Correct Values Research Articles

Quantitative interpretation and modelling of continuous nonprotein respiratory quotients.

The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER), which is the ratio of total carbon dioxide produced over total oxygen consumed, serves as a qualitative measure to determine the substrate usage of a particular organism on the whole-body level. Quantification of RER by its direct conversion into %Glucose (%Gox) and %Lipid oxidation (%Lox) at a given timepoint can be done by utilizing nonprotein respiratory quotient tables. These tables, however, are limited to specific increments, and intermediate RER values are not covered by these tables. RER data are mostly continuous, which requires faithful interpolation, which we aimed for here. We first determined, statistically and schematically, that linear interpolation would lead to incorrect values. Therefore, we constructed a new mathematical model as an interpolating strategy to translate continuous RER values into correct values of %Gox and %Lox. We validated our new mathematical model against the original table by Péronnet & Massicotte (1), against a linear interpolation of these data, as well as against a model based on an exponential approach using a dataset of a nutritional intervention study in mice. This showed that our model outperforms the other methods, providing more accurate data. We conclude that applying our mathematical model will lead to an increase in data quality and offer a very simple, straightforward approach to obtain best %Gox and %Lox levels from continuous RER values.

Estimation of factorial expressions and its improvement through calibration: A replication and extension of Tversky and Kahneman (1973).

Fifty years ago, Tversky and Kahneman (Cognitive Psychology, 5[2], 207-232, 1973) reported that people's speeded estimations of 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 were notably higher than their estimations for the equivalent expression in the opposite order, 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 (Median = 2,250 vs. 512, respectively). On top of this order effect, both groups grossly underestimated the correct value (40,320). The differential effect of the two orders on estimation has become famous as an early demonstration of the anchoring effect, where people's judgments under uncertainty are unduly influenced by an initial reference point (or "anchor"). Despite this fame, to the best of our knowledge, this effect has never been replicated. In a sample of 253 U.S. adults, the current study provides the first replication of this foundational example of anchoring. It extends this effect for the first time to a within-participants design, revealing its relative robustness even among participants who see the descending order first. Drawing on procedures from the mathematical cognition literature, it shows how the anchoring effect can be mitigated: calibrating to the correct value of 6! reduces this effect, and calibrating to 10! eliminates it altogether. An individual differences analysis measures the arithmetic fluency of participants and their accuracy on a new estimation assessment, and finds that higher estimation ability may be a "protective factor" against some anchoring effects. These findings affirm the anchoring effect of Tversky and Kahneman (1973, Study 6) while suggesting that calibration may be an effective strategy for helping to improve people's estimation of superlinear functions that are important in real-life contexts.

Exploration of Practical Approaches for the Reform of Curriculum-Based Ideological and Political Education in Foreign Language Majors

Ideological and political education holds an important position in the higher education system. In the context of globalization, foreign language teaching should not only focus on the development of language skills but also integrate ideological and political education. It is essential to utilize the educational functions of emotional attitudes, knowledge capabilities, and values within the curriculum to cultivate foreign language students’ knowledge, skills, and correct values. This integration aims to enhance students’ ideological and political literacy as well as their humanistic literacy, thereby promoting their comprehensive development. This study explores the essence of curriculum-based ideological and political education and, in light of the favorable conditions for the reform of ideological and political teaching in foreign language courses, investigates the practical approaches and strategies for the reform of ideological and political education in foreign language curricula. Research indicates that clearly defining teaching objectives, strengthening the overall planning of curriculum-based ideological and political education, optimizing teaching content, innovating teaching methods, and leveraging the roles of diverse participants are effective approaches and strategies for reforming ideological and political education in foreign language professional courses. This study can provide effective theoretical support and practical references for the reform of foreign language courses, promoting the dual enhancement of students’ language abilities and ideological and political literacy.

A correction method of split C–V characteristics based on transmission line model for accurate evaluation of surface carrier concentration and effective mobility in MOSFETs

Abstract A split C-V measurement is a technique commonly used for evaluating surface carrier density and inversion layer mobility in MOSFETs. On the other hand, the accuracy of surface carrier density evaluated by split C-V can be affected by channel resistance. In this study we propose a method to correct the impact of channel resistance on split C-V measurements by using both capacitance and conductance experimental data. We employ a transmission line model to express the relationship between ideal and measured Cgc values and obtain the correct Cgc values. The effectiveness of this correction method is experimentally verified by long-channel Si MOSFETs at room and cryogenic temperatures. It is demonstrated that accurate effective mobility evaluation is realized by using this method.

