Corrective Actions Research Articles

Risk assessment in production of functional food products by means of RCA method

According to the results of review of the regulatory legal acts and standardization documents, the necessity has been determined to develop a methodology for risk assessment in production of functional food products and its introduction into operation for implementation of the quality control system of food products fortified with iodine. This article represents the description of development of risk assessment methodology assigned for assessing the quality control system for functional foods fortified with iodine. The hazardous event in this case is the non-compliance of the food product with the regulatory requirements, in particular the decrease of iodine content in the functional foods down to a level below 30 mcg/100g of the product, which is less than 15% of an adult person's daily requirement. To assess the probable risks that can affect the peculiar features of the functional foods, RCA root cause mapping system was proposed that includes the standard methods: Ishikawa cause and effect diagram, fault tree analysis FTA, failure mode and effect analysis FMEA, and Pareto analysis. The technology of producing of the cooked sausages fortified with iodine-containing food ingredients was chosen as the object of research, as this technology is associated with a wide variety of technological modes and methods of raw materials processing, as well as the storage conditions of the ready products. The results of the study included a review of the collected data, consideration of the hypothesis, expert opinion on the most probable root causes of failures and losses, and the recommended preventive and corrective actions.

A streamlined and adaptive approach for accrediting a French education system program by ABET-EAC

IntroductionIn recent times, there has been a notable increase in the demand for accreditations, driven by their essential role in recognizing diplomas, elevating the quality of higher education, facilitating student mobility, enabling the pursuit of multiple degrees, and influencing university rankings. This surge in demand reflects the evolving landscape of higher education in a world that is becoming progressively interconnected and competitive.MethodsThis paper presents a comprehensive methodology for accrediting study programs in French higher education institutions worldwide that are seeking the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) accreditation. ABET accreditation is a globally recognized organism of quality for education programs in engineering, computer science, and related fields. The methodology proposed in this paper focuses on aligning ABET’s requirements and standards with the specific context of the French Education System (FES). It provides clear guidelines and practical steps for higher education institutions to effectively navigate the accreditation process. The methodology covers the verification of existing study programs, identification of areas for improvement, implementation of corrective actions, and continuous progress monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of continuous improvement and aligning programs with the Program Educational Objectives (POEs). Concrete examples and best practices are shared to illustrate successful implementation of the methodology developed based on the example of the engineering college programs at our university.Results and discussionThe results obtained in this case study demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of this approach within a specific educational context. The approach presented in this contribution can serve as a model for other countries seeking to adapt ABET accreditation requirements to their own higher education systems, further promoting diversity and openness. This reinforces the credibility of the methodology and paves the way for its use in other institutions and programs that operate within similar systems.

EVALUATION OF TIME AND COST PERFORMANCE ON THE GX OFFICE & CO WORKING BALI PROJECT USING THE EARNED VALUE METHOD

In rapid construction developments, delays still occur frequently and have not been resolved, as experienced by the GX Office & Co Working Bali project. The project will be completed in 42 weeks, but in the 27th week, there is an indication of a delay of -4.31% from the initial plan. Earned Value Method (EVM) is a time and cost performance assessment method that can be used to develop strategies to minimize delays. This research aims to evaluate the time and cost performance of the GX Office & Co Working Bali project using the EVM method. A quantitative approach is used to collect and analyze project schedules, actual costs, and progress reports. EVM key indicators such as Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), and Actual Cost (AC) are analyzed to determine Schedule Variance (SV), Cost Variance (CV), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and Cost Performance Index (CPI). The results showed that the project experienced delays, especially from week 1 to week 14 and week 19 to week 27, with SPI values mostly below 1. However, the project showed increased efficiency in cost management with values CPI above one after week 14 to week 27, indicating that the actual costs incurred are lower than the value of the work completed. These findings highlight the need for corrective actions and more effective management strategies to address delays efficiently in terms of costs.

Death zone minimizes the impact of fipronil-treated soils on subterranean termite colonies by negating transfer effects.

