Correct Direction Research Articles

Reliable detection of directional couplings using cross-vector measures.

Detecting directional couplings from time series is crucial in understanding complex dynamical systems. Various approaches based on reconstructed state-spaces have been developed for this purpose, including a cross-distance vector measure, which we introduced in our recent work. Here, we devise two new cross-vector measures that utilize ranks and time series estimates instead of distances. We analyze various deterministic and stochastic dynamics to compare our cross-vector approach against some established state-space-based approaches. We demonstrate that all three cross-vector measures can identify the correct coupling direction for a broader range of couplings for all considered dynamics. Among the three cross-vector measures, the rank-based variant performs the best. Comparing this novel measure to an established rank-based measure confirms that it is more noise-robust and less affected by linear cross-correlation. To extend this comparison to real-world signals, we combine both measures with the method of surrogates and analyze a database of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from epilepsy patients. This database contains signals from brain areas where the patients' seizures were detected first and signals from brain areas that were not involved in the seizure onset. A better discrimination between these signal classes is obtained by the cross-rank vector measure. Additionally, this measure proves to be robust to non-stationarity, as its results remain nearly unchanged when the analysis is repeated for the subset of EEG signals that were identified as stationary in previous work. These findings suggest that the cross-vector approach can serve as a valuable tool for researchers analyzing complex time series and for clinical applications.

Theoretical Acceptance and Practical Exploration of Marxism in the Work-Study Group in France

Since 1919, on the eve of the birth of the Communist Party of China (CPC), a group of aspiring young people travelled across the ocean to France to study and work, and to explore ways to save the country and make it strong. During their stay in France, they worked hard and studied thriftily, and at the same time penetrated into the French society, understood the workers' movement and came into contact with Marxism. They were the first group to turn their attention to Marxism, study and accept it, and spread it to China. They promoted the spread of Marxism in China and expanded the path of spreading it, which provided the theoretical basis for the establishment of the CPC; they actively carried out practical explorations, which influenced the establishment of the early organisations of the CPC, and at the same time, they set up CPC the European Branch of the CPC and the Chinese Socialist Youth League, which solidly formed the organisational basis of the CPC; they cultivated a large number of excellent Chinese Communists such as Cai Hesen and Zhou Enlai and enriched the early leadership force of the Party, laying the foundation for the Party's establishment and development. All of the above made indelible contributions to the origin and development of the CPC. However, their acceptance and exploration of Marxism also had historical limitations due to the limitations of social and historical conditions and the lack of their own understanding. At present, our country is in the critical period of realising the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and the study of Party history is of great and far-reaching significance for summing up the historical experience, understanding the laws of history, grasping the initiative of history, passing on the red genes, bearing in mind the mission of the original heart and adhering to the correct direction.

A detailed inquiry of the differences between headphones and loudspeakers influences on dynamic postural task performance.

We examined the impact of auditory stimuli and their methods on a dynamic balance task performance. Twenty-four young adults wore an HTC Vive headset and dodged a virtual ball to the right or left based on its color (blue to the left, red to the right, and vice versa). We manipulated the environment by introducing congruent (auditory stimuli from the correct direction) or incongruent (auditory stimuli played randomly from either side) and comparing a multimodal (visual and congruent auditory stimuli) to unimodal (visual or auditory stimuli) presentation. We tested four apparatuses: loudspeakers, headphones, passthrough, (wearing headphones while auditory stimuli come from loudspeakers) and room simulation (externalization via headphones). We quantified reaction time (RT) and accuracy (choosing the correct direction to dodge) from the head movement. We hypothesized that the weight of the headset will slow RT, and that externalization of the auditory stimuli will make it more usable when no visual cues are provided. Interestingly, both hypotheses were refuted. In silent conditions, RT was faster with headphones compared to loudspeakers, but this difference disappeared when auditory stimuli were introduced. Participants used congruent auditory stimuli to improve accuracy but disregarded incongruent auditory stimuli across all apparatuses except for room simulation. In conclusion, this study confirmed that healthy young adults can use congruent auditory stimuli to enhance accuracy and disregard incongruent auditory stimuli such that accuracy is not harmed. RT was either faster or the same with headphones compared to loudspeakers. Notably, this specific room simulation did not enhance performance.