Comparison between the SGRT and the conventional setup method for patients undergoing VMAT for pelvic malignancies.

Surface Guided Radiation Treatment (SGRT) is a new method of positioning and monitoring patients on the linear accelerator's couch, using visual light cameras to monitor the skin's surface. The purpose of this study was to compare the SGRT with the conventional method, based on lasers and tattoos, in terms of accuracy and time expenditure, on patients with pelvic malignancies. A group of 34 patients were enrolled in this study, 24 males who underwent radiotherapy prostate treatment and 10 females who underwent gynecological radiation therapy. They were divided into two groups: Group A consisted of 17 (12 males and 5 females) patients positioned using tattoos/laser technique. Group Β also consisted of 17 (12 males and 5 females) patients positioned using the SGRT technique. For the verification of their position, all patients underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before each session. The corrections in the three directions recorded by the CBCT system were acquired for 419 and 358 sessions for groups A and B, respectively. The total corrections were also calculated. The positioning time was measured for 7 treatment sessions for each patient. The above corrections, along with the positioning duration, were statistically compared between the two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test shows that the corrections for Group B were significantly smaller (p<0.05) than those for Group A. The comparison of the median values of each dataset shows that the corrections improved by 16.6% for the vertical direction, 36.7% for the lateral direction, and 33.3% for the longitudinal direction, while the total correction improved by 29.2%. The SGRT method also seems more consistent, as the average interquartile range (IQR) of the correction values of Group B was 0.25cm, while the same value was 0.38cm for Group A. The median positioning time was 1.6±0.4min for Group A and 2.0±0.6min for Group B. The positioning duration of patients in Group B was significantly elevated (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001) in respect to that related to patients of Group A. The above results show that SGRT increases the setup time compared to the conventional approach but it provides a more accurate positioning of patients subjected to VMAT for pelvic malignancies.

Initial Experience With VELYS Robot-Assisted Total Knee Replacement: Coronal Plane Accuracy and Effect of Robotic Training on Outcomes.

The use of robots for arthroplasty is gaining momentum inrecent times to provide accuracy in bony cuts and alignment. We aimed to study the efficacy of coronal plane correction with a new robotic system (VELYS™Robotic-Assisted Surgery) and also the effect of the learning curve of robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) on outcomes. We hypothesize that the benefits of RATKA are not limited to only surgeons having specific training in robotic knee replacement. A total of 101 RATKAs were performed between November 1, 2022, andDecember 1, 2022, by a surgeon and all the cases were included in this study. The first 50 consecutive knees were considered as 'Cohort I' and the next 51 consecutive knees as 'Cohort II'. The intraoperative robotic registration data and tourniquet time were recorded. On three months follow‑up, Oxford Knee Score and lower limb scannogram were recorded. All the 101 cases achieved the desired coronal plane alignment within 3 degrees from neutral. There was a significant difference in the tourniquet time between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the mean three months post-operative values of coronal and sagittal deformity correction, range of flexion, and Oxford Knee Score between the two groups. The VELYS™​​​​​​​robot-assisted system produces an accurate correction of coronal alignment. As the surgeon's experience increases with the system, there is a reduction in tourniquet time; however, the degree of deformity correction is comparable to that when he had no experience. Hence the benefits of RATKA are not limited to only surgeons having specific training in robotic-assisted knee replacement.

Research on the Integration of Sichuan Revolutionary Culture into College Ideological and Political Education Practice

Revolutionary culture, as an essential component of China's excellent traditional culture, represents the valuable spiritual wealth formed during the long-term revolutionary struggle led by the Chinese Communist Party. As one of the important birthplaces of the Chinese revolution, Sichuan preserves rich revolutionary cultural heritage that not only carries profound historical and cultural memories but also contains immense spiritual power. Integrating Sichuan revolutionary culture into the practical teaching of ideological and political education in colleges can enhance contemporary college students' sense of national identity and historical responsibility while effectively guiding them to establish correct historical and value perspectives.

