Corrective Glasses Research Articles

Eye-related quality of life and functional vision in children wearing glasses

To evaluate eye-related quality of life (ER-QOL) and functional vision in children wearing glasses using the Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ). Children 5-17years of age with normal visual acuity who wore glasses for correction of refractive error and with no other eye condition or treatment and control subjects who did not wear glasses, along with 1 parent for each child, were prospectively enrolled. Children completed the Child 5-11 or 12-17 PedEyeQ (four domains); parents completed the Proxy 5-11 or 12-17 questionnaires (perceived effect on child; five domains) and also the Parent questionnaire (effect on parent themselves; four domains). Each domain was Rasch-scored (converted to 0-100), and scores between groups were compared. A total of 40 subjects and 99 non-glasses-wearing controls, along with 1 parent for each child, were included. Children 5-11 and 12-17years of age who wore glasses had lower PedEyeQ scores across all domains compared with controls (mean differences, -6 to -15; P≤0.04 for each domain). Proxy scores were also lower for glasses wearers across age groups and domains (mean differences, -4 to -18; P≤0.02), and Parent scores were lower for parents of children wearing glasses (mean differences, -6 to -18; P<0.001 for each domain). In this study, glasses wearers had reduced ER-QOL and functional vision compared with control subjects. Parents of children wearing glasses also experience reduced quality of life.

Evaluation of lithium glass scintillation detector responses for tritium production rate measurement in blanket neutronics experiments using the PHITS code

Lithium (Li) glass scintillation detectors were utilized by the neutron response of a 7Li glass subtracted from the neutron response of a 6Li glass to evaluate the tritium production rate (TPR) in the fusion blanket neutronics experiments, which is a so called Li glass method. TPRs in the Li2O blanket and the Li/V-alloy blanket were measured by a 6Li2O and a 6Li2CO3 pellet method, and by the Li glass method in the benchmark neutronics experiment with D-T neutrons at the Fusion Neutronics facility (FNS) of JAERI. TPRs measured by the Li glass method are lower than TPRs measured by the pellet method. The neutron responses of Li glass detectors have been calculated to study the discrepancies of two different methods by using the PHITS code. In the blanket, the neutron spectra change to harder from the backside to the front side of blanket. The reaction rate of several reactions, such as 6Li(n, n’α)D, 7Li(n, n’α)T, 7Li(n, 2n)6Li, and the elastic scattering of 6Li and 7Li increase with the neutron energy. The low-energy neutron peak was considered only for the calculation of TPR from Li glass, which loses the information of the 6Li(n, α)T reaction from high-energy neutron range. In addition, the reaction rate of this peak evaluated by the Li glass method is lower than real TPR of this peak for 6Li glass caused by weakened effect from other reactions. Therefore, the ratios of this peak reaction rate from the Li glass method against the total TPR of 6Li glass were evaluated to be a correction factor to correct Li glass method. After the correction, TPRs measured by Li glass method agree well with TPRs measured by pellet method.

Ochrona przed niekorzystnym działaniem smogu na oczy

World Health Organization data for 2016 suggest that 33 out of the 50 most polluted cities in the European Union are located in Poland. The poor air quality is caused by exceedances of the permitted levels of PM10 and PM2.5, as well as benzo(a)pyrene. Children and the elderly are the most vulnerable to smog-related diseases. The paper discusses the harmful impact of smog on the surface of the human eye and its adnexa. The negative effects include conjunctivitis, drying of the ocular adnexa and excessive tear evaporation, grittiness and tearing. The best way to protect one’s eyes is to avoid smog and use corrective glasses or sunglasses with certified UV screens. Wearing contact lenses is also recommended, while principles of hygiene should be rigorously observed. One should also drink plenty of water to increase tear production. Using purifiers is also recommended.

Pengaruh derajat kelainan refraksi dan penggunaan kacamata koreksi terhadap ketajaman stereopsis pada anak

