Correlational Research Study Research Articles

Mediating Role of Self-Criticism in the Relationship between Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-Compassion with Social Anxiety in Yazd Medical Students

Introduction: Social anxiety is characterized by marked anxiety, cognitive and emotional dysfunction in social situations and can lead to social avoidance behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between the fear of negative evaluation and self-compassion with social anxiety in Yazd medical students. Methods: A correlational research study was conducted using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research consisted of all students of medicine, pharmacy and dentistry of Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in the academic year of 2021-2022. The sample size of 250 people was determined; sampling was done by voluntary sampling method. Research instruments included social anxiety scale (Jarabek, 1996), fear of negative evaluation (Leary, 1983), short form of self-compassion (Rees et al., 2011) and self-criticism (Thompson and Zaroff, 2004), which were published online. Finally, the data of 227 students were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation model using SPSS16 and Amos24 software. Results: The results showed that the direct effect of fear of negative evaluation and self-criticism on social anxiety was significant (P<0.001) the direct effect of self-compassion on students' social anxiety was insignificant (P<0.05) and the direct effect of fear of negative evaluation and self-compassion on self-criticism was also significant (P<0.001). Similarly, the bootstrap results showed that the effect of fear of negative evaluation and self-compassion on social anxiety through self-criticism was significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Fear of negative evaluation significantly influences social anxiety, highlighting self-criticism's mediating role in this relationship.

Nurse Caring and Readiness to Transition From the Hospital to Other Care Settings

This descriptive correlational research study aimed to explore the relationship between patients’ experience of nurse caring and patients’ readiness to transition from the hospital to home or other care settings in a large acute care hospital in South Florida. In addition, the predictors among the patients’ characteristics of patients’ readiness to care transition were examined. The study was grounded in Duffy’s Quality Caring Model. A convenience sample of 103 medical-surgical patients was recruited for the study. The participants completed the demographic data survey, the Caring Assessment Tool-V, and the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale-Adult Form. The results of the study showed a strong positive correlation between patients’ experience of nurse caring and patients’ readiness to care transition (r= .243,p< .05). Furthermore, marital status could predict patients’ readiness to care transition based on perceived knowledge, coping ability, and expected support (f= .0625,p< .05). The study highlights the importance of nurse caring in enhancing patients’ readiness to care transition and valuing the patients’ support systems.

The relationship between traumatic childbirth perception, desire to avoid pregnancy, and sexual quality of life in women.

To identify factors influencing women's perceptions of traumatic childbirth (TCP) and to determine the relationship between TCP, desire to avoid pregnancy, and sexual quality of life. A descriptive and correlational research study was designed. Data were collected from 225 women aged between 18 and 45 years old. A Demographic Information Form, the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy Scale (DAP), the Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Female (SQLQ-F), and the Perception of Traumatic Childbirth Scale (PTCS) were used for data collection. Women who were not employed, had given birth previously, and did not plan their last pregnancy tended to have higher levels of TCP. Conversely, women who did not experience health problems in their last pregnancy and recalled their last childbirth as very comfortable and happy tended to have lower levels of TCP. A very weak, statistically significant, positive correlation was found between the mean DAP and PTCS scores (r = 0.168, P < 0.05). A very weak, statistically significant, negative correlation was found between the mean SQLQ-F and PTCS sores (r = -0.138, P < 0.05). A 1-unit increase in TCP was associated with a 0.005-unit increase in the desire to avoid pregnancy and a 0.094-unit decrease in sexual quality of life. TCP in women is associated with an increase in the desire to avoid pregnancy and a decrease in sexual quality of life. It is recommended to identify women with high levels of TCP, determine factors contributing to this perception, and plan appropriate nursing interventions accordingly.

