Corridor Location Research Articles

Evacuation safety assessment in corridor-type high-rise building under fires

This study aims to elucidate the characteristics of personnel evacuation in corridor-type high-rise building under fires and to assess their evacuation performance. Utilizing Building EXODUS software, the study simulated the evacuation behavior of occupants, particularly focusing on the impact of corridor structures on the building's fire evacuation capabilities. A performance evaluation model was developed, which incorporates factors such as building conditions and natural environments. This model employs an enhanced Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) analysis for more accurate assessment. The findings reveal that traditional evacuation performance assessment methods, which often overlook the impacts of corridor location, time of day, and illumination conditions, are not adequately suited for the evaluation of evacuation performance in corridor-type high-rise building under fires. Under similar external conditions, the evacuation time for buildings with connecting corridors is significantly shorter than that for conventional high-rise buildings, showing reductions of 25.0 %–34.0 % at the same time of day and 26.0 %–37.8 % under the same illumination conditions. Additionally, nighttime evacuations are 29.4 % longer than those conducted during daytime. The implementation of a layered evacuation strategy reduces evacuation time by 9.7 % compared with free evacuation methods. The enhanced model proposed in this study provides a more effective framework for assessing the evacuation performance of corridor-type high-rise buildings.

Combined Zonation of the African-Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and Geophysical-Geodynamical Data

The origin of the man on Earth is directly associated with the determination of directions of the flow distribution of the ancient man dispersal to adjacent territories. In such studies, mainly landscape and climatological changes are traditionally considered. We suggest that along with the above factors, regional tectonic-geodynamic factors played a dominant role in the character of dispersal. The considered African-Levantine-Caucasian region is one of the most geologically complex regions of the world, where collisional and spreading processes of geodynamics converge. For the first time, we determined an essential influence of the Akchagylian hydrospheric maximum (about 200 m above the mean sea level) limiting the early dispersal of hominins from Africa to Eurasia. We propose that the Levantine Corridor emerged after the end of the Akchagylian transgression and landscape forming in the Eastern Mediterranean. This corridor location was formed by the movements between the Dead Sea Transform and the boundary of the carbonate platform of the Mesozoic Terrane Belt. Further landscape evolution was largely determined by the geodynamic behavior of the deep mantle rotating structure occurring below the central part of the region under study. All the mentioned events around and in the Levantine Corridor have been studied in detail on the basis of the combined geodynamic, paleogeographic, and paleomagnetic analyses performed in northern Israel (Carmel Uplift and Galilee Plateau). Careful studies of the Evron Quarry geological section indicate that it is unique for the dating of marine and continental archaeological sequences and sheds light on the early dispersal of hominins along the Levantine Corridor.