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction : The stereoacuity depends on the binocular cooperation of both eyes and the good visual acuity of each eye. The relationship between stereoacuity and visual acuity is stereoacuity will decrease if the visual acuity decreases. Method : This study is a cross-sectional analytic study, conducted in elementary schools in Makassar for 3 months. There were 261 children who met the inclusion criteria consisting of 124 men (47.5%) and 137 women (52.5%). The degrees of refractive error were divided into mild, moderate, and severe degrees. Measurement of stereoacuity using Titmus Stereotest before and after the use of corrective glasses. &#x0D; Result : The results showed a significant correlation between the degree of refractive abnormality with stereoacuity before corrective glasses based on Kendall’s tau b = 0.313 (p &lt;0.001), whereas the more severe of the degrees of the refractive error, the worse the stereoacuity . There is a significant correlation between the degrees of refractive error and stereoacuity after corrective glasses based on Kendall’s tau b = 0.235 (p &lt;0.001), whereas the more severe of the degrees of the refractive error, the worse stereoacuity. There were significant differences in stereoacuity to the degrees of refractive error before and after the use of corrective glasses based on McNemar statistical test (p &lt;0.001). Conclusion : The more severe of the degrees of the refractive error, the worse the stereoacuity. Stereoacuity after the use of corrective glasses is better than before the use of corrective glasses. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Efektywność optometrycznej terapii wzroku w akomodacyjnej ezotropii z wysokim AC/A

Convergence excess esotropia is commonly treated with corrective glasses (plus lenses), which reduces the angle of deviation for a distance, but the near deviation is still observed. Two types of approach are used to manage convergence excess esotropia: bifocals or eye muscles surgery. Nevertheless, both treatments seem to fail to influence the stereovision. The paper describes the case of 10-year-old girl, diagnosed with convergence excess esotropia with high AC/A ratio, who was subjected to the optometric vision therapy and bifocals. As an effect, visual parameters were improved, and majority of visual symptoms decreased. This case indicates that treatment plan for esotropia should include improvement of accommodation, eye movements and inter-ocular suppression, what strongly influence oculo-motor control and stereovision.

Prevalence of refractive errors in Iranian university students in Kazerun

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment and the correlation between personal characteristics, including age, sex, weight, and height, with different types of refractive errors in a population of university students in the south of Iran. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a number of university majors were selected as clusters using multi-stage sampling in all universities located in Kazerun (27 clusters of 133 clusters). Then, proportional to size, a number of students in each major were randomly selected to participate in the study. Uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, non-cycloplegic objective refraction and subjective refraction were measured in all participants. ResultsThe prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of presenting visual impairment and blindness was 2.19% (1.48–3.23) and 0.27% (0.12–0.62), respectively. Refractive errors comprised 75% of the causes of visual impairment. The prevalence (95% CI) of myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ −0.5 D], hyperopia (SE ≥ 0.5 D), and astigmatism (cylinder power < −0.5 D) was 42.71% (39.71–45.77), 3.75% (2.85–4.51), and 29.46% (27.50–31.50), respectively. Totally, 49.03% (46.39–51.68) of the participants had at least one type of refractive error. There was a positive association between weight and myopia (1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02), anisometropia (1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.06), and refractive errors (1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02). In comparison with the age group 18–19 years, the odds ratio (OR) of astigmatism in the age group 26–27 years was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.03–2.61), and the OR of anisometropia in the age group ≥30 years was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.04–0.98). ConclusionsThe prevalence of refractive errors, especially myopia, is higher in university students than the general population. Since refractive errors constitute a major part of visual impairment, university students should receive special services for providing corrective lenses and glasses to reduce the burden of these disorders.

Clinical study of the influence of preoperative wearing time on postoperative effects in children with partially accommodative esotropia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the preoperative wearing time on the postoperative effect in children with partially accommodative esotropia.Sixty children with partially accommodative esotropia who visited our hospital were placed in full cycloplegic refraction by using 1% Atropine eye gel and then wore full hyperopic correction glasses. Children were divided into groups A and B according to the preoperative wearing time. The visual acuity, eye position, and results of the synoptophore and Titmus stereoacuity tests were recorded before and half a year after the surgery in each group, and appropriate statistical analyses were conducted.Half a year after the operation, 54 cases achieved orthotropia when wearing full hyperopic correction glasses. One case was overcorrected. Five cases were undercorrected. The results of the synoptophore and Titmus stereoacuity test showed that there was no significant difference between postoperative outcomes for patients who wore glasses for half a year and for 1 year before the operation.For children with partially accommodative esotropia, surgery should be used to correct the eye position after wearing full hyperopic correction glasses for half a year to improve the eye position and binocular vision as early as possible. If the operation cannot be completed after the patient wears full hyperopic correction glasses for half a year due to various subjective and objective factors, a good postoperative effect can be obtained if the patients receive surgery after wearing full hyperopic correction glasses for 1 year.

A Comparative Study on the Effects of Vintage Nonpharmacological Techniques in Reducing Myopia (Bates eye exercise therapy vs. Trataka Yoga Kriya).

