corroded and pre-damaged RC columns, this study performed axial compression tests on eleven circular RC columns. The columns were fabricated, corroded, pre-damaged, and then jacketed with BFRP composites and reloaded to investigate the effects of BFRP layer number, corrosion ratio, and pre-damage degree. When jacketed by BFRP, the ultimate strength and ultimate strain of RC columns increased with BFRP layer numbers, ranging from 5% to 98% and 448% to 926%, respectively. Further, the ultimate strength and elastic modulus of the jacketed RC columns decreased with the increase in pre-damage degrees and corrosion ratios, while the ultimate strain was little affected. Buckling and corrosion of longitudinal bars significantly reduced the bar stresses at the ultimate state of BFRP-jacketed RC columns and resulted in local rupture of BFRP. This adverse effect became more pronounced as the corrosion ratio increased, but was alleviated by BFRP jacketing. On the other hand, a refined rebar stress-strain model was developed by addressing the effects of buckling, corrosion, and lateral confinement. Further, a feasible constitutive model for corroded hoop-confined columns was determined by validating the existing test results. Finally, models for the ultimate strength, ultimate strain, and stress-strain response of BFRP-jacketed corroded and pre-damaged RC columns were developed.

Effect of incorporating recycled macro fibres on the properties of ultra-high-performance seawater sea-sand concrete

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an ideal material for constructing marine infrastructures, but faces obstacles such as limited local raw materials (i.e., freshwater and river-sand) and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Non-metallic reinforcement is preferable for reinforcing marine UHPC, especially when seawater and sea-sand are used to develop ultra-high-performance seawater sea-sand concrete (USSC). Recently, the authors' group proposed a cost-efficient UHPC reinforced with discrete macro fibres mechanically processed from waste glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. This present study aimed to explore the potential application of incorporating macro fibres in USSC. A series of tests were conducted to investigate the fundamental properties of macro fibre reinforced USSC with the examined variables including the content (0 %, 2 %, 4 %, and 6 %) and lengths (30 mm and 60 mm) of macro fibres. Comparisons were made between USSC and UHPC with river-sand and freshwater (UTRC), which were both reinforced with macro fibres. The results revealed that incorporating macro fibres in USSC improved the compressive toughness index (CTI) and flexural toughness by up to 84.00 % and 40.15 times respectively, but decreased the workability and compressive strength by up to 42.22 % and 21.45 % respectively. The effect of incorporating macro fibres on the properties of USSC was more prominent than that of its counterpart of UTRC. A theoretical model was then developed for predicting the flexural toughness of various concrete with macro fibres based on the regression analysis on the available test results.

Avaliação probabilística de estruturas de concreto sob corrosão – revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract The evaluation of service conditions of concrete structures has still been carried out through implicit knowledge based on the expertise and knowledge of inspectors, who classify structures based on subjective criteria. The main degradation mechanism of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures is the corrosion of steel reinforcements, with expressive maintenance and repair costs. The phenomenon of corrosion in concrete structures has a complex behavior and presents several uncertainties, and deterministic analyzes can produce very conservative responses, which can unnecessarily increase maintenance costs, thus justifying probabilistic approaches. This article then presents a systematic literature review of articles that address the evaluation of concrete structures under reinforcement corrosion using a probabilistic approach. In this regard, 94 journal articles obtained through an appropriate review protocol were reviewed. Thus, the summary of the main proposed methodologies was carried out, as well as the identification of research gaps on the subject.