基于野外观测检验动物廊道选址模型的准确性——以白头叶猴为例

廊道构建是减少栖息地破碎化负面影响的重要策略之一。目前，已经有许多模型用于动物廊道的选址，而"选址模型是否能准确预测动物迁移的实际发生位置"一直是保护生物学最为关注的问题。最小成本路径模型（LCP）和条件最小成本廊道模型（CMTC）是两种较为常用的廊道选址模型。以白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）为目标物种，分别运用LCP和CMTC模拟生成白头叶猴迁移廊道，将模拟结果与野外观测廊道进行对比，检验两种方法的准确性。结果表明：与野外观测实际廊道相比，LCP模型模拟结果的完全准确率为46.7%，部分准确率为20%，完全不准确率为33.3%；CMTC模型模拟结果的完全准确率为26.7%，其余73.3%为部分准确，无完全不准确的结果；总体上看，CMTC廊道的准确率较LCP高，因而CMTC模型模拟白头叶猴实际迁移廊道位置的准确性优于LCP模型。输入"源"要素类型、阻力面栅格尺度设定、栖息地土地利用类型变化以及动物迁移行为复杂性4个因素是影响该模拟结果准确性的主要原因。;Habitat fragmentation is a hot issue of global biodiversity conservation, and corridor construction is one of the important strategies to reduce the negative impact of habitat fragmentation. To date, many models have been used for the prediction location of animal corridors, one key concern from conservation biologist is whether these models can accurately predict actual dispersal paths of target species. In this work, the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), an unique endangered primate to Guangxi, China, was chosen as target species, it inhabits karstic rocky mountain areas, where is facing severe fragmentation problems due to increased human disturbance. During the last century, this species experienced a severe population declines, with an estimated 80% contraction in its distribution and a 60% reduction in its total population. They are now only distributed in small isolated habitat patches with limited opportunities to exchange gene among populations. The corridors can help this species disperse from one patch to another, and the connectivity of isolated patches is enhanced consequently. Least Cost Path (LCP) model and Conditional Minimum Transit Cost (CMTC) model are two commonly used corridor site selection models, whereas their outputs have never been validated using the actual observations data. For this purpose, LCP model and CMTC model were used to simulate the dispersal corridors of T. leucocephalus, respectively, and the simulation results from two models were further compared with field observated data for the accuracy test of these two models. The results revealed that:The fully accuracy rate for predictions of LCP model was 46.7%, partial accuracy was 20%, the complete inaccuracy rate was 33.3%. The full accuracy rate for predictions of CMTC model was 26.7%, the remnant 73.3% were all partially accurate and there was no completely inaccurate outputs from CMTC model. In general, the accuracy rate for predictions of CMTC model was higher than the outcome of LCP model, and thus the CMTC model had better performance on prediction for corridor location of T. leucocephalus than LCP model. The type of input source feature, grid size configuration of cost surface, changes in habitat land use types and complexity of animal movement behavior were four main factors affecting the accuracy of model prediction results.

Identification Method for Optimal Urban Bus Corridor Location

Locating urban bus corridors based on corridor characteristics can increase the transportation capacity, improve transportation efficiency, and increase the attractiveness and commercial value of urban bus corridors. In this paper, we describe the comprehensive optimization of the urban bus corridor location and setting of bus lanes, while considering the aggregation effect of the corridor. First, we use a K-shortest path algorithm to generate a candidate set of bus corridors. Then, we analyze the influencing factors of the bus corridor. Following this, we take the minimum generalized cost and the maximum aggregation utility along the path as the objective function and design a bus corridor location identification optimization model, considering arc capacity, plot ratio, corridor development, and time constraints. Finally, we examine the real-world example of the Beijing city and identify the location of the bus corridors in the morning and evening peak hours. The one-way traffic of most of the roads identified as bus corridors was found to be greater than 6671 people/h. Thus, the location of the bus corridor and setting of bus lanes in the corridor are closely related to passenger flow, and the method can provide scientific guidance for transportation and urban planning departments and facilitate collaboration between these departments.

Transit and Real Estate Rents

Although the literature is mixed on the association between transit proximity and real estate values, it is scant in relation to transit proximity and real estate rents. With CoStar asking-rent data for real estate within 1-mi corridors of several light rail transit (LRT), bus rapid transit (BRT), streetcar transit (SCT), and commuter rail transit (CRT) systems, the association between transit corridor proximity and rents at 0.5 mi and between 0.5 and 1 mi of transit corridor centerlines is estimated. For the most part, SCT has the most robust outcomes. This result is notable because economic outcomes to SCT systems may be the least understood given their recent emergence. LRT systems also have significant, positive associations between rents and corridor location. In contrast, results for BRT are mixed, with no statistically significant association with office rent, a negative association with the retail first 0.5-mi distance band, but positive effects for rental apartments. Across all development types, proximity to CRT corridors either has insignificant associations or significant, negative ones. On the basis of transit type, implications are offered for land use planning along transit corridors.