Background:Human eye captures light rays as they come and fall on the retina and convert them into an image. However, in myopia, light rays fall in front of retina, causing blurring of image. Correction of this is generally done using correcting devices such as corrective glasses and contact lenses. Existence of some alternative therapies is also noticed in literature.Aim:To compare the effects of Bates eye exercises and Trataka Yoga Kriya on myopia.Materials and Methodology:Ethical clearance was obtained from the institution, and informed consent was taken from participants. In this randomized comparative study, 24 participants (48 eyes) were taken based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly divided into two groups: Group A and Group B, where Bates eye exercise therapy and Trataka Yoga Kriya were given, respectively, for 8 weeks. Participants were assessed for their refractive errors and visual acuity pre- and post-intervention.Results:Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results obtained revealed that both Bates exercises and Trataka Yoga Kriya were not significantly effective in reducing refractive errors and in improving visual acuity (P value of refractive error in right eye: 0.4250; left eye: 0.4596; P value of visual acuity in right eye: 0.5691; left eye: 0.8952).Conclusion:This study concludes that nonpharmacological approaches such as eye exercises and Trataka Yoga Kriya are not significant on myopia.

Unblurring the Market for Vision Correction: A Willingness to Pay Experiment in Rural Burkina Faso

We assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for eyeglasses in an adult population in rural Burkina Faso using a variant of the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method. We combine the BDM approach with video and deferred payment options to analyze the role of information and liquidity constraints. Furthermore, we exploit variation in reservation and transaction prices to study potential screening and sunk cost effects. Our main results show that, consistent with the over-exclusion perspective documented for essential health products, the willingness to pay for glasses is low, amounting to 20% of the current market price. Information provided through a video raises the willingness to pay for corrective glasses by 16%. In contrast, deferred payment does not affect the willingness to pay. Finally, we find no evidence of screening or sunk cost effects. Overall our results lend support to subsidization of eyeglasses in a resource poor setting.

Changes in Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness Wearing Corrective Glasses for Hyperopia with Amblyopia or Esotropia

Changes in Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness Wearing Corrective Glasses for Hyperopia with Amblyopia or Esotropia

Refractive errors in age group seven to fifteen years: North-east India scenario

Background: The objectives of study were to find out the different types of refractive errors in children between seven to fifteen years age group and the cause of uncorrected defective vision.Methods: A prospective study was designed of two thousand children aged between seven to fifteen years, attending outpatient department. Study period was one year. Consent was obtained from their guardian. Inclusion criteria were children with refractive errors. Children presenting with organic defects of ocular structures, infections, corneal opacity, cataract, choroid and retinal disorders were excluded from study. Data were collected by history taking and comprehensive ocular examination, visual tests for both near and distant vision. Refractive error assessed by cycloplegic drug with one percent Homatropine eye drops, by streak retinoscopy. Objective refraction were carried out and documented. Subjective refraction was done after one week. Both BCVA and uncorrected refractive errors were ascertained and recorded.Results: Out of two thousand children examined, myopic = 34%, hypermetropic = 11%, and astigmatic = 55%. M: F = 900:1000. Study showed headache as the commonest symptom. 17% of the patients had positive family history. Correctable errors constitute 91% of the total cases.Conclusions: Myopic astigmatism was found to be the most frequent refractive error in children. Mass screening is required for early diagnosis of refractive error. Prescribing corrective glasses for children with refractive errors at an early age will prevent childhood morbidity.

Perfect X-ray focusing via fitting corrective glasses to aberrated optics

Due to their short wavelength, X-rays can in principle be focused down to a few nanometres and below. At the same time, it is this short wavelength that puts stringent requirements on X-ray optics and their metrology. Both are limited by today’s technology. In this work, we present accurate at wavelength measurements of residual aberrations of a refractive X-ray lens using ptychography to manufacture a corrective phase plate. Together with the fitted phase plate the optics shows diffraction-limited performance, generating a nearly Gaussian beam profile with a Strehl ratio above 0.8. This scheme can be applied to any other focusing optics, thus solving the X-ray optical problem at synchrotron radiation sources and X-ray free-electron lasers.