UPGRADING OF CORROSION DAMAGED RC BEAMS USING MECHANICALLY FASTENED CFRP COMPOSITES

Reinforced Concrete structures are suffering from various deteriorations like corrosion, cracks, spalling and large deflection. These deteriorations are caused by various factors such as aging, corrosion of steel reinforcement, environmental effects and accidental impacts on the structure. There are several options available for retrofitting the structural members of the existing reinforced concrete structures. Bonding of thin steel plates is the common method of retrofitting. Nowadays, bonding using fiber reinforced polymer sheets on to the damaged members helps to increase load carrying capacity, ductility and stiffness of the damaged structure. Such technique is an effective way to improve the flexural and shear performance of the reinforced concrete damaged structure. This project mainly focused on retrofitting the corrosion damaged reinforced concrete beams using mechanically fastened carbon fiber reinforced laminates. This type of retrofitting increases the load carrying capacity of the corrosion damaged reinforced concrete beams. It also increases the flexural and fatigue strength of the damaged reinforced concrete beam. Here, the general review of literature on the reinforced concrete structures, in which FRP used for strengthening purpose, is briefly presented and they were listed in the references at the end of the report.

Performance Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors in Electrochemical Resistance of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are often used in the construction sector due to their strength and longevity. Corrosion in steel reinforcement can have detrimental effects like surrounding concrete cracks and spalls as the steel rusts and expands. Furthermore, weakening the structure, corrosion might make the steel’s bond with the surrounding concrete less strong and results in expensive repairs, safety risks, or even collapse. Studying steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying corrosion and facilitates the development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies includes designing materials with improved corrosion resistance, applying protective coatings, or implementing cathodic protection systems to inhibit corrosion. The present investigation is aimed to assess the damage in RC flexural members at no corrosion level and 10% corrosion level using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques to capture various aspects of the specimen condition. The research examined the efficacy of several corrosion inhibitors, including Epoxy, Grout, Geopolymer, Red oxide, and polythene cover. The findings revealed that Geopolymer demonstrated superior performance in mitigating corrosion. This effectiveness is attributed to its ability to form an alkaline protective layer around the reinforcing bars, which significantly impedes corrosion processes compared to the other inhibitors assessed.

Resistivity Method Evaluation of Corroded OPS-Concrete

Many reinforced concrete (RC) structures are built around coastal areas or above the sea, which has very high risk of corrosion. Steel reinforcement corrosion in RC structures can cause failure of structural if not taken into account. Therefore, in this research, it is very important how durable oil palm shells (OPS) in corrosive area. One way to determine the durability of concrete without damaging it is to use the non-destructive testing method, which in this research uses the resistivity method. The method can evaluate the durability of concrete due to corrosion in OPS concrete. The effect of the percentage addition of OPS (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) and the addition of corrosion level (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) were also analysed. The results show that adding an oil palm shell (OPS) and the corrosion rate with natural and impressed current methods reduce the flexural strength of the concrete and the value of the resistivity of the concrete. The results show that adding an oil palm shell (OPS) and the corrosion rate with natural and impressed current methods reduce the flexural strength of the concrete and the value of the resistivity of the concrete. The resistivity value decreases along with the addition of the corrosion rate on each specimen.

Flexural Behavior of Repaired Reinforced Concrete Beams Due to Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement Using Grouting and FRP Sheet Strengthening

One of the common causes of damage to the concrete structures close to the sea line is corrosion on the steel reinforcement in the concrete, which may cause spalling on the concrete cover. This paper presents the results of the simulation of the corroded reinforced concrete beams, which were repaired using the grouting method and FRP strengthening. The concrete cover of the beam specimens on the tensile side was filled with grouted concrete instead of filled with normal concrete to simulate the repair of concrete spalling. Three types of beam specimens were prepared and tested under a monotonic loading. BG and BPF were the specimens for beams with grouting only and beams with grouting and flexural strengthening using FRP sheets, respectively. Flexural strengthening using FRP sheets was carried out to restore the flexural capacity. As a comparison, control beams were also prepared in the form of normal reinforced concrete (BN). The results showed that the BG beam had a capacity of only about 50% compared to the control beam (BN). However, applying flexural strengthening using FRP sheet as on the type BGF beams showed that it had approximately the same capacity as BN specimens. This indicated that the repair method using grouting on damaged concrete covers and strengthening using FRP sheets was an effective alternative to repairing the corroded reinforced concrete beams. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-014 Full Text: PDF