An improved empirical quantile mapping approach for bias correction of extreme values in climate model simulations

Abstract Quantifying and correcting biases in modeling simulations is crucial for deriving meaningful findings across various scientific disciplines. Climate model simulations, in particular, often exhibit systemic biases when compared to observations. These biases may persist in future climate simulations, affecting the results of many climate change impact assessment studies. Empirical Quantile Mapping (QM) is a widely used method to correct such biases, mapping quantiles between observed and simulated Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs). However, empirical QM faces a fundamental challenge when the CDF of future simulations differs from historical simulations, potentially leading to extreme values falling outside the historical CDF range. To address this issue, our study introduces a novel approach to extrapolate future extreme values for bias correction, preserving the rank order of simulated future extremes. By construction, our approach ensures that bias corrected values are not exaggerated and retain the rank structure of the original simulated data, while preserving climate change signals in the bias corrected outputs. Additionally, our approach includes a technique to adjust the wet-day frequency for precipitation by preserving the ratio of wet-day frequency between observations and historical model simulations.

Memory Checking Requires Logarithmic Overhead

We study the complexity of memory checkers with computational security and prove the first general tight lower bound. Memory checkers, first introduced over 30 years ago by Blum, Evans, Gemmel, Kannan, and Naor (FOCS ’91, Algorithmica ’94), allow a user to store and maintain a large memory on a remote and unreliable server by using small trusted local storage. The user can issue instructions to the server and after every instruction, obtain either the correct value or a failure (but not an incorrect answer) with high probability. The main complexity measure of interest is the size of the local storage and the number of queries the memory checker makes upon every logical instruction. The most efficient known construction has query complexity O (log n /log log n ) and local space proportional to a computational security parameter, assuming one-way functions, where n is the logical memory size. Dwork, Naor, Rothblum, and Vaikuntanathan (TCC ’09) showed that for a restricted class of “deterministic and non-adaptive” memory checkers, this construction is optimal, up to constant factors. However, going beyond the small class of deterministic and non-adaptive constructions has remained a major open problem. In this work, we fully resolve the complexity of memory checkers by showing that any construction with local space p and query complexity q must satisfy \[ p \ge \frac{n}{(\log n)^{O(q)}} \;. \] This implies, as a special case, that q ≥ Ω (log n /log log n ) in any scheme, assuming that p ≤ n 1 − ε for ε &gt; 0. The bound applies to any scheme with computational security, completeness 2/3, and inverse polynomial in n soundness (all of which make our lower bound only stronger). We further extend the lower bound to schemes where the read complexity q r and write complexity q w differ. For instance, we show the tight bound that if q r = O (1) and p ≤ n 1 − ε for ε &gt; 0, then q w ≥ n Ω (1) . This is the first lower bound, for any non-trivial class of constructions, showing a read-write query complexity trade-off. Our proof is via a delicate compression argument showing that a “too good to be true” memory checker can be used to compress random bits of information. We draw inspiration from tools recently developed for lower bounds for relaxed locally decodable codes. However, our proof itself significantly departs from these works, necessitated by the differences between settings.

Redox potential tuning by calcium ions in a novel c-type cytochrome from an anammox organism.

The electrochemical potentials of redox-active proteins need to be tuned accurately to the correct values for proper biological function. Here we describe a diheme cytochrome c with high heme redox potentials of about +350 mV, despite having a large overall negative charge which typically reduces redox potentials. High resolution crystal structures, spectroelectrochemical measurements and high-end computational methods show how this is achieved: each heme iron has a calcium cation positioned next to it at a distance of only 6.9 Å, raising their redox potentials by several hundred mV through electrostatic interaction. We suggest that this has evolved to provide the protein with a high redox potential despite its large negative surface charge, which it likely requires for interactions with redox partners.

The Relationship Between Stress Tolerance, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Temperament Types: Pre-Service Teachers Example

The current study employing the mixed design to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the relationship between pre-service physical education teachers’ temperament types, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and stress tolerance level aims to contribute to the features loaded onto the “quality teacher” concept. In determining the participants, a convenience sampling method, one of the non-random sampling methods was used. The study's sampling is comprised of 92 females and 167 males, a total of 259, pre-service physical education teachers. The participants were administered a questionnaire made up of the scales of the Stress Tolerance Test in the Vienna Test System (DT-test), Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and the Nine Temperaments Model (DTMM). The qualitative data were collected by recording the participating pre-service teachers’ responses to the semi-structured open-ended questions. While quantitative data were analyzed with the SPSS 24 package program, qualitative data were written down, defined according to certain phenomena, and interpreted with the analysis in the depth and richness of the data. The temperament types of the students were found to lead to significant differences in the sub-dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation and the stress tolerance correct reaction time median values. The qualitative findings of the current study support the quantitative findings.