Research on the effectiveness of multi-view slice correction strategy based on deep learning in high pitch helical CT reconstruction.

Recent studies have explored layered correction strategies, employing a slice-by-slice approach to mitigate the prominent limited-view artifacts present in reconstructed images from high-pitch helical CT scans. However, challenges persist in determining the angles, quantity, and sequencing of slices. This study aims to explore the optimal slicing method for high pitch helical scanning 3D reconstruction. We investigate the impact of slicing angle, quantity, order, and model on correction effectiveness, aiming to offer valuable insights for the clinical application of deep learning methods. In this study, we constructed and developed a series of data-driven slice correction strategies for 3D high pitch helical CT images using slice theory, and conducted extensive experiments by adjusting the order, increasing the number, and replacing the model. The experimental results indicate that indiscriminately augmenting the number of correction directions does not significantly enhance the quality of 3D reconstruction. Instead, optimal reconstruction outcomes are attained by aligning the final corrected slice direction with the observation direction. The data-driven slicing correction strategy can effectively solve the problem of artifacts in high pitch helical scanning. Increasing the number of slices does not significantly improve the quality of the reconstruction results, ensuring that the final correction angle is consistent with the observation angle to achieve the best reconstruction quality.

Direction of Arrival Correction through Speech Quality Feedback

Direction of Arrival Correction through Speech Quality Feedback

Uncovering the causal relationships in plant-microbe ecosystems: A time series analysis of the duckweed cultivation system for biomass production and wastewater treatment

The complex interplay among plants, microbes, and the environment strongly affects productivity of vegetation ecosystems; however, determining causal relationships among various factors in these systems remains challenging. To address this issue, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of a data analytical framework called empirical dynamic modeling, which identifies causal links and directions solely from time series data. By cultivating duckweed, a promising aquatic plant for biomass production and wastewater treatment, we obtained a 63-day time series data of plant productivity, microbial community structure, wastewater treatment performance, and environmental factors. We confirmed that empirical dynamic modeling can identify the correct causal directions among temperature, light intensity and plant growth, solely from time series data. Extending the analysis to microbial community data suggested that the bacterial family Comamonadaceae positively affects host duckweed growth and nitrogen removal. Additionally, the predicted abundance of bacterial genes relevant to xenobiotics biodegradation was shown to have a positive effect on organic pollutant removal, supporting the significant role of bacterial metabolism in phytoremediation performance. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of empirical dynamic modeling in uncovering causal relationships within vegetation ecosystems, which are difficult to examine comprehensively through conventional experiment-based approaches.

Effect of different corrective force directions applied by spinal orthoses on the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundSpinal orthoses are commonly prescribed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), yet their three-dimensional correction was not fully understood. The amount of deformity control largely depends on the corrective forces applied, which remain empirically based due to a lack of consensus on optimal force application. This study investigated the effects of different corrective force directions exerted by spinal orthoses on patients with AIS.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 subjects. The trunk was segmented into four quadrants using coronal and sagittal planes from a top-down perspective. Each left or right posterolateral quadrant (with 90°) was further subdivided into zones 1–4, from the sagittal to coronal planes. Based on the zone where the resultant corrective force direction fell, the subjects were categorized into Group 1 (zone 1), Group 2 (zone 2), Group 3 (zone 3), or Group 4 (zone 4). The direction of the corrective force was estimated using modified models of the subjects’ bodies, designed through a computer-aided design and manufacturing system integral to the orthosis fabrication process. The effects of corrective forces in different zones on scoliotic spine were assessed.ResultsAmong the subjects, 3 were in Group 1, 17 in Group 2, 52 in Group 3, and 6 in Group 4. Due to the limited number of subjects, data from Groups 1 and 4 were not analysed. Groups 2 and 3 showed significant reductions in Cobb angle in the coronal plane and plane of maximum curvature (PMC) following orthosis fitting (p < 0.05). Group 2 displayed a significant decrease > 5º in thoracic kyphosis (p < 0.05). Both Groups 2 and 3 exhibited significant reductions in lumbar lordosis. PMC orientation remained unchanged over time (p > 0.05) but was notably higher in Group 2 after orthosis fitting (p < 0.05).ConclusionsCorrective forces applied by spinal orthoses in zones 2 and 3 effectively controlled lateral curve progression. Notably, only forces in zone 3 neither significantly reduced thoracic kyphosis nor exacerbated the deviation of scoliotic spine from the sagittal plane. Further research is needed to validate and expand upon these results.