Оценка напряженно-деформированного состояния железобетонной опоры, подверженной электрической коррозии, при помощи моделирования

The article proposes a model of the stress-strain state of a reinforced concrete support of a contact network taking into account the influence of electrical corrosion of steel reinforcement. The model takes into account the weight loss of metal reinforcement at different depths from the ground level and allows setting different horizontal and vertical loads. According to modeling results data of stress distribution according to Mises were obtained characterizing plastic deformation on the surface of the support depending on the residual weight of the reinforcement and the applied force. By using the proposed model a connection between stress and deformation with the location of corrosion damage to the reinforcement has been established and the reasons leading to the deformation of the support have been established.

Application of wavelet transform techniques for corrosion assessment of embedded rebars in RC elements using electromechanical impedance

Corrosion of steel reinforcement embedded in concrete significantly influences the integrity and durability attributes of reinforced concrete structures. Monitoring of the early age corrosion of the reinforcements can contribute to an effective planning of structural maintenance and restoration. This paper demonstrates an innovative approach of monitoring the rate of corrosion (mass loss due to corrosion) of steel bars embedded in concrete by capturing conductance signature using Piezoelectric sensors (PZT) by Electromechanical Impedance Technique. In the recent times Wavelet Transform (WT) based different techniques have been proved to be promising techniques for different structural health monitoring assessment. This study aims to comprehensively use the WT techniques based on EMI signals to assess the corrosion levels in the reinforcement embedded in RC members. Specifically, the study focuses on capturing the progression of corrosion levels using the RMSD index derived from the DWT, CWT and WPT analysis of conductance signatures. WT techniques provides energy values of conductance signatures. Energy level of the signatures decreases with the increase of corrosion levels and deviation of energy level between current and pristine stage is measured using statistical index Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). Robust relationship between the RMSD index and the corrosion mass loss ratio through nonlinear curve fitting have been derived and presented using data captured from the 48 specimens of concrete cylinders with embedded reinforcement. At last, the comparison between the actual mass loss ratio and the predicted mass loss ratio derived from these techniques have been made for the validation of the proposed relation of predicted mass loss due to corrosion.

Research on time-varying degradation of RC buildings coupled environmental effects and corrosion-induced damage from multi-scale

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is influenced by several factors, including oxygen content, chloride ion diffusion, concrete damage, and humidity. A numerical method is presented to evaluate the long-term structural performance of RC buildings under environmental conditions, which takes into account the impact of steel corrosion-induced damage from multi-scale. The macro-index used for calculation is the level of reinforcement corrosion-induced damage, which considers the inter-connected effects of oxygen content, chloride ion, moisture transport, mechanical stresses, and corrosion uncertainties. In the case of RC beams, corrosion tends to occur more severely on the outer edge near concrete surface. When the corrosion factor is taken as 1.0, the calculated compression side corrosion rate of RC beam agrees well with experimental results. Due to the influence of multiple factors, the corrosion of tension-side reinforcement exhibits some degree of variability. Furthermore, the corrosion of tension-side longitudinal reinforcement in RC beams gradually intensifies from beam ends towards mid-span, with corrosion at mid-span being particularly significant. The relationship between corrosion rate and corrosion time obtained from tests falls within the range of calculation results, and the calculated results from micro-scale align favorably with tests conducted to measure crack width.

Localized corrosion propagation of steel in cracked mortar and long-term corrosion of steel reinforcement in cracked concrete in seawater environment

A custom-designed wire beam electrode (WBE) covered by cracked mortar was applied to study the localized corrosion propagation of steel reinforcement in seawater. Additionally, steel-reinforced concrete specimens with cracks were monitored by EIS methods to study the long-term corrosion of steel in a real marine environment for 1920 days. The results revealed that corrosion initiates from the crack and then propagates to other electrodes through the steel-mortar interface. The number of anodic areas first increases and then decreases. The corrosion current density of steel reinforcement in cracked concrete increases exponentially with prolonged exposure time in a real marine environment.