基于物种运动路径识别的动物通道选址——以武深高速为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于物种运动路径识别的动物通道选址——以武深高速为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201505120971 作者: 作者单位: 广东省生物资源应用研究所,广东省生物资源应用研究所,广东省环境科学研究院,广东省野生动物救护中心,广东省生物资源应用研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（31572257）；广州市海珠区科技和信息化局资助项目（2013-cg-03，2014-cg-17） Location design of wildlife corridors based on animal movement path identification: a case study of the Wuhan-Shenzhen Highway Author: Affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources,Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources,Guangdong Academy of Environmental Science,,Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:动物通道是缓解高速公路对其周边野生动物生境隔离的有效措施，通道的位置是影响其使用效率的关键因素，然而现有研究对通道的选址却甚少涉及。以武深高速为例，推荐一种基于物种运动路径识别的通道选址方法，选取影响动物生境选择的环境因子构建评价体系，借助GIS手段对公路周边野生动物生境适宜性进行分析，在此基础上借鉴水文分析原理快速准确地刻画出物种在生境中的潜在活动路径，从而确定了5处高速公路上建设动物通道的理想位置。结果表明，该方法能定量地反映出生境的质量格局对于物种运动的影响，准确定位出物种运动受到阻碍的关键区域，在景观层次上，提出的通道位置能有效地缓解栖息地破碎化造成的生态压力；研究不但能弥补目前研究的不足，同时亦为道路网设计、城市生态规划等相关领域研究提供科学参考。 Abstract:Highways are an important landscape type and have brought significant economic benefits to communities. However, highway construction may adversely affect wildlife survival through habitat fragmentation, degradation, loss, and reduced connectivity. This can then lead to declines in wildlife populations and to the loss of biodiversity. Wildlife corridors are thought to be an efficient way to mitigate the isolation and fragmentation of habitat caused by highway construction and can provide safety avenues for wildlife movement between habitat patches, which facilitates gene dispersal and interflow. However, there has been little research on wildlife corridor design in China, compared to the western, developed countries. Most previous studies have focused on theoretical discussions on the types, size, design principles, and procedures for corridor construction, but the location, which is the key factor affecting corridor use by wildlife, has rarely been discussed. We propose a new method, based on animal movement path identification, for wildlife corridor design, and have undertaken a case study of the Wuhan-Shenzhen Highway. Based on previous studies and wildlife resources of the study area, six indicators, which have been shown to significantly affect wildlife habitat selection, were chosen for our habitat suitability model. We used the model and GIS to assess the suitability of wildlife habitat around the highway and then identified the potential movement path of wildlife by using hydrologic analysis. According to that, five ideal locations were suggested by overlaying the movement paths on the highway, and landscape pattern indices were used to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed corridor location at the landscape level. Our proposed method could quantitatively reflect the ecological relationship between habitat characteristics and wildlife movement, and the critical areas used by wildlife to cross the highway could be precisely identified. Hence, the proposed corridor location could improve wildlife movement connectivity among spatially separated habitats and effectively alleviate the ecological pressure of habitat fragmentation caused by highway construction. Our proposed method could reduce the influence of subjective factors in the decision-making process, and make it possible to acquire and analyze a large amount of environmental data rapidly by using GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Moreover, by analyzing the landscape patterns of suitable habitats, we could effectively assess the ecological function of the proposed corridor, which was often overlooked in previous studies. Thus, our study could fill a gap in wildlife corridor design, and provide insights for further research related areas, such as urban ecological planning and road network design. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