The use of nonrepellent liquid termiticides against subterranean termites has long relied on the assumption that foraging termites in soils could transfer toxicants to nestmates to achieve population control. However, their dose-dependent lethal time can lead to rapid termite mortality in proximity of the treatment, triggering secondary repellency. The current study characterizes the dynamic nature of the "death zone," i.e., the area adjacent to soil termiticides that termites would avoid owing the accumulation of cadavers. Using whole subterranean termite laboratory colonies of Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) with 3 × 15 m foraging distances, fipronil was implemented at 1.5 m, 7.5 m, or 12.5 m away from colony central nests, emulating a corrective action against an termite structural infestation. For treatments at 7.5 m and 12.5 m, the death zone stabilized at an average of ~2.56 m away from the treatment after 40 d post-treatment, and colonies suffered as little as 1.5% mortality by 200 d post-treatment. Colonies located 1.5 m away from the treatment minimized the death zone to ~1.1 m and suffered as little as 23.5% mortality. Mortality only occurred within the first few days of treatment from initial exposure, as the rapid emergence of the death zone negated further transfer effects among nestmates over time. In some cases, foraging termites were trapped within the infested structure. While technically nonrepellent, fipronil becomes functionally repellent from the rapid mortality onset near the treatment. Even if diligently implemented to successfully protect structures, surrounding termite colonies are minimally impacted by fipronil soil treatments.

Factors affecting nutrient losses in hay production

AbstractThe primary objective of haymaking is to dry forage adequately to inhibit the growth of undesirable microbes and halt residual plant enzymatic activity that causes nutrient losses. During the field and storage phases of haymaking, the environment, management practices, and other factors influence the extent of dry matter losses. This review discusses these factors and the strategies that have been developed to mitigate nutrient losses. A major emphasis was placed on hay microbiome dynamics, as it has been scarcely studied despite its importance on nutrient losses during storage and harvest, especially under humid conditions. The effects of cutting height, mower type, and swath manipulation on soil contamination were discussed. Also, the impact of environmental conditions and swath manipulation on wilting time was analysed for humid and arid conditions. Special attention was given to design improvements in harvesting equipment to reduce wilting time and field losses. Furthermore, we assessed the nutrient losses during storage caused by microbial and residual plant enzymatic activity resulting from excessive moisture at baling or re‐introduced moisture during storage. The spoilage extent during storage depends on bale moisture, size, density, shape, wrapping, forage type, and storage facilities. A Venn diagram analysis showed that each phase of haymaking process has a unique microbiome and that certain fungal and bacterial genera could be shared across more than one hay production phase. To take corrective actions, hay producers need to be aware of the increased susceptibility to nutrient losses associated with particular field and storage practices, environmental conditions, and forage types.

Solid Waste in Urban Areas: A Multidimensional Statistical Approach on Irregular Disposal and Burning in the Municipality of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais

The improper disposal of urban waste is a global concern, especially in large cities considering aspects of environmental and visual pollution. This study provides a detailed analysis of the municipality of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, identifying local nuances and a better understanding of this issue to support decisions for corrective actions. It assesses the persistence and incidence of waste burning at irregular disposal sites in the municipality, emphasizing its environmental and health impacts. This work utilized a combined approach of georeferenced mapping with Google Earth Pro images, complemented by in-situ checks with GPS devices. The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the PSPP software. Statistical analyses were supported by contingency tables, the application of the chi-square test, Phi, Cramer's V, and Odds Ratio, evaluating the characteristics of the associations. A strong association was identified between the persistent disposal of solid waste in undeveloped areas and the presence of tree pruning and gardening waste. The research also demonstrated a significant association of areas with signs of burning that were located in public spaces. Additionally, a significant statistical association was confirmed at sites where paper and plastic disposals and burning were identified. This research expands the understanding of disposal practices in urban contexts and provides a replicable model of combined georeferenced analysis with physical checks, in addition to the risks to public health and the environment. The results obtained demonstrate direct implications for waste management policies, raising awareness of the consequences of improper disposal and burning.