A quantitative analysis of cosmeceuticals: business service quality and client satisfaction

PurposeThe purpose of the quantitative correlational research study was to determine the relationship, if any, between the predictor variable, cosmeceutical business service quality, and the outcome variable, cosmeceutical client satisfaction, in the southeast region of the United States of America. Cosmeceuticals were cosmetics and medications administered by estheticians.Design/methodology/approachLiterature on business service quality and client satisfaction theories was synthesized after extensive review. Quantitative research data were collected and statistically analyzed on the following subscales of consumer satisfaction: general satisfaction, technical quality, interpersonal manner, communication, financial aspects, time spent with professionals and accessibility/convenience. The hypotheses addressed the research question (RQ) of whether cosmeceutical business service quality affects client satisfaction. The Cosmeceutical Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 18 (CCSQ-18), a web-based research instrument, had strong reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84. The target population (N = 50) included randomly selected female cosmeceutical consumers in the southeast region of the United States of America. The researcher did not digress from the detailed research protocol, instrumentation, data collection or data analyses. Through the Likelihood Ratio (LR) chi-squared statistic (18) = 65.35 and its associated probability, Prob &gt; chi-squared = 0.000, the researcher determined the predictor variable cohesively has a statistically significant effect on the outcome variable.FindingsResearch results concluded that a significant relationship exists between cosmeceutical business service quality and cosmeceutical client satisfaction in the southeast region of the United States of America.Originality/valueThe findings detailed in the results complimented the argument that, generally, business service quality is important to consider, because good business is based on client satisfaction.

The association of domestic violence during pregnancy with maternal psychological well-being in the early postpartum period: A sample from women with low socioeconomic status in Eastern Turkey

AimTo examine the association of women's exposure to domestic violence during pregnancy with postpartum maternal psychological well-being (postpartum depression and anxiety) in the early postpartum period. MethodsThe sample of this descriptive correlational research study comprised 358 women. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Domestic Violence Screening Tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale. The one-way multivariate analysis of variance, and a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to analysis of data. ResultsThe mean scores of the HITS, the EPDS, and the PSAS were 6.00±16.00, 7.47±5.57, and 72.02±18.63 respectively. Considering the cut-off values of the scales, the women were found to be at risk for exposure to domestic violence (20.1%), postpartum depression (24%), and postpartum anxiety (11.2%). Education level and having social security was significantly associated with women's HITS and PSAS score.Women with high mean domestic violence scores had high mean postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety scores. Women's mean domestic violence and postpartum anxiety scores were significantly and positively associated with their mean postpartum depression scores (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe results of this study revealed that women were frequently exposed to DV during pregnancy, education level and social security were important predictors of exposure to DV, and that DV associated with postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety. Exposure to DV and postpartum anxiety increased the risk of postpartum depression. It is recommended to integrate screening, guidance, and supportive counseling practices into routine antenatal care to improve the mental health of pregnant women at risk.

A comparative analysis of blended learning and traditional instruction: Effects on academic motivation and learning outcomes.

The correlational research study aims to examine how blended learning affects academic motivation and achievement. The objectives of the study are to assess students' opinions on the current level of blended learning, teachers' practice of blended instruction, the benefits of blended learning, its impact on academic motivation and learning outcomes, and factors influencing blended learning to determine how instructors' methods influence students' academic motivation and learning results. The study includes all Bachelor of Science students from various public and private institutions in the Faisalabad Division. Quantitative data from 400 students were collected from four selected institutions. A closed-ended, customized 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through expert comments and pilot testing, with a reliability score of (= .97). Data were collected via Google Forms and researcher visits. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the collected data and answer the research questions. The findings of the study indicate that students somewhat agreed with the current blended learning environment, and strongly agreed with variables such as instructors' blended instruction techniques, the benefits of blended learning, and factors influencing blended learning. Blended learning had statistically significant positive effects on academic motivation and learning outcomes. The findings suggest improving the blended learning environment and instructors' blended education methods to enhance university students' academic motivation and learning outcomes.

Resilience and academic performance: Exploring the link in dental students.