Sensorial status in patients with pure accomodative esotropia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the sensorial status in patients with pure accommodative esotropia. Material and methods Ambispective study, patients with pure accommodative esotropia that were found in orthotropy when using its correction glasses were included. Results 67 patients were included, mean age was 3.68 ± 1.28 years, the near and far ocular deviation was 19 ± 8.8 PD and 18.71 ± 10.61 PD respectively. The visual acuity in the right eye was 0.183 ± 0.11 logMAR, in the left eye was 0.188 ± 0.12 logMAR. The average spherical equivalent was +5.50 diopters, for the right eye was +5.46 ± 1.61 diopters and for the left eye +5.71 ± 1.6 diopters. The average AC/A ratio was 5.19 ± 0.92 Δ/1. 90% of the patients had a grade of near stereopsis: 42% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 81% had stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 205 arc seconds. 85% of the patients had some grade of far stereopsis: 16% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 66% had a stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 334.9 arc seconds. There was not statistically significant correlation between the grade of deviation and the stereopsis when using its correction. Conclusions This study has detected that the sensorial status is compromised even with adequate and appropriate treatment, nevertheless, there is a low frequency of amblyopia.

Binocularidad en pacientes con endotropía totalmente acomodativa

ObjectiveTo evaluate the sensorial status in patients with pure accommodative esotropia. Material and methodsAmbispective study, patients with pure accommodative esotropia that were found in orthotropy when using its correction glasses were included. Results67 patients were included, mean age was 3.68±1.28 years, the near and far ocular deviation was 19±8.8 PD and 18.71±10.61 PD respectively. The visual acuity in the right eye was 0.183 ±0.11 logMAR, in the left eye was 0.188±0.12 logMAR. The average spherical equivalent was +5.50 diopters, for the right eye was +5.46 ±1.61 diopters and for the left eye +5.71 v±1.6 diopters. The average AC/A ratio was 5.19±0.92 Δ/1. 90% of the patients had a grade of near stereopsis: 42% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 81% had stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 205 arc seconds.85% of the patients had some grade of far stereopsis: 16% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 66% had a stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 334.9 arc seconds. There was not statistically significant correlation between the grade of deviation and the stereopsis when using its correction. ConclusionsThis study has detected that the sensorial status is compromised even with adequate and appropriate treatment, nevertheless, there is a low frequency of amblyopia.

Changes in stereopsis after photorefractive keratectomy

To evaluate the effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on the stereopsis of myopic and hyperopic patients. Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Prospective case series. This study included patients having PRK to achieve emmetropia. The patients were divided into the following 3 groups: low myopia (<-6.0 diopters [D]), high myopia (>-6.0 D), and hyperopia (<+4.0 D). Near stereoacuity was measured using the Randot test under photopic conditions (with corrective glasses) at 40cm preoperatively (with corrective glasses) and 1, 3, and 12months postoperatively. Repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to assess changes in stereopsis over time in the 3 groups. Each group comprised 60 patients. The mean preoperative stereoacuity was 121.16seconds of arc (arcsec)±149.92 (SD), improving to 83.66±75.84 arcsec 1month postoperatively and 80.66±64.31 arcsec at 3months (both P<.001). It remained unchanged (83.33±75.01 arcsec) at 12months (P=.610). Patients with high myopia had the greatest improvement in stereopsis after PRK compared with low myopic and hyperopic patients (P<.001). The improvement in stereoacuity was significantly higher in the severe anisometropic group; the lowest improvement was in the group without anisometropia. Photorefractive keratectomy could result in an improvement in stereopsis. Patients with high myopia benefitted most from PRK in terms of improvement in stereopsis. None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Eiconomètre électronique : tests de mesure présentés sur écran stéréoscopique

We propose the presentation on a stereoscopic screen of the electronic eikonometer tests intended for analysis and measurement of perceptual effects of binocular disparity. These tests, so-called "built-in magnification tests" are constructed according to the same principle as those of preceding eikonometers (disparity variation parameters being included in each test presentation, which allows, for test observation and measurements during the examination, the removing of any intermediate optical system). The images of these tests are presented separately to each eye, according to active or passive stereoscopic screen technology: (1) Ogle Spatial Test to measure aniseikonia; (2) Fixation Disparity test: binocular nonius; (3) retinal correspondence test evaluated by nonius horopter; (4) stereoscopic test using Julesz' random-dot stereograms (RDS). All of these tests, with their variable parameters included, are preprogrammed by means of an associated mini-computer. This new system (a single screen for the presentation of tests for the right eye and left eye) will be much simpler to reproduce and install for all practitioners interested in the functional exploration of binocular vision. We develop the suitable methodology adapted to each type of examination, as well as manipulations to be performed by the operator. We then recall the possibilities for reducing aniseikonia thanks to some theoretical studies previously performed by matrix calculation of the size of the retinal images for different types of eye (emmetropia, axial or conformation anisometropia, aphakia) and for different means of correction (glasses, contact lenses, implants). Software for achieving these different tests is available, on request, at this address: eiconometre.electronique@gmail.com.