Evaluation of steel corrosion-induced concrete damage using electrical resistivity measurements

The main objective of this research study is to demonstrate the feasibility of Electrical Resistivity (ER) measurements as an in-situ, non-destructive evaluation method for monitoring progressive damage in concrete due to steel corrosion, particularly in a marine environment. To this end, a series of laboratory experiments is performed to investigate the variation of ER values in a total of 108 reinforced concrete cubes, each with a side dimension of 200 mm. The impressed current technique is utilized to accelerate the corrosion of steel reinforcement in the concrete cubes submerged in 3.0% NaCl solution, which simulates various degrees of concrete degradation. ER measurements are performed before and after the accelerated corrosion tests on the surface of concrete specimens. It is demonstrated that ER is an excellent NDE method for the monitoring of progressive concrete damage associated with chloride-induced steel corrosion.

Effect of fly ash on compressive strength, carbonation and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete: a systematic review

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study and analyze the effects of fly ash (FA) as a mineral admixture on compressive strength (CS), carbonation resistance and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete (RC). In addition, the utilization of inexpensive and abundantly available FA as a cement replacement in concrete has several benefits including reduced OPC usage and elimination of the FA disposal problem. Design/methodology/approach Reinforcement corrosion and carbonation significantly affect the strength and durability of the RC structures. Also, the utilization of FA as green corrosion inhibitors, which are nontoxic and environmentally friendly alternatives. This review discusses the effects of FA on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. Also, this review analyzes the impact of FA as a partial replacement of cement in concrete and its effect on the depth of carbonation in concrete elements and the corrosion rate of embedded steel as well as the chemical composition and microstructure (X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy) of FA concrete were also reviewed. Findings This review provides a clear analysis of the available study, providing a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge on this topic. Regarding concrete CS, the findings indicate that the incorporation of FA often leads to a loss in early-age strength. However, as the curing period increased, the strength of fly ash concrete (FAC) increased with or even surpassed that of conventional concrete. Analysis of the accelerated carbonation test revealed that incorporating FA into the concrete mix led to a shallower carbonation depth and slower diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the concrete. Furthermore, the half-cell potential test shows that the inclusion of FA increases the durability of RC by slowing the rate of steel-reinforcement corrosion. Originality/value This systematic review analyzes a wide range of existing studies on the topic, providing a comprehensive overview of the research conducted so far. This review intends to critically assess the enhancements in mechanical and durability attributes (such as CS, carbonation and corrosion resistance) of FAC and FA-RC. This systematic review has practical implications for the construction and engineering industries. This can support engineers and designers in making informed decisions regarding the use of FA in concrete mixtures, considering both its benefits and potential drawbacks.

Comparative study of corrosion inhibition effect on steel rebars in carbonated concrete-pore-solutions: Tolyltriazole vs. sodium phosphate

Concrete structures exposed to carbonated environments are susceptible to steel reinforcement corrosion, leading to structural deterioration and reduced service life. In this research, the effectiveness of two commonly used corrosion inhibitors, tolyltriazole (TTA) and trisodium phosphate (TSP), in carbonated concrete pore (CCP) solutions was compared to enhance the corrosion resistance of steel rebar. The study involved the preparation of simulated carbonated concrete pore solutions to mimic the environment of concrete structures exposed to carbonation. The concrete-pore solutions were simulated by immersing the specimens in a carbonation chamber. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the steel rebars. The corrosion potential, polarization resistance, and corrosion current density were measured and compared among the different groups. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were conducted to examine the surface morphology, chemical composition and corrosion products formed on the steel rebars. The CCP solution with equal concentrations of TTA and TSP demonstrated the highest corrosion resistance and corrosion inhibition efficiency. TTA and TSP effectively inhibit pitting corrosion of steel in CCP solution, according to SEM, EDS, and XPS analyses. The findings suggested that there is a competitive interaction between phosphate ions and TTA on the steel surface, leading to an antagonistic impact on corrosion inhibition. It was suggested that the [Fen(TTA)p]m complex would produce a protective coating on the surface of steel, which would act as a synergistic inhibitor.