This study aims to assess the correl ation between t he resilience level of dental students (preclinical and clinical years) and its effects on their academic performance. It is a correlational research study that was carried out on second, third, and final-yea r denta l students at Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore. Academic resilience was judged by using the academic resilience scale (ARS-30). The correlation between resilience and academic performance was e s tablished by appl ying the bivar iate Pea rso n correlation. The mean age of the stude nt s was 2 1.49±1.39 years. Among 196 dental students from different years, 132 (67.35%) were females and 64(32.65%) were males. A strong p ositive co rrelati on was obser ved bet ween the academic performance and resilience of denta l students, i.e. r=0.774. From the results, it can be concluded that there is a positive correlation between academic resilience and academic performance among dental students.

Constructivist Beliefs And The Attitudes Towards Computers As Predictors Of Classroom Technology Use Amongst Pre-Service Teachers

Despite vast improvements in technology infrastructure and classroom technology implementation across Malaysia, there still remain teachers who fail to seamlessly integrate technology in their lessons. Potential explanations for this behaviour span from low self-efficacy and computer anxiety to personal attitudes and beliefs. Technology has been shown to aid learning and even contribute to an improvement in standardized test results when integrated into the curriculum in a meaningful manner. This study investigates the causes for the reluctance to integrate technology in classrooms. It also looks into whether it can be understood from teachers' attitudes towards computers or from their constructivist teaching beliefs. A correlational research study was conducted with 135 pre-service teachers from 3 public Malaysian universities. Multiple regression analysis was performed to establish the predictive value of the variables. Our analysis showed that teachers’ attitudes towards computers can directly predict how likely they are to incorporate technology in their lessons. However, constructivist beliefs did not predict pre-service teachers’ intention to use technology in the classroom. Additional analysis and t-test found that female teachers were significantly less likely to want to incorporate technology in their lessons when compared to males. We concluded that when teachers’ attitudes towards computers are more positive, they are more likely to use technology in their future lessons. However, this may not apply across the board, with female teachers appearing less likely to utilise technology when compared with male teachers.

Hubungan Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dengan Motivasi Kerja Guru di SMA Negeri Kecamatan Lubuk Basung

This research is motivated by transformational leadership, which refers to leaders who can motivate their followers to perform and manage their own interests for the benefit of the organization through individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, and idealized influence, all of which result in extra effort from employees for better organizational effectiveness. However, in the Lubuk Basung District Public High School, it seems that transformational leadership has not been implemented effectively. The objectives of this research are to obtain data and information regarding 1) the transformational leadership of the school principal, 2) teacher's work motivation, and 3) the relationship between the school principal's transformational leadership style and teacher's work motivation in the Lubuk Basung District Public High School. The hypothesis proposed in this research is that there is a significant relationship between the school principal's transformational leadership and teacher's work motivation. This is a correlational research study. The population consists of all civil servant teachers teaching in the Lubuk Basung District Public High School, with a total of 83 individuals. The research sample is obtained using a proportional stratified random sampling technique with the Solvin formula, resulting in a sample size of 71 individuals. The research instrument used is a Likert Scale questionnaire with five answer options. Validity and reliability testing were performed using SPSS version 24. Data analysis involved the Product Moment Correlation test to examine the relationship between the two variables and the significance testing of the correlation using the t-test formula. The data analysis results show that 1) teacher's work motivation is at a relatively high interpretation level, at 79.40%, 2) the school principal's transformational leadership is interpreted as good, at 86.04%, and 3) there is a significant relationship between the two variables with a correlation coefficient of 0.550 and a correlation significance test of 5.465. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the school principal's transformational leadership is one of the factors that influence teacher's work motivation. This means that the higher the school principal's transformational leadership, the higher the motivation of teachers in the Lubuk Basung District Public High School.

Association between Parental Variables and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Literature Review

Career decision-making self-efficacy is an individual believe that they can complete tasks related to career decision-making. Many studies about CDMSE focusing on correlational research and case studies, but still lack studies focusing CDMSE with Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This study aims to determine the relationship between parental variables and career decision-making self-efficacy through SLR method. This study use Systematic Literature Review method by reviewing articles from 2016-2021 which published in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar. The study design was using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. After screening process with Rayyan, we found five relevant articles which state parental support had positive correlation with career decision-making self-efficacy. It is concluded that parental support can make teenagers believe that they can complete tasks related to making career decisions.