道路影响下野生动物廊道选址探讨——以大熊猫保护廊道为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 道路影响下野生动物廊道的选址——以大熊猫保护廊道为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306241771 作者: 作者单位: 中国林业科学研究院湿地研究所,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院动物研究所,四川省林业厅野生动物保护站 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 博士后基金(2012M510568);国家林业局"大熊猫廊道及栖息地改造工程选址原则和标准" The location of wildlife corridors under the impact of road disturbance: case study of a giant panda conservation corridor Author: Affiliation: Research Institute of Wetland,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:沿道路设置供野生动物迁徙、扩散和连接栖息地的廊道是应对道路干扰最有效的措施,科学选址则是野生动物廊道建设的前提,也是廊道研究的薄弱领域。以大熊猫廊道为例对野生动物廊道选址指标体系、方法和程序进行了探索,将栖息地特征、地形因素、植被可转化性、工程成本作为大熊猫廊道选址指标,基于Arcgis和栖息地格局、海拔、坡度、植被数据,为四川306省道椅子垭口段确定了两处大熊猫廊道位置,并用监测数据证明了所选位置具有较大的可行性和准确性。研究表明栖息地格局是廊道选址的重要基础,应侧重对地形因素的研究。研究为廊道选址方法和流程进行了示范,还对选址指标体系优化、提高选址的科学性进行了探讨,有助于推动野生动物廊道研究从理论探索走向实际应用。 Abstract:Road construction has made it easier for human activity to greatly affect wildlife habitats and it has become the most urgent and essential issue for wildlife survival. Due to highway and railway construction, giant pandas have been isolated into 24 (33) separate populations and have disappeared in some areas. Responding to road disturbance by building corridors for wildlife migration allowing the expansion and connection of habitats along the road has become the most effective conservation measure. Previous corridor studies achieved a lot in determining its types, designing principles and procedures, but location was not studied. Due to the unscientific process of determining location, some "ecological roads" with wildlife corridors still do harm to wildlife. Scientific determination of location is the premise for the construction of a wildlife corridor which can function when located in the right place. Taking the case of the conservation corridor of the giant panda, our study focused on the indicators, method and procedure of site selection for the wildlife corridor. Based on previous studies on the indicators of wildlife corridors and the concept of crucial area in conservation biology, we proposed possible indicators for site selection of the giant panda corridor: habitat feature, topography, probability of vegetation transformation and construction cost feasibility. With the results of the habitat assessment, we employed Arcgis to analyze the habitat pattern, elevation, slope and vegetation according to the following procedure: the distance between suitable habitat on both sides of the road, topographic features of elevation and slope, and vegetation. We identified two ideal positions for a giant panda corridor along the Sichuan 306 provincial way of Yiziyakou. By testing with monitoring data and records, we found feces and trails in areas adjacent to our identified positions. It proves that the corridor selection position is feasible and reasonable. Our study found that the pattern of giant panda habitat had undergone great changes through the disturbance caused by the 306 provincial way in the study area, with a ten percent decline in the proportion of suitable habitat producing a 1.5 km wide isolated area without habitat along the road. It is shown to be necessary to build corridors for alleviating road impacts on these habitats. Our study also shows that habitat pattern is an important basis for corridor location and should focus on topographic factors, which cannot be transformed, among all the habitat factors. With differences in target species and protected animals, the indicators and threshold values of corridor location also need to be adjusted, enriched and optimized. We demonstrated a method and procedure for corridor location which can contribute further to the practical application of wildlife corridors using the theoretical research. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Corridor location: the multi-gateway shortest path model

The problem of corridor location can be found in a number of fields including power transmission, highways, and pipelines. It involves the placement of a corridor or rights-of-way that traverses a landscape starting at an origin and ending at a destination. Since most systems are subject to environmental review, it is important to generate competitive, but different alternatives. This paper addresses the problem of generating efficient, spatially different alternatives to the corridor location problem. We discuss the weaknesses in current models and propose a new approach which is designed to overcome many of these problems. We present an application of this model to a real landscape and compare the results to past work. Overall, the new model called the multi-gateway shortest path problem can generate a wide variety of efficient alignments, which eclipse what could be generated by past work.

Combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model for eco-network planning

The protecting requirements and functional connectivity of species in isolated habitat patches are crucial factors of eco-network planning. This study aimed to improve the method of eco-network planning for species conservation. Ecoprofiling was used to group the species by similar behavior types, namely, choice of ecosystem, area requirement, and short distance dispersal abilities. A least-cost model was used to simulate the optimal corridor location to maintain functional connectivity. A combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model was hired to develop an eco-network that promoted species conservation. A case study was also conducted in Beijing, China. In addition to the required ecosystem, habitat area is an important parameter for habitat extraction. Habitat area can remove noise habitat patches because of lacking area. Short-distance dispersal can be used to identify corridor requirements and avoid unnecessary building requirements. Species with various dispersal abilities exhibit significant differences in terms of corridor length and location requirement. Habitat isolation is the main threat for weakly mobile species, and habitat loss is the major risk of mobile species protection. Different species groups also exhibit distinct landscape pattern demands for an eco-network, and the eco-network planning based on specific species can not protect other species. We proposed that a combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model improved the efficiency of species conservation by eco-network planning.