Water Level Forecasting Combining Machine Learning and Ensemble Kalman Filtering in the Danshui River System, Taiwan

Taiwan faces intense rainfall during typhoon seasons, leading to rapid increases in water level in rivers. Accurate flood forecasting in rivers is essential for protecting lives and property. The objective of this study is to develop a river flood forecasting model combining multiple additive regression trees (MART) and ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF). MART, a machine learning technique, predicts water levels for internal boundary conditions, correcting a one-dimensional (1D) unsteady flow model. EnKF further refines these predictions, enabling precise real-time forecasts of water levels in the Danshui River system for up to three hours lead time. The model was calibrated and validated using observed data from four historical typhoons to evaluate its accuracy. For the present time at three water level stations in the Danshui River system, the root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 0.088 to 0.343 m, while the coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 0.954 to 0.999. The validated model (module 1) was divided into two additional modules: module 2, which combined the ensemble unsteady flow model with inner boundary correction and MART, and module 3, which featured an ensemble 1D unsteady flow model without inner boundary correction. These modules were employed to forecast water levels at three stations from the present time to 3 h lead time during Typhoon Muifa in 2022. The study revealed that the Tu-Ti-Kung-Pi station was less affected by inner boundaries due to significant tidal influences. Consequently, excluding the upstream and downstream boundaries, Tu-Ti-Kung-Pi station showed a superior RMSE trend from present time to 3 h lead time across all three modules. Conversely, the Taipei Bridge and Bailing Bridge stations began using inner boundary forecast values for correction from 1 h to 3 h lead times. This increased the uncertainty of the inner boundary, resulting in higher RMSE values for these locations in modules 1 and 2 compared to module 3.

Analysis of the Relationship between Image Noise Value and Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) on Pitch Variation of Routine Abdominal CT Protocol at Koja Regional Hospital, North Jakarta

Computed Tomography (CT) has become one of the primary diagnostic methods in modern medicine, allowing detailed and accurate visualization of the internal structures of the human body. In its use, the pitch value can affect the radiation dose received by the patient and the quality of the resulting image. This study aims to analyze the effect of pitch variations on the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) and image noise in Routine Abdominal CT to achieve the best image quality with minimal patient dose. This research method uses a quantitative design using a 32 cm diameter PMMA water phantom as a model. Eight pitch variations (0.40, 0.55, 0.60, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.35, and 1.50) were evaluated using a Siemens Somatom Perspective 128 Slice CT-Scan. Data were collected through experiments on the water phantom and analyzed using descriptive analysis, normality tests, and correlation tests. The results showed no significant relationship between CTDI values and image noise with pitch variations. Increasing the pitch value contributed to increasing CTDI but decreased image noise. These results indicate that a pitch of 0.60 has an optimal image noise value and minimal CTDI in the Routine CT Abdomen protocol at RSUD Koja, North Jakarta. This study provides a deeper understanding of the importance of selecting the correct pitch value in minimizing patient radiation dose while maintaining good image quality. The practical implication is using a pitch of 0.60 as the optimal value for the Routine CT Abdomen protocol, which can reduce the risk of excessive radiation exposure to patients. Keywords: CT-Scan, pitch, water phantom, CT Abdomen, noise, computed tomography dose index (CTDI)

Solar power plant 618.8 kWp monitoring correction on the Fusion application

Monitoring of energy produced by the solar power plant (SPP) with a capacity of 618.8 kWp at HKBP Nommensen University in Medan is carried out using the FusionSolar application. This SPP energy management application includes displaying yield, energy consumption, energy exports, and SPP energy imports. The amount of energy displayed using the FusionSolar application is compared with the amount of energy resulting from manual calculations based on power data displayed on the alternating current (AC) combiner panel from 3-phase inverters. This comparison was carried out over seven days of measurements. It produced an average difference of 5.779%, with a correction value of 0.942, so the energy reading resulting from the FusionSolar application must be multiplied by this correction value.

Tuning a secondary dose verification software for a CT-guided online adaptive delivery system.