The relationship between school and classroom climate, and academic achievement: A meta-analysis

This study reports two independent meta-analyses on the relationship between (a) classroom climate and academic achievement; and (b) school climate and academic achievement. The analyses were based on extant correlational research studies at the K-12 level that were published between 2000 and 2020. The relationships were analyzed in terms of various moderator variables. The first dataset included 53 research studies focusing on classroom climate and academic achievement, and the second dataset included 37 research studies on school climate and academic achievement. The meta-analyses were carried out with a random effects model. Fisher's effect size was calculated for each study. Publication bias was tested with Egger's linear regression method and Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill method. We used the Q-test for moderation analyses and I2 test for heterogeneity analyses. The results revealed that the mean effect size for the relationship between classroom climate and academic achievement was small, while it was medium for the relationship between school climate and academic achievement. The effect sizes regarding classroom climate differed significantly only in terms of the academic area moderator variable, and the effect sizes regarding school climate differed in terms of school area, report type, and unit of analysis. This meta-analysis study confirmed that school climate and classroom climate are significant correlates of academic achievement, and the dataset in this study revealed a greater magnitude of relationship in favor of school climate (although a comparison is not meant in this study). This study suggests that policymakers and practitioners should invest their efforts in promoting sound school climates while maintaining an emphasis on classroom climate components, as the two types of climates are intertwined.

Effect of creative and collaborative learning communities on virtual learning environment for Education 4.0: a quantitative study of Pakistan

PurposeEducation 4.0 is one of the major transformations in the field of education to improve the quality of teaching and learning processes and prepare students as 21st-century learners. This study aims to examine the effect of Educations 4.0 on creative and collaborative learning of students.Design/methodology/approachIn this correlational research study, a quantitative data collection tool such as a questionnaire is used. This research is conducted on university students (N = 365), and purposive sampling technique is used to achieve the purpose. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 is used to analyze the data.FindingsThe findings of the study reveal that there is a strong positive relationship between education 4.0 and the two major 21st-century skills, i.e. collaboration and creativity. The value of correlation coefficient value of the variables is 0.597, which indicates positive and strong relationship; hence, null hypothesis is rejected and an alternative hypothesis is accepted.Practical implicationsThe results of the current study are beneficial for the school managers to enhance students' two significant 21st-century skills, i.e. “Creativity” and “Collaboration.” Also, the school managers can make efforts to develop teachers' competence to adapt the technological advancements for improving students' creativity and collaboration to benefit their learning.Originality/valueThis is a unique study because there are only a few recent studies that show a connection between Education 4.0 and 21st-century skills. Also, there is no other study that presents the direct association of Education 4.0 and students' creativity and collaboration specifically in the context of Pakistan.

Factors related to academic performance among engineering students: a descriptive correlational research study

Academic performance (AP) is a proper pedagogical strategy to determine acquisition of learning outcomes. Monitoring is essential for decision-making regarding accompanying plans and improving educational quality. Saber-Pro is a standardized test applied by the Colombian Government to establish the ability in quantitative, English, critical reading, citizen comprehension, and written communication. The main objective is to determine which sociodemographic, pedagogical, and institutional factors will arise in AP. A canonical discriminant analysis was used to classify 100% of the student, and the risk of low AP was estimated. The model supports variables that explain potentiate risk factors associated with AP in engineering students according to Saber-Pro.

The Role of Spiritual Factors in Predicting Depression in Women with Primary Infertility