Earned Value Analysis Terhadap Waktu dan Biaya Pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Pasar Padang Panjang

Along with the population and economic growth of West Sumatra, especially in Padang Panjang City, West Padang Panjang District, the need for public facilities is urgently needed, one of which is the Padang Panjang market. In a project, planning and controlling costs and time is part of overall project management, especially at the implementation stage of the case study reviewed by researchers, namely the Padang Panjang market building construction project. In this research regarding time and cost control, the earned value method is one method that can monitor project performance in terms of time and cost. Which aims to determine project performance in terms of time and costs each week and predict the time and costs to complete the remaining work. So that we can get corrective actions to be taken next to progress the project. In this research, to obtain a basic basis for writing, secondary data collection is used as supporting data for the analysis of the results themselves. The analysis and discussion carried out were calculating the BCWS value, BCWP value and ACWP value in order to obtain the time variance value (SV), cost variance value (CV), calculating the productivity index, calculating project performance and calculating the estimated analysis of total project costs and completion time. The results of the research carried out are, the overall BCWS value of the Padang Panjang market project is IDR 96,213,315,046.3, for the BCWP value at the end of the 22nd week of review IDR 12,688,575,967, the ACWP value at the end of the 22nd week of review is IDR. 12,389,476,444.2 . As for the analysis results obtained from several existing indicators, the SPI value was 1.384 > 1, while the CPI was 1.003 > 1, which means that the project was accelerated in terms of schedule but incurred actual costs that were smaller than the work that had been carried out. The ETC value is IDR 84,134,151,328.9 and the EAC value is IDR 96,523,627,773.1, while the ECD value is 373 days for the project completion time.

Implementation and evaluation of a mentorship program in clinical master in family medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Arabian Gulf University: a longitudinal study

BackgroundWe implemented a contextualized innovative mentorship program in the Clinical Master in Family Medicine (CMFM) program established in April 2020 at Arabian Gulf University. In this paper, we describe the process of this program and derive the major challenges faced by trainees and related corrective actions and their outcomes on high-risk trainees for optimal performance.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-method longitudinal study of 80 trainees, analyzing information extracted from the Moodle learning platform about five key performance indicators as well as the contents (quantitative and qualitative) of mentoring meeting reports submitted through a validated online form between 2020 and 2022. We analyzed frequencies and themes of challenges and compared trainees' performance according to time and level of risk.ResultsThe follow-up of all 80 trainees in two cohorts (40 for each cohort) shows that most are female (93.75%) and the mean age is 30.00 ± 2.19 years with a ratio of mentors to mentees of 1 to 5. Meetings are conducted through phone calls, virtually, and face-to-face in 62%, 29%, and 8.3% respectively. The mean number and duration of meetings are 30.88 ± 2.31 and 20.08 ± 9.50 min respectively. Time management is the most reported challenge (41.3%), followed by health, social, and psychological-related issues in 7.6%, 4.6%, and 3% respectively. We extracted four main themes related to trainees, settings of training, e-Portfolio, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The mentorship program captured 12 trainees at high risk for low academic progress (12%) of whom six graduated on time and the remaining had to repeat a few courses the following terms. The performance of the program is stable over time (mean GPA of 3.30 (SE = 0.03), versus 3.34 (SE = 0.05) for cohorts 1 and 2 in the two years respectively, (P = 0.33). However, it is slightly lower among high-risk trainees compared to the remaining (GPA = 3.35 (SE = 0.03) versus 3.14 (SE = 0.08), P = 0.043) though above the minimum of the threshold of 3 out of 4, required for the master's degree.ConclusionThe mentorship program captured the struggling trainees and permitted to implement pertinent corrective actions timely, particularly in the context of a two-year intensive CMFM program during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The use of corrective action frameworks in international fisheries management

Compliance frameworks are important to promoting sustainable management of shared fisheries resources through the robust and transparent assessment of the implementation of conservation measures by States that are party to international agreements. This paper provides a review of existing compliance frameworks, with a special focus on corrective actions to respond to non-compliance in regional fisheries management organisations or arrangements, as well as a selection of multilateral environmental organisations. The analysis of the surveyed schemes of corrective actions identifies common themes and practices, which can provide a foundation on which to support the development of, or refinement of existing, schemes of corrective actions by other international organisations or arrangements.