Quality assurance (QA) remains unstandardized for CT-guided online adaptive radiotherapy (CTgART) platforms (Ethos, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA), as they become more clinically prevalent. A secondary dose calculation software (Mobius3D, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) is provided for this closed CTgART system. However, the clinical impact of tuning dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) correction values for specific delivery techniques for CTgART secondary dose calculations remains uninvestigated. Tuning the DLG correction value for different delivery techniques of the independent secondary dose verification software for adaptive online QA. A total of 31 volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) and 13 fixed-gantry intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were selected from representative anatomical sites treated in our clinic. All plans were evaluated on a patient CT dataset and a QA dataset of a solid water phantom with an embedded ion chamber placed at the center in both primary treatment planning systems (TPS) and secondary dose verification software. Primary TPS plan doses were compared with secondary calculation doses on patient CT by calculating 3D gamma passing criteria under different DLG correction values ranging from -2 to 2mm to determine the optimal DLG correction range. Ion chamber verification measurements were then compared to secondary calculation dose to determine the optimal DLG correction value by minimizing the difference for IMRT and VMAT plans, separately. The optimal DLG correction values for VMAT and IMRT techniques were -0.3 and 0.4mm respectively for the selected clinical cohort of patients. The mean gamma passing rate between primary and secondary doses for VMAT and IMRT were 99.0%±1.0% and 99.9%±0.1% with 3%/2mm and excluding 10% low dose criteria. The mean ion chamber agreement for VMAT and IMRT were 0.0%±2.1% and 0.2%±1.4%. DLG correction value should be tuned for each delivery technique (VMAT and IMRT) separately to maximize the robustness of CTgART online QA programs.

Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Education in the Basic Course "Public Relations" of Public Utility Management

This article explores the practice and innovation of ideological and political education in the basic course "Public Relations" of the Public Utility Management major as an example. In the teaching process, teachers delve into the ideological and political elements in the curriculum, combining them with the theoretical knowledge and practical operations of public relations. Through teaching methods such as case analysis, role-playing, and simulation practice, teachers guide students to pay attention to moral and ethical issues in public relations practice, and cultivate their professional ethics and social responsibility. At the same time, teachers also integrate core ideological and political elements such as patriotism, professional ethics, and cultural confidence into the curriculum, guiding students to establish correct values and outlook on life. This article points out the direction for the evaluation of teaching effectiveness, teaching reflection, and teaching improvement of ideological and political courses through actual teaching cases and data.

Illumination-guided dual-branch fusion network for partition-based image exposure correction

Images captured in the wild often suffer from issues such as under-exposure, over-exposure, or sometimes a combination of both. These images tend to lose details and texture due to uneven exposure. The majority of image enhancement methods currently focus on correcting either under-exposure or over-exposure, but there are only a few methods available that can effectively handle these two problems simultaneously. In order to address these issues, a novel partition-based exposure correction method is proposed. Firstly, our method calculates the illumination map to generate a partition mask that divides the original image into under-exposed and over-exposed areas. Then, we propose a Transformer-based parameter estimation module to estimate the dual gamma values for partition-based exposure correction. Finally, we introduce a dual-branch fusion module to merge the original image with the exposure-corrected image to obtain the final result. It is worth noting that the illumination map plays a guiding role in both the dual gamma model parameters estimation and the dual-branch fusion. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently achieves superior performance over state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods on 9 datasets with paired or unpaired samples. Our codes are available at https://github.com/csust7zhangjm/ExposureCorrectionWMS.

An Open-Source algorithm for automatic geometrical optimization of extruded liquid cold plates for enhanced thermal management in railway electronics

This paper presents the development and application of an optimization algorithm for determining the geometric parameters of an extruded Liquid Cold Plate (LCP) with internally finned channels. The entire workflow operates within a fully open-source environment, offering a comprehensive and accessible solution for optimizing LCP geometric parameters for efficient thermal management in railway power electronics as well as other industrial applications. In particular, the aim is to minimize the maximum temperature and the temperature gradient at the interface between the LCP and an electronic device for electric trains that dissipates heat. The algorithm explores a defined range of geometric parameters and automatically generates combinations and performs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, using the open-source C++ toolbox OpenFOAM. Implemented in a bash script, the algorithm not only automates the simulation process but also provides a geometry of the LCP that is easy to manufacture and cost-effective. The correct value of parameters, such as the distance between the fins bottom surface and the channel base (gap), along with others, has shown a significant impact, leading to a reduction in both the maximum interface temperature (8K) and the temperature gradient (25K/m) within the system.