Background: Scrutinizing the spiritual factors in human psychological well-being needs to be taken into serious attention. This research intended to examine the role of spiritual factors (spiritual intelligence, spiritual welling-being, God image) in predicting depression in women with primary infertility Methods The design of the research was based on a correlational research study. The study population consisted of all women with primary infertility in Tabriz. Using the convineience non-random sampling method, 270 participants were selected. In the process of collecting data, King's (2008) Spiritual Intelligence Scale, Paloutzian and Ellison's (1982) Spiritual Well-being Scale, Lawrence's (1997) God Image Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) were used. Results: According to the multiple regression, 70% of the changes in infertile women’s depression was due to the combined set of the variables of spiritual intelligence, spiritual welling-being and God image. Also, the spiritual well-being variable with a beta value of -0.44 was a stronger predictor than other independent variables for the infertile women’s depression. Also, the variables of God image and spiritual intelligence have ranked second and third with beta values of -025 and -024, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, the combined set of predictor variables significantly explain depression of infertile women. The outcomes of the research show that infertility is not a medical problem only, and experts should seriously consider the relationship between primary infertility and the general psychological health of infertile women. In fact, positive human psychological capitals are capable of significantly reducing the difficulty and bitterness of negative psychological experiences and leading a person to experience psychological well-being. Practical Implications: Considering that infertility is a multifaceted problem and adversely affects infertile women’s life, it seems feasible to enrich the lives of these individuals with more training in the dimension of spiritual well-being. Overall, it is concluded that the use of the spiritual dimension of human beings can be considered as a powerful shield to reduce the symptoms of depression and increase psychological well-being; therefore, spirituality-oriented factors in the process of diagnosis and treatment deserve much more attention than it receives.

The Correlation of Teacher Performance, Pattern of Caring Teacher, and Parental Habituation to Children Discipline at Kindergartens in Kandangan Subdistrict Hulu Sungai Selatan

The study aims to describe the correlation between teacher performance, patterns of caring teacher and parenting habituation with children discipline. The method used was descriptive quantitative with correlational research study. The research samples were 144 people from 9 (nine) kindergartens taking with the Proportionate Random Sampling technique for sampling of a population of 225 people at kindergartens in Kandangan Subdistrict Hulu Sungai Selatan. The research data was analyzed descriptively and used path analysis. The results of the study found that (1) there is a positive and significant correlation between teacher performance and children discipline, (2) there is positive and meaningful correlation between pattern of caring teacher and children discipline, (3) there is an positive and significant correlation between parental habituation and children discipline, (4) there is positive and signifying correlation between teacher performance and parental habituation, (5) there is a poitive and significant correlation between pattern of caring teacher and parental habituation, (6) there is indirect correlation between teaching performance and children discipline through parental habituation, and (7) there has been an indirect correlation between pattern of caring teacher and parental habituation.

Microaggressions, mentoring, and connectedness: Doctoral students’ experiences in counselor education

AbstractThis descriptive, correlational research study examined the prevalence of racial microaggressions among doctoral students of color in counselor education, and the relationships between experiences of racial microaggressions, relational mentoring, and social connectedness. Implications and future directions are provided based on the results.

Prácticas para el cuidado apropiado en el hogar en menores de 5 años que realizan padres y/o cuidadores

Objective. Evaluate the application of the Integrated Care for Childhood Illnesses (ICCI) strategy in Cartagena, for the appropriate care at home (component 3). Materials and methods. Descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional research study, with a sample of 323 parents and/or caregivers, the questionnaire on key practices of the ICCI strategy was applied. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of the information. Results. 37.2% of the parents offer breast milk and other liquids during an illness and only 22% offer it exclusively. Within the complications to feed during a disease, the most representative sign was: lack of appetite with 60.7%, home remedies are administered with high frequency 81.1%, the most common infusions being chamomile (41.8%) and lemon balm (28.8%). The strategies to correct children’s behavior were: talks to them (61.9%), scolds them (57.9%) and hits them (43.7%). Lastly, the frequent strategies to avoid accidents are plug covers (40.6%) and avoiding kitchen access (45.8%). Finally, home care practices and the type of caregiver (father and mother) were not statistically significant. Conclusions. The evaluated practices in regard to the appropriate care component at home of child under five years old in a community of Cartagena, are not practiced satisfactorily. Keywords: Child Care, Child Health Services, growth and development