The results of the assessment of burnout syndrome in outpatient clinic staff for the development of personalized rehabilitation

In conditions of increased workload on the medical staff of outpatient clinics, the need to preserve their physical and mental health, reduce the socially significant consequences of emotional burnout comes first, which makes it necessary to search for new directions of prevention, correction and rehabilitation using personalized medicine methods. The study aims to assess the state of health and the syndrome of emotional burnout in medical workers of the outpatient clinic. Specialists have examined 100 medical workers of outpatient and inpatient departments of the medical institution in equal numbers. The average age of outpatient medical staff was 49 [46;59] years, and inpatient — 43 [33;53] years. The average work experience of the examined medical personnel was the same both in outpatient settings (20 [16;28] years) and in hospital (20 [13;31] years). The authors have performed general clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations. In addition to the standard examination scheme, the scientists assessed emotional burnout using the V.V. Boyko method and the quality of life according to the EQ-5D questionnaire in modification 3L and the hospital anxiety and depression scale HADS, and also conducted a questionnaire on a new coronavirus infection and the detection of post-COVID syndrome. As a result of the study, the authors proved a decrease in the psychological and physical components of the quality of life of medical workers, which are associated with both work experience and a new coronavirus infection. It was confirmed that according to the results of the Boyko questionnaire, employees of the outpatient clinic, compared with their colleagues from the hospital, often have a higher unfavorable total score. According to the results of the survey, we observe an improvement in the psychological and physical components of the quality of life of medical personnel after individual rehabilitation. This study showed the importance of assessing the state of health and emotional burnout syndrome in medical workers, high scores were revealed according to the Boyko questionnaire. Limitations. This study is limited to a sex-and-age sample of medical staff at a medical institution. Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration "Recommendations for Doctors on Biomedical research in Humans" (2013), the World Association "Ethical Principles of Scientific Medical Research with Human Participation" as amended in 2000 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation", approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06/19/2003, according to the developed protocol.

Association between human blood metabolome and risk of myocarditis: a mendelian randomization study

Myocarditis is a common disease of the cardiovascular and immune systems, but the relationship between relevant blood metabolites and the risk of myocarditis has not been well-established. To identify potential biometabolic markers associated with myocarditis, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. We performed preliminary MR analysis using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods to adjust for false discovery rate (FDR). Confounders were screened using the GWAS Catalog website. Sensitivity analyses included Cochrane Q-test, Egger regression, Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO), scatterplots, funnel plots, and forest plots. For genetic and directional analysis, we employed co-localization analysis and the Steiger test. MR analysis was performed using the FinnGen database and meta-analysis was performed using the IEU database. MR analysis identified significant correlations for five metabolic biomarkers after FDR correction. These included four known metabolites: kynurenine, 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0), deoxycarnitine, and 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil, as well as one unknown metabolite, X-25,422. Among these, kynurenine (OR = 1.441, 95%CI = 1.089–1.906, p-value = 0.018) and 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0) (OR = 1.263, 95%CI = 1.029–1.550, p-value = 0.029) were identified as risk factors for myocarditis, while deoxycarnitine (OR = 0.813, 95%CI = 0.676–0.979, p-value = 0.029), 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (OR = 0.864, 95% CI = 0.775–0.962, p-value = 0.018), and X-25,422 (OR = 0.721, 95%CI = 0.587–0.886, p-value = 0.009) were found to be protective factors. No evidence of heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, or sensitivity issues was observed, and no shared genetic factors between exposure and outcome were detected. The causality was in the correct direction. Meta-analysis further confirmed the causal relationship between the five metabolites and myocarditis. This study identifies a causal relationship between five circulating metabolites and myocarditis. Kynurenine, 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0), deoxycarnitine, X-25,422, and 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil may serve as potential drug targets for myocarditis, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition.