The Effect of a Hot Humid Climate on Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete

The expansion of economic cooperation with countries located in areas with hot, humid climates and the construction of reinforced concrete buildings and structures in coastal zones of non–freezing seas poses the task of assessing the impact of climate on the corrosive state of reinforced concrete structures, primarily carbonation of concrete and seawater aerosol containing chlorides. The effect of low negative temperature is not considered in this work. The data on the carbonation of concrete under conditions of increased insolation and the action of sea salt aerosol are summarized, mainly using the example of the hot humid climate of Cuba for further development of research, and subsequently the development of standards for protection against corrosion and carbonation of concrete and steel reinforcement in areas with a tropical climate. Based on the results of a survey of the condition of reinforced concrete structures and structures manufactured and erected in Cuba, as well as the results of observations, the results of an analysis of aggressive environmental factors of the Republic of Cuba affecting the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures, the results of studies of concrete carbonation and the effects of sea salt aerosol are presented. When designing and building structures on the seashore by domestic organizations in countries with hot, humid climates, the aggressive effects of seawater aerosol and accelerated carbonation of concrete, which reduce the durability of reinforced concrete structures, should be taken into account.

Performance of green high-strength concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash in harsh environments

Abstract The corrosion of steel reinforcement by chloride is commonly recognized as a key factor that contributes to the degradation of durability in reinforced concreae structures. Using supplementary cementitious materials, such as industrial and agricultural waste materials, usually enhances the impermeability of the concrete and its corrosion resistance, acid resistance, and sulfate resistance. This study’s primary purpose is to examine the effects of replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (U-POFA) on the corrosion resistant performance of high-strength green concrete (HSGC). There were four HSGC mixes tested; the first mix contained 100% OPC, while the other mixes replaced OPC mass with 20%, 40%, and 60% of U-POFA. The performance of all HSGC mixes containing U-POFA on workability, compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, impressed voltage test, and mass loss was investigated at 7, 28, 60, and 90 days. Adding U-POFA to mixes enhances their workability, compressive strength (CS), water absorption, and porosity in comparison with mixes that contain 100% OPC. The findings clearly portrayed that the utilization of U-POFA as a partial alternative for OPC significantly enhances the corrosion-resistant performance of the HSGC. In general, it is strongly advised that a high proportion of U-POFA be incorporated, totaling 60% of the OPC content. This recommendation is the result of its significance as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective green pozzolanic material. Hence, it could contribute to the superior durability performance of concrete structures, particularly in aggressive environmental exposures. Highlights The corrosion resistance performance of high-strength green concrete was investigated. Ultrafine palm oil fuel ash as a partial alternative of cement mass with 20%, 40%, and 60% was used. HSGC performance was evaluated in terms of workability, compressive strength, water absorption, porosity, impact stress testing, and mass loss.

Dynamic self-balanced electrochemical model for non-uniform corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete under combined effects of heat-moisture-chlorine-oxygen