Impact of Blended Learning on NCLEX Scores and Subscores

The nursing workforce shortage is the biggest crisis that demands increased qualified licensed graduate nursing students. The shortage of licensed professional nurses has tremendously affected the quality of health care delivery. Subsequently, nursing schools are challenged to educate nursing students faster. Undergraduate nursing colleges have been challenged to educate more nurses faster to meet the increasing demands of qualified nurses in the workforce. Successful completion of the NCLEX exam is an entry requirement to practice as a registered nurse in the United States . The purpose of this quantitative, correlational research study is to compare the NCLEX score rates and sub-scores of psychosocial integrity and safety using data from multiple cohorts of the pre-licensure nursing program to evaluate the impact of the sudden transition from face-to-face (F2F) learning to a blended learning format. The study participants included students from the 2019 Spring and 2019 Fall cohorts who completed nursing in a F2F setup and 2020 Fall and 2021 Spring cohorts who completed nursing in a blended format. The pre-existing data of NCLEX scores and subcategory scores were obtained from two hundred and eighteen students enrolled in the F2F track, and two hundred and twenty-one students enrolled in the blended track of the nursing program. The pre-existing data obtained were coded separately in three sets using '0' for fail grade and '1' for pass grade to assess the correlation. The chi-square test of independence and Phi were employed to test the null hypothesis. The statistical analysis reported a significant difference in the NCLEX scores of the students, p &lt; .001. Findings of the NCLEX safety and psychosocial subsection scores showed no ranked significant difference, p &lt; .133 and p &lt; .355. This study's results will help modify appropriate teaching-learning platforms to foster successful student learning outcomes and NCLEX success rates. Suggestions for future research include qualitative research to erase certain limitations, correlational studies including demographic factors, and a comparative study using a diverse, larger sample size. Additionally, as the global pandemic impacts this study, a follow-up study is recommended in the future to analyze NCLEX scores with sub-scores after the COVID pandemic. Keywords: Nurse education, NCLEX, COVID-19, Blended Learning, Exam scores. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-6-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Looking beyond the laboratory: Exploring behavioral and eye-fixation patterns in individuals with severe mental illness during a real-life supermarket task.

Individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI) often have difficulty performing daily activities that require intact executive functions, such as grocery shopping. Performance-based evaluations are valuable but lack the subjects' viewpoints during task performance. This study aims to combine performance-based observation and cognitive science methods to provide insights regarding real-life behavior and problem-solving in populations with SMI. In this correlational-research study, 42 participants (10 in the SMI group and 32 in the control group) performed the Test of Grocery Shopping Skills (TOGSS) while wearing an eye-tracking device. We hypothesized that patterns in task planning, task-time use, and attention allocation to written information relevant to the task would differ between the groups during the task. The results showed between-group differences in both TOGSS efficiency outcomes (time and redundancy), duration, and number of fixations. An eye-tracking pattern analysis determined between-group differences in scanning patterns of the grocery list but similarities in task planning. The selection process was found to be significantly more accurate and efficient for the control group than for the SMI group. Our findings suggest that a combination of perspectives allows us to better understand the behavior of SMI individuals in a regular daily task.

Examining motivation factors for African American students' use of consumer wearables.

This study was initiated to examine factors that motivate African American students who use wearable devices at an HBCU in Mississippi. We conducted a correlational research study on undergraduate and graduate students from a southern USA university. The stratified random sample comprised a total of 239 students. The responses of the students were analyzed using the Fisher exact test to determine whether or not there was a significant association between the categorical demographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, and student classification) and the students' motivation for using a wearable device. Students used wearables for one main reason, to help them increase their awareness of their health status because they understand the importance of tracking their health metrics to boost their health status and reduce risk factors for developing chronic diseases. Students also demonstrated that they understand the value of tracking health information, such as heart rate and blood pressure, as a way to reduce the prevalence and impact of risk factors that can lead to chronic diseases. Wearables enable individuals to regularly observe, measure, and record their physical status and physiological measures, and facilitate medication adherence by enabling individuals to maintain their prescribed medication regimen adequately. The data collected and stored through these wearables can provide data that will be useful for medical personnel in their treatment of patients and in developing strategies for prevention and intervention for the larger community.