Mesiodistal tip expression of mandibular anterior teeth in patients with mandibular incisor extraction treated with Invisalign aligners

Extraction of a single mandibular incisor may be prescribed in conjunction with clear aligner orthodontic treatment. The accuracy of therapeutic mesiodistal tooth positioning for the remaining mandibular anterior teeth for such patients has not been comprehensively evaluated. This retrospective study compared the predicted and achieved mesiodistal tooth movements in the mandibular anterior region for patients treated with Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif), along with the influence of aligner attachments and the frequency of aligner change. A sample of 83 subjects who had undergone Invisalign treatment with a single mandibular incisor extraction was collected from an existing database. The pretreatment tooth positions, the predicted mesiodistal tooth movement, and the achieved outcomes were measured for the remaining mandibular anterior teeth using Geomagic Control X metrology software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). The predicted and achieved mesiodistal tip movements were analyzed and compared. Regression analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.001) between the predicted and achieved mesiodistal tooth positioning for incisors and canines. For every degree of predicted incisor mesiodistal tip, 78.89% of this tip was achieved (R2= 0.4901). For every degree of predicted canine tip, 54.16% was clinically expressed (R2= 0.5965). The accuracy of mesiodistal tip expression was not significantly affected by the prescribed number of aligners, 1-week vs 2-week aligner change protocols, or the presence of attachments (P>0.05). In addition, incisors were less likely to express the correct direction of the mesiodistal tip predicted than canines (P= 0.020). A shortfall between the predicted and clinically achieved expression of mesiodistal tooth movement with Invisalign was found for the anterior teeth after a mandibular incisor extraction. The number of aligners, duration of aligner wear, and specific attachment designs were not found to significantly influence the accuracy of the achieved mesiodistal tip movements.

Causal relationship between uric acid and stroke: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

Many previous observational studies have disputed whether there is a link between uric acid and stroke. And the causal relationship between uric acid and stroke is unclear. To determine whether there is a causal relationship between uric acid and stroke by using mendelian randomization (MR). Uric acid dataset was obtained from Anna Kottgen et al, with a sample size of 110,347 people, including 2450,548 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Stroke pooled data from Malik R et al, publicly available in MEGASTROKE genome-wide association study, included meta-analysis data from 40,585 stroke patients and 406,111 control patients, totaling 8211,693 SNPs. The summary data of genome-wide association study of uric acid and stroke were collected from publicly available online databases. Inverse variance weighting was used to determine the causal relationship between uric acid and stroke. MR-Egger and weighted median model were used for supplementary analysis. Results were then analyzed for heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and sensitivity to ensure no statistical pleiotropy and to reduce bias. A total of 27 SNPs were included in this study after the disequilibrium instrumental variables were excluded. Check the PhenoScanner database for SNPs associated with confounders. In the end, a total of 8 SNPs were excluded. Two SNPs were excluded because the correction direction was the same. Since the F statistic is >10, rs10761587 and rs1825043 are excluded. Finally, 15 SNPs were selected as uric acid instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighting-fixed effect model suggested that there was no causal relationship between uric acid and stroke (odds ratio = 1.004, 95% confidence interval = 0.940, 1.072). MR-Egger and weighted median model also showed the same result. In addition, the results of this study were robust without heterogeneity and pleiotropy. This MR study suggests no support of a causal relationship between uric acid and stroke.