In this study, we developed a dynamic self-balanced electrochemical model to explore the intricate interplay between coupled heat-moisture transmission and the corrosion process of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. The model accounts for the diffusion, convection, and adsorption mechanisms of chloride ions in both the cement paste and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) phases. Additionally, it incorporates the balance between gaseous and dissolved oxygen, along with oxygen consumption during cathodic reactions. This framework allows for the dynamic self-balancing of macrocell and microcell, thus offering a comprehensive understanding of the non-uniform corrosion process under various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, chloride ions, and oxygen. To validate the model, we employed comprehensive monitoring approaches, coupled with artificial climate-accelerated corrosion experiments. These were designed to record variables such as temperature, humidity, oxygen concentration, and corrosion current density under time-varying environmental conditions. Our results indicate that while temperature within the concrete remains relatively uniform, humidity exhibits a non-uniform distribution. This non-uniformity in humidity is particularly noticeable at concrete cover surface, leading to convection and accumulation effects of chloride ions. Moreover, we observe a strong correlation between oxygen concentration and relative humidity. Corrosion current density for steel rebar is found to be higher at edge regions compared to central regions, owing to varying distances from the external soaking solution. The insights gained from this research offer valuable theoretical guidance for the design, construction, and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures, particularly those exposed to marine environments.

Detection of cracks in concrete using near-IR fluorescence imaging

Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure is a crucial component of assuring the serviceability and integrity of the built environment. A primary material used in the construction of civil infrastructure is concrete, a material that is susceptible to cracking due to a variety of causes, such as shrinkage, creep, overloading, and temperature change. Cracking reduces the durability of concrete structures, as it allows deleterious environmental agents to penetrate the surface, causing such damage as corrosion of steel reinforcement and delamination of the concrete itself. Conventional crack detection techniques are limited in scope due to issues relating to pre-planning, accessibility, and the need for close proximity to the test surface. Contactless optical image monitoring techniques offer the opportunity to overcome these limitations and have the potential to detect cracks at a distance. Concrete has been reported to have a near-infrared (Near-IR) fluorescence line at a wavelength of 1140 nm when excited with red light. This work investigates the use of fluorescence imaging for the detection of cracks in cementitious surfaces using shallow angle incidence excitation red light. Light oriented at a shallow angle does not excite interior surfaces of cracks, which appear as darker features in images of fluorescing concrete. Artificial cracks with widths of 0.2–1.5 mm were readily imaged using a near-IR camera at distances of 0.5 and 1.3 m. An additional concrete sample with a 0.08 mm wide crack was produced using a flexure apparatus and was also imaged. It is worth noting that the 0.08 mm crack was detected despite its width being below the 0.1 mm pixel resolution of the camera, with the aid of digital image enhancement algorithms.

Chemical Mechanisms Involved in the Coupled Attack of Sulfate and Chloride Ions on Low-Carbon Cementitious Materials: An In-Depth Study

This study aims to analyze the individual and combined chemical attacks of sulfate and chloride ions on cementitious materials and assess the efficiency of some selected additives (fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin) in countering this combined attack. This research is conducted in the context of construction in marine environments, where reinforced concrete structures are often subject to significant challenges due to early exposure to sulfate and chloride ions. This early exposure results in concrete expansion, cracking, and, ultimately, the corrosion of steel reinforcements. Nevertheless, the interaction between sulfate ions, chloride ions, and the cementitious matrix remains poorly understood. Previous research has drawn conflicting conclusions, with some suggesting that sulfate ions mitigate chloride attacks, while others have come to the opposite conclusion. During this study, experimental investigations were conducted by immersing powders obtained from crushed ordinary Portland cement (CEM I) paste specimens, as well as binary, ternary, and quaternary blends, in sulfate, chloride, and sulfate–chloride solutions over the course of 25 days at an early age. Results from different characterization techniques (thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, etc.) indicate that chloride ions delay the formation of ettringite, while the presence of sulfate ions accelerates the chloride attack by limiting the formation of Friedel’s salt. The Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry test confirmed these results by showing a pronounced increase in specimens’ porosity after exposure to solely sulfate after 25 days, compared to the ones exposed to both sulfate and chloride ions. Furthermore, the incorporation of multiple additives, particularly in ternary and quaternary blends, demonstrates the enhanced durability of the studied samples. This was confirmed by a Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis, which indicated a delayed ettringite formation in these mixtures. This delay was further affirmed by the complete depletion of sulfate ions in the sulfate solutions upon contact with powders derived from the 100% CEM I paste.