Corridor Location for Infrastructure Development

Corridor location for developing new infrastructure such as transmission lines, roadways, and pipelines over terrain must consider numerous factors when determining the set of optimal route candidates. Previous researchers have cast this problem as a multiobjective least cost path problem, where competing objectives represent cost, environmental impact, and other major noncommensurate objectives. To fully characterize the optimal trade-off solution set, one must be able to generate both supported and unsupported nondominated solutions. Fortunately, the supported, nondominated solutions are relatively easy to identify by using a single-objective shortest path algorithm in conjunction with the noninferior set estimation method of Cohon, Church, and Sheer. But, finding the unsupported nondominated solutions can be nondeterministic polynomial time hard. This article proposes a heuristic approach that is capable of determining a Pareto frontier that is very near exact in polynomial time. This heuristic approach uses gateway node and gateway arc paths to generate a large set of spatially diverse locally optimal candidate solutions with few shortest path solver iterations, which are shown to represent a solution set that approximates to a high degree, the exact Pareto set. The method is described within the context of a bi-objective corridor location problem and applied to several data sets that have been used in past work. A comparison between this new approach and existing exact algorithms is provided. Overall, the new method is shown to be effective at finding a sizable number of the unsupported nondominated solutions in a very small amount of computational time.

A dual representation of multiscale fracture network modelling: application to a giant UAE carbonate field

The network of faults and fracture corridors assumed to act as preferential fluid pathways between reservoir units in a Type III Lower Cretaceous reservoir in Abu Dhabi is evident on 3D seismic data, but its elements are too numerous to be efficiently picked by hand. Alternative modelling techniques with increased levels of complexity and accuracy were tested for incorporation into the 3D model: deterministic fault patches, geobodies, and multipoint statistics, the latter to correct for the difference in corridor location observed between seismic and well data. Seismic and matrix properties guided the modelled distribution of unit-bound fractures outside the corridors. The new dual-scale approach to fracture network modelling applied in this study uses discrete fracture networks to represent the large fractures that provide connectivity between the grid cells, and describes statistically, with an implicit fracture model, the small fractures that probably enhance matrix permeability and anisotropy. A model comprising only discrete fractures would have taken hours to run, and the smallest fractures would have been neglected for computational limitations; whereas creation and upscaling of the hybrid model was performed in few minutes, enabling future implementation of iterative workflows for more rigorous statistics and calibration of intermediate and final results.

Genetic Algorithms and the Corridor Location Problem: Multiple Objectives and Alternative Solutions

Corridor planning problems are challenging because their solution often requires the participation of multiple stakeholders with different interests and emphases. Though such problems fall into the domain of multiobjective evaluation, existing corridor location models often search for a single global optimum by collapsing multiple objectives into a single one using a weighting method. In multiobjective problems with competing objectives, however, optimality will often have different interpretations among decision makers, and, as a consequence, no single optimal solution will satisfy all participants. This paper describes the design and implementation of a multiobjective genetic algorithm for corridor selection problems (MOGADOR). This new approach generates a large set of Pareto-optimal and near-optimal solutions that can be evaluated with respect to the untargeted or imprecisely modeled characteristics of ill-structured corridor location problems. Experimental results suggest that the MOGADOR approach outperforms traditional shortest-path methods in both computation time and solution quality. An analytical and visualization tool is provided to help decision makers identify good candidates and evaluate trade-offs among alternatives.

Effects of wind turbines on flight behaviour of wintering common eiders: implications for habitat use and collision risk