Impacts of Various Insecticide Forms on Avian Health and Mortality: A Comprehensive Review

Since the time of its synthesis and application, insecticides have prevented millions of deaths in humans, animals and avian lives. They have significantly contributed to the revolution in agriculture and human health by reducing agricultural pests and vector-borne illnesses. The chance of birds being exposed to insecticides is increased by a number of factors, including farming methods, insect and crop kinds, pesticide form, food, and habitat preferences. Granular insecticides, often used in agriculture, are highly concentrated and attractive to songbirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl. Liquid sprays, particularly those used for locust control, can affect bird species beyond agricultural areas due to wide-range applications. Treated seeds can poison birds depending on various factors like toxicity and seed availability. Despite the known dangers, many pesticide-related bird deaths go unreported, highlighting the need for comprehensive studies to understand and mitigate these effects. Insecticides have a variety of sub lethal effects on birds, such as deformed embryos, smaller broods, less vigilant parenting, weakened territorial defence, anorexia and weight loss, weakened immune response, lethargic behaviour, increased susceptibility to predators, disruption of the endocrine system, interference with thermoregulation, and inability to orient in the correct direction for migration. Therefore, exposure to pesticides lowers the likelihood of survival and successful reproduction, which eventually interferes with the growth of a robust bird population.

Kiblat dan Perubahan Persepsi Sosial Pasca Gempa Tahun 2004 di Indonesia

&lt;p&gt;This study illustrates the reality of differing perceptions within society regarding the direction of the qibla, which has been influenced by the shifting of the Earth caused by several earthquakes that have struck Indonesia. The research employs a phenomenological approach linked to ritual theory, highlighting a strong relationship between spiritual symbols and the behavior of communities who feel connected to these symbols. This situation can also have multiple effects on other fields of study.The researcher found that the emotional attachment of the Muslim community to spiritual symbols, such as mosques, has different implications when faced with the issue of the qibla direction shifting due to recent earthquakes in Indonesia. These implications can be categorized into two aspects: substance and essence."Substance" refers to those who believe that the qibla direction, assumed to have changed due to advances in scientific knowledge, must be adjusted to align with the latest developments. Meanwhile, "essence" pertains to those who consider the qibla direction merely a symbol and therefore see no need to physically shift mosques or other structures, as it could lead to more significant social impacts. This view is based on the concept of "amal jariah" (continuous charity), which could be affected by changes or renovations to mosques.This research is valuable not only for providing peace of mind in worship by ensuring prayer is conducted in the correct qibla direction but also for educating the public about how technological advancements can help in determining a more accurate qibla direction.&lt;/p&gt;

A novel technique to resolve directional ambiguity for Particle Streak Velocimetry

In this study, a novel streak direction-resolving algorithm is introduced to determine the direction of the flow field for a single image frame with multiple streaks. The streak direction was resolved by varying its intensity from 100 % to 50 % of the total intensity of the streak image. This technique was applied to two main types of flows parallel and Hill's vortex flows, parallel flows were divided into further two types constant velocity parallel flow and accelerating parallel flow. The purpose of using different types of flows was to test the robustness of the algorithm with easy and complex flows. The performance of the algorithm was checked by the angular deviation between the true and least-square fitted velocity vectors. The number of correct synthetic streak directions was measured with the success rate in percentage. A high success rate means low angular deviation and a high number of velocity vectors with correct direction was obtained. In this research, four different types of image formats were considered DP (double precision), 16-bit (without noise), 16-bit (1.0 % noise), 16-bit (5.0 % noise), and 8-bit (without noise) and the best results were obtained for DP and 16-bit image formats. The results of the parallel flows indicated a 100 % streak direction success rate, Hill's vortex was a type of complex flow therefore, the algorithm hard to resolve some streak directions due to very low velocities (less than 0.1 px (pixel)/interval) and very high-velocity gradients (greater than 52 px/interval). The observation shows that Hill's vortex synthetic streak images were resolved with a success rate of 92.76 % which means that the majority of the synthetic streaks were resolved. Experimental analysis was also done by using the PDMS microchannel setup. Intensity variation streaks were recorded with long camera exposure time and for maintaining the intensity variation, as the LED switched on maximum illumination was started, and continuous decrement in illumination was set by switching off at 50 % of the total illumination intensity. The best results were achieved with a 94 % success rate. Therefore, the proposed novel approach can be used with less expensive hardware for image processing with a single image frame and is useful for multiple applications.