Analysis of Redox Properties of Polyphenols with Resorcinol Moiety

IntroductionPlant polyphenols have shown great promise for a prevention and treatment of national diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Polyphenols are organic substances with multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups in the same molecule, and are components of bitterness and pigmentation present in all higher plants. More than 8,000 natural polyphenols are known, and their intake is known to have health-promoting effects for humans. This is due to the antioxidant properties of polyphenols. Because they are antioxidants found in plants, they are readily available through the diet. Many polyphenols are known to have a dihydroxybenzene skeleton, and we recently reported that the electron transfer between polyphenols and ABTS radical is different for ortho-, meta-, and para-dihydroxybenzene, depending on their reaction mechanisms1. Polyphenols with a para-dihydroxybenzene moiety are known to undergo a stable two-electron transfer to form the quinone, while those with ortho-dihydroxybenzene are known to polymerize upon oxidation. Polyphenols with meta-dihydroxybenzene moiety are reported to undergo irreversible oxidation, which appears to be an addition reaction with radicals1. Among them, meta-substituted compounds have relatively high redox potential and seemingly low antioxidant capacity, but some of them, such as resveratrol and kaempferol, show very high activity. In this study, several polyphenols with meta-substituted dihydroxybenzenes were analyzed for their structural changes upon electrolytic oxidation.Experiments 40 mM Tris-HCl, 50% (v/v) methanol solution containing 0.5 mM polyphenol was used as a sample solution. The samples were analyzed by HPLC after oxidation treatment in a flow total electrolysis cell. A photodiode array and electrochemical detector (ECD) were used as detectors. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed beforehand to confirm the potential dependence of each substance on oxidation.Results and Discussion Resorcinol was whole electrolyzed in a flow-through whole-electrolysis cell and the products were measured by HPLC-DAD (diode array detector)-ECD. Several oxidation products were detected, and the detection potential dependence of the ECD detection of the most abundant oxidation product is shown in Figure 1a. The horizontal axis shows the applied potential, and the vertical axis is the ECD peak area divided by the UV absorption peak area. The concentration difference was corrected by dividing by UV absorption. The obtained corrected values were normalized by the maximum value. The obtained oxidation products were found to be oxidized above 0.5 V. Despite all of the sample were oxidized, the products were again shown to have reducing power, indicating that it got re-reduction ability through subsequent reactions. The potential dependence of resorcinol obtained from the same analysis shows that the oxidation current of resorcinol is observed above 0.7 V and becomes constant around 1.0 V, indicating that the oxidation product is a compound with a stronger reducing power of about 200 mV. An experiment similar to that in Fig. 1a was performed for catechin. The results are shown in Figure 1b. It is interesting that it was reoxidized despite being an oxidation product due to total electrolysis, but unlike the results for resorcinol, it showed the same potential dependence tendency as catechin. When detected very shortly after electrolytic oxidation, short-lived intermediates formed that oxidized at potentials lower than 0.4 V2. The difference between resorcinol and catechin may be due to the fact that catechins with catechol moiety have inherently lower oxidation potentials. These results suggest that resorcinol may generate catechol moieties through subsequent chemical reactions associated with oxidation. Structural analysis of other substances is currently underway.*1. K. Matsumoto, M. Taniarashi, Y. Tsutaho, A. Yamada, A. Yosho, T. Osakai, H. HottaRedox reactions between ABTS•+ and dihydroxybenzenes as studied by cyclic voltammetryAnal. Sci., 38 (2022), pp. 227-230,*2. T. Kuwabara, R. Hashimoto, K. Matsumoto, H. Hotta, M. Iiyama, T. Takayanagi, H. MizuguchiDetection behavior of phenolic compounds in a dual-electrode system assembled from track-etched membrane electrodesJ.Electroanal.Chem., 928 (2023), Article 117039, Figure 1

Autofocusing method for active Hadamard single-pixel microscopy using gradient descent algorithms

In active single-pixel microscopy (SPM) the final image quality is mainly determined by the correct focusing of a set of structured light patterns over the sample under study. The correct pattern checking represents a recurrent time-consuming task. In this work a fast, reconstruction-less autofocusing correction method for Hadamard-based reflective SPM is presented. The defocus phenomenon in SPM is physically described, and numerically and experimentally evaluated. A focus tunable lens is employed to introduce a controllable phase and correct the defocusing aberration. The value of the focal length correction is evaluated by analyzing a reduced region of interest within the Hadamard frequency space which ensures fast and reconstructionless operation for the autofocus routine. The sum of the absolute value of the measured sampled frequencies reaches its maximum value when the defocus is fully corrected. The inverse of the calculated sum is minimized using the gradient descent algorithm within an average of 9 experimental iterations to reach the optimal phase value. The performance of the method is tested experimentally with a resolution test chart placed along the focusing axis.