Summary Wind energy is a fast‐growing renewable energy source and many offshore wind parks will be erected in shallow waters (< 40 m deep) where various coastal bird species are found. The two main issues regarding offshore wind farms and birds are disturbance and collision risk. We studied the effect of wind turbines on the flight behaviour of wintering common eiders Somateria mollissima in order to identify the properties that cause disturbance and the factors that may increase their risk of collision. The study was conducted at Tunø Knob offshore wind park in the Kattegat, Denmark. We attracted birds though the use of decoys located at increasing distances from the wind park. To discriminate between the potential disturbance effect of the standing towers from that of the revolving rotor blades, wind turbines were switched on or off alternately during 10 experimental trials. Common eiders reacted strongly to the presence of wind turbines. The number of flying birds was significantly related to flight corridor location and position of the decoy group. That behavioural reaction was interpreted to be a consequence of their high speed and low‐manoeuvrability flight occurring within the vertical height range of the wind turbines. The number of landing birds also reacted to the position of the decoy group in relation to proximity to the turbines, with the greatest effects observed within the wind park. Such avoidance behaviour might decrease use of otherwise suitable habitat. The movement and noise of rotors affected neither the number of common eiders flying within corridors nor the number of birds reacting to decoys. This suggests that the avoidance behaviour observed was caused by the presence of the structures themselves and that eiders use vision when avoiding human‐made structures. Synthesis and applications. This study has demonstrated that common eiders avoid flying close to or into the Tunø Knob wind park. This behaviour may result in a reduction in habitat availability within and around wind parks, and raises concerns about the possible impact of the extensive development of large‐scale wind parks in shallow offshore waters, which are the main feeding areas for sea ducks and other marine birds. Our results indicate that the disturbance effect of revolving rotor blades is negligible during daylight hours but highlights the need for studies to be carried out during hours of darkness and conditions of poor visibility (e.g. fog and snow). Until more insight is gained, we recommend caution when planning wind parks in areas of high sea duck densities.

Sensitivity analysis of transportation corridor location in wetland areas: A multiobjective programming and GIS approach

A multiobjective programming approach for locating transportation corridors through areas containing wetlands is presented. The approach uses a geographic information system in combination with multiple objectives for environment and construction costs, and the North Carolina Coastal Region Evaluation of Wetland Significance (NC-CREWS) program. The multiobjective function is a weighted combination of wetland values and construction cost. The objective minimizes total cost of construction and wetland impacts resulting from a specific transportation corridor. The transportation designer specifies starting and ending points of the desired corridor. The model then finds the best path given the weights placed on each individual objective (i.e. habitat quality, water quality, hydrology, and construction expense). By varying the weight set, several different paths can be found. The approach is tested on a watershed in Carteret County North Carolina using a benchmarking procedure. One benchmark minimizes a combined wetland significance loss (cost). This path avoids crossing wetlands. The other benchmark minimizes construction expense. Varying the weight placed on each of the objective function components generates additional paths. The approach is useful in locating alternative road corridor paths in attempts to satisfy conflicting societal interests.

An interface for exploring spatial alternatives for a corridor location problem

The location of corridors or rights-of-way across a landscape for the purpose of siting a facility such as a power transmission line has been the subject of much research. Many different computerized models have been developed to address this design and layout problem. Any environmental review usually requires that alternative routes be considered. Thus, the value of a model can be measured not only in terms of determining a good solution but in supporting the search for good alternatives as well. Such problems have been posed as multiobjective programming models. This paper presents a novel user interface that is designed to help explore possible alternative corridors. This new interface allows for exploration in terms of both objective space and decision space and could be modified for other spatial decision-making problems as well.

An Evaluation of Lattice Solutions to the Problem of Corridor Location

Many route-location problems can be regarded as the minimisation of some accumulated cost, impact, or similar friction per unit length. Analogies can be found with paths of light and other least-time paths, and with geodesics. The problem is often solved by finding a path through a lattice of sample costs, with the use of modified shortest-path algorithms. Lattice paths do not converge to continuous-space paths. The differences are shown to depend on the set of permitted moves in the lattice, with the use of three cases. The continuous-space problem is solved for surfaces described by simple functions and for choropleth surfaces, and compared with lattice solutions. Three heuristic approaches for large problems are reviewed, with emphasis placed on regular spatial aggregation.

Environmental Assessment Utility Route Location

A method of pretesting public and agency attitudes towards projects requiring land corridors and incorporating these attitudes into the decision-making process for corridor location is proposed. The application of a matrix Land Corridor Location Model is presented in an attempt to combine the considerations of environment, economics, and facility interaction into one reproducible decision-making process. While the Model is not applied to a specific project, its method of application and development is presented. The Model is flexible enough to be applicable to various types of land corridors and to include public and agency values in the decision-making process at virtually any point.