Netrin-1 stimulated axon growth requires the polyglutamylase TTLL1.

In the developing brain, neurons extend an axonal process through a complex and changing environment to form synaptic connections with the correct targets in response to extracellular cues. Microtubule and actin filaments provide mechanical support and drive axon growth in the correct direction. The axonal cytoskeleton responds to extracellular guidance cues. Netrin-1 is a multifunctional guidance cue that can induce alternate responses based on the bound receptor. The mechanism by which actin responds to Netrin-1 is well described. However, how Netrin-1 influences the microtubule cytoskeleton is less understood. Appropriate microtubule function is required for axon pathfinding, as mutations in tubulin phenocopy axon crossing defects of Netrin-1 and DCC mutants. Microtubule stabilization is required for attractive guidance cue response. The C-terminal tails of microtubules can be post-translationally modified. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) help control the microtubule cytoskeleton. We measured polyglutamylation in cultured primary mouse cortical neurons before and after Netrin-1 stimulation. We used immunohistochemistry to measure how Netrin-1 stimulation alters microtubule-associated protein localization. Next, we manipulated TTLL1 to determine if Netrin-1-induced axon growth and MAP localization depend on polyglutamylation levels. In this study, we investigated if Netrin-1 signaling alters microtubule PTMs in the axon. We found that microtubule polyglutamylation increases after Netrin-1 stimulation. This change in polyglutamylation is necessary for Netrin-1-induced axonal growth rate increases. We next determined that MAP1B and DCX localization changes in response to Netrin-1. These proteins can both stabilize the microtubule cytoskeleton and may be responsible for Netrin-1-induced growth response in neurons. The changes in DCX and MAP1B depend on TTLL1, a protein responsible for microtubule polyglutamylation.

A Method for Tracking an Underwater Pipeline from Stereo Images Using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

The problem of tracking an underwater pipeline (UP) is considered in the context of an inspection mission. It is assumed that the diameter of the cylindrical pipe is known. To solve this problem, a tracking method is proposed, based on searching and calculating the center line of the UP, and determining the relative position of the autonomous underwater robot (AUV) and UP in the coordinate system of the AUV camera. Unlike well-known analogues, in which the solution is based on recognizing and constructing the boundaries of the UP in images, the proposed method searches for the true position of the center line of the UP on a set of possible options by checking their veracity. Possible options for the spatial position of the search centerline of the current UP section are generated by varying the direction of the beam in the horizontal and vertical plane. The starting point of the ray is the end point of the centerline of the previous section. The veracity criterion is to check that the 3D point features constructed in the scene belong to the cylindrical surface of the UP. The generation and matching of pointfeatures in images of a stereo pair is carried out using the SURF detector. The choice of the correct direction of the center line of the current UP section is ultimately made by voting. The end point of the center line of the current section is determined taking into account the calculated common visibility area with the previous section of the UP. To evaluate the effectiveness of the method, computational experiments were carried out on virtual scenes. The effectiveness was assessed by the accuracy of UP localization (in the AUV coordinate system) and by the speed of calculations in comparison with: a) the first version of this method, based on the use of a vectorized form of images; b) analogues using the Canny and Hough Transform detectors. The stability of the method to the accumulation of navigation accuracy errors during long-term tracking of UPs was also assessed.