A wearable navigation display can improve attentiveness to the surgical field.

Surgical navigation is typically shown on a computer display that is distant from the patient, making it difficult for the surgeon to watch the patient while performing a guided task. We investigate whether a light-weight, untracked, wearable display (such as Google Glass, which has the same size and weight as corrective glasses) can improve attentiveness to the surgical field in a simulated surgical task. Three displays were tested: a computer monitor; a peripheral display above the eye; and a through-the-lens display in front of the eye. Twelve subjects performed a task to position and orient a tracked tool on a plastic femur. Both wearable displays were tested on the dominant and non-dominant eyes of each subject. Attentiveness during the task was measured by the time taken to respond to randomly illuminated LEDs on the femur. Attentiveness was improved with the wearable displays at the cost of a decrease in accuracy. The through-the-lens display performed better than the peripheral display. The peripheral display performed better when on the dominant eye, while the through-the-lens display performed better when on the non-dominant eye. Attentiveness to the surgical field can be improved with the use of a light-weight, untracked, wearable display. A through-the-lens display performs better than a peripheral display, and both perform better than a computer monitor. Eye dominance should be considered when positioning the display.

Visual Defects in Special Olympics Participants From Europe.

To describe visual problems among athletes with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and the role of vision in special sports. A cross-sectional observational study. Athletes participating in Special Olympics European Summer Games 2010 in Warsaw attended vision screening by Special Olympics Lions Clubs International Opening Eyes. Coaches were encouraged to bring all athletes to screening without selection; 900 athletes from 52 European countries participated. Standard noninvasive eye examination procedures. Independent variables were age, gender, sport, and country of origin. Eyeglasses wear, presenting visual acuity, refractive error, and ocular health. Testability rates were very high. Findings confirmed high prevalence of ocular/visual defects in people with ID. There was an association between acuity and sport discipline. Few athletes used sports glasses. Screening revealed a lack of eye care even in the most developed nations. The impact of vision on sports activity in athletes with ID is significant. More needs to be done to ensure good vision and safety correction for active people with ID. Better provision and greater awareness of eye care in people with ID is needed in all European societies. Data presented highlight the need for increased awareness of the role of vision in sporting achievements, personal development, and quality of life in active people with ID. Athletes with ID should have easily accessible comprehensive eye care, and when appropriate, corrective and protective glasses. This will require the efficient cooperation of vision specialists, coaches, carers, and athletes themselves.

Secular and Religious Responses to a Child's Potentially Fatal Illness in the Canary Islands

In the summer of 1985 two-year-old Lucia, the only child of my friends on the island of Tenerife, Lourdes and Eligio, went cross-eyed. After she was given corrective glasses, and then had an operation, she began to have dizzy spells and be unsteady on her feet. Finally in February, 1986, after a bad fall and vomiting, she was taken to a hospital, where a large tumor was found in her brain. She was immediately operated on, and a valve was installed to relieve the pressure on the brain, pending the more complex removal of the tumor. The doctors were pessimistic. They said the chances were 95% that the tumor was malignant; that Lucia might not survive its removal, and that if she did her life would probably be short and unpleasant.

Accuracy and re-test reliability of mobile eye-tracking in Parkinson's disease and older adults

Mobile eye-tracking is important for understanding the role of vision during real-world tasks in older adults (OA) and people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, accuracy and reliability of such devices have not been established in these populations. We used a novel protocol to quantify accuracy and reliability of a mobile eye-tracker in OA and PD.A mobile eye-tracker (Dikablis) measured the saccade amplitudes of 20 OA and 14 PD on two occasions. Participants made saccades between targets placed 5°, 10° and 15° apart. Impact of visual correction (glasses) on saccadic amplitude measurement was also investigated in 10 OA.Saccade amplitude accuracy (median bias) was −1.21° but a wide range of bias (−7.73° to 5.81°) was seen in OA and PD, with large vertical saccades (15°) being least accurate. Reliability assessment showed a median difference between sessions of <1° for both groups, with poor to good relative agreement (Spearman rho: 0.14 to 0.85). Greater accuracy and reliability was observed in people without visual correction.Saccade amplitude can be measured with variable accuracy and reliability using a mobile eye-tracker in OA and PD. Human, technological and study-specific protocol factors may introduce error and are discussed along with methodological recommendations.