Mild polarization electric field in ultra-thin BN-Fe-graphene sandwich structure for efficient nitrogen reduction

The electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) is expected to supersede the traditional Haber-Bosch technology for NH3 production under ambient conditions. The activity and selectivity of electrochemical NRR are restricted to a strong polarized electric field induced by the catalyst, correct electron transfer direction, and electron tunneling distance between bare electrode and active sites. By coupling the chemical vapor deposition method with the poly(methyl methacylate)-transfer method, an ultrathin sandwich catalyst, i.e., Fe atoms (polarized electric field layer) sandwiched between ultrathin (within electron tunneling distance) BN (catalyst layer) and graphene film (conducting layer), is fabricated for electrocatalytic NRR. The sandwich catalyst not only controls the transfer of electrons to the BN surface in the correct direction under applied voltage but also suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction by constructing a neutral polarization electric field without metal exposure. The sandwich electrocatalyst NRR system achieve NH3 yield of 8.9 μg h−1 cm−2 and Faradaic Efficiency of 21.7%. The N2 adsorption, activation, and polarization electric field changes of three sandwich catalysts (BN-Fe-G, BN-Fe-BN, and G-Fe-G) during the electrocatalytic NRR are investigated by experiments and density functional theory simulations. Driven by applied voltage, the neutral polarized electric field induced by BN-Fe-G leads to the high activity of electrocatalytic NRR.

IMPLEMENTING THE GOALS OF TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TO STU-DENTS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING SOCIAL COMPE-TENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The authors analyze social skills as a component of communication skills and work out proce-dure to help students with neuropsychiatric disabilities acquire and develop necessary social and communication skills and abilities by using foreign languages as a means of communication and interaction when learning foreign languages. The authors define the purpose of teaching foreign languages to students with neuropsychological characteristics (along with the direction of correc-tion)can be defined as follows: -developing the ability to know, -introduce, and use foreign lan-guages as a means of adapting to new communication and language, -consider ocial experience is a means of effectively solving communication and social problems. Since social competence is an element of communicative competence, the authors assume that when learning a foreign language, students with disabilities will acquire and develop the necessary social and communicative skills and abilities, using a foreign language as a means of communication and interaction.

Prevalence and perspective directions for correction of behavioral risk factors of cardiovascular diseases associated with unhealthy diet and low physical activity in young people

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. According to statistics from the American Heart Association (AHA), the prevalence of CVD among young people aged 20–39 years varies: 14.2% men, 9.7% women. Behavioral risk factors for CVD, in other words those related to lifestyle, include sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, overweight and obesity, and depression. These risk factors are modifiable and therefore there is great potential for reducing CVD risk through primary or secondary prevention. Young people are the most perspective group for primary prevention, since young people may be more susceptible to information influence. In addition to young people's awareness of CVD risk factors, the initial level of young people's readiness to make lifestyle changes plays a key role in reducing the risk of developing CVD.

Adaptive switching control of full state constrained nonlinear systems with unknown control directions

AbstractIn this article, an adaptive switching controller is designed for the stabilization control and the tracking control of nonlinear systems suffering from full state constraints, unknown control directions, and system uncertainties. Featured with changing signs and unbounded increasing magnitudes, a switching control structure is proposed to deal with the unknown control direction problem. In order to explore and finally fix the correct control direction, an adaptive switching rule, a switching function, and a reference function are constructed. An integral Lyapunov function is adopted for the design of the control law, which ensures that full state constraints will not be violated. Using this method, the nonlinear system can be properly controlled without extra estimations or approximations. The boundedness of all the states and the stability of the system are analyzed and guaranteed. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the proposed method, and the results illustrate its effectiveness.