Finding “fake” in the news: the relationship between social media use, political knowledge, epistemic political efficacy and fake news literacy

PurposeIn the past few years, research focusing on misinformation, referred to broadly as fake news, has experienced revived attention. Past studies have focused on explaining the ways in which people correct it online and on social media. However, fewer studies have dealt with the ways in which people are able to identify fake news (i.e. fake news literacy). This study contributes to the latter by theoretically connect people’s general social media use, political knowledge and political epistemic efficacy with individuals’ fake news literacy levels.Design/methodology/approachA diverse and representative two-wave panel survey in the United States was conducted (June 2019 for Wave 1, October 2019 for Wave 2). We performed cross-sectional, lagged and autoregressive regression analyses to examined how social media us, people’s political knowledge and political epistemic efficacy are related to their fake news literacy.FindingsResults suggest that the more people used social media, were politically knowledgeable and considered they were able to find the truth in politics (i.e. epistemic political efficacy), the more likely they were to discern whether the news is fake. Implications of helping media outlets and policy makers be better positioned to provide the public with corrective action mechanisms in the struggle against fake news are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe measurement instrument employed in the study relies on subjects’ self-assessment, as opposed to unobtrusive trace (big) digital data, which may not completely capture the nuances of people’s social media news behaviors.Practical implicationsThis study sheds light on how the way people understand politics and gain confidence in finding political truth may be key elements when confronting and discerning fake news. With the help of these results, journalists, media outlets and policymakers may be better positioned to provide citizens with efficient, preemptive and corrective action mechanisms in the struggle against misinformation.Originality/valueRecent literature highlights the importance of literacy education to contest fake news, but little is known about what specific mechanisms would contribute to foster and reinvigorate people’s fake news literacy. This study helps address this gap.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-03-2024-0140

Analisis Perawatan dan Pemeliharaan Kendaraan PKP-PK Terhadap Operasi Pemadaman

Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) is a unit at the airport that is responsible for handling aviation and fire emergencies. This study discusses the maintenance and care of ARFF vehicles at the airport. Maintenance is interpreted as an activity carried out systematically to ensure that facilities function effectively and efficiently. Maintenance includes preventive and corrective actions to maintain the operational readiness of ARFF vehicles. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of vehicle maintenance and care on firefighting operations. This study also aims to determine the maintenance and care of vehicles that affect readiness in carrying out firefighting operations and their impacts. The method used in this study is a literature review (library research), which involves collecting and analyzing data from various relevant literature sources. This study focuses on previous studies on the maintenance and care of ARFF vehicles and their influence on the effectiveness of firefighting operations. The results of the study show that good maintenance and care have a positive effect on firefighting operations. Regular maintenance and systematic maintenance increase the reliability of ARFF vehicles, so that responses to emergency situations can be carried out quickly and effectively. Therefore, better personnel training and more detailed maintenance planning are needed to improve operational performance.

Sthavar Visha- Need of Balance in Tradition and Safety

The ancient Indian system of medicine has a long history of using poisonous herbs and minerals, known as Sthavar Visha, which are an integral part of Ayurveda medicines used for therapeutic purposes. It involves a delicate balance between harnessing the medicinal properties of these substances and mitigating their potential risks. These toxic substances can be transformed into beneficial medicines through meticulous processing, while the improper use of Sthavar Visha can lead to significant toxicity and may cause harm instead of causing benefits. This manuscript explores the diversity of Sthavar Visha, the challenges of complex formulations, variability in quality, and the lack of standardized dosages. Case studies on Aconitum ferox (Vatsanabha) and mercury-based preparations highlight the measures of potential dangers along with their solutions. Addressing these risks requires stringent quality assurance, substantial research and clinical trials, effective regulatory oversight, and increased education and awareness. Pharmacovigilance in Ayurveda, although currently underutilized, plays a crucial role in monitoring adverse effects and ensuring the safety of Ayurveda practices. Effective regulatory oversight is crucial for monitoring the use of potentially toxic substances and ensuring compliance with safety standards. Implementing post-marketing surveillance programs and encouraging adverse event reporting can help identify potential safety concerns and take timely corrective actions. Combining traditional knowledge with safety methods is essential for promoting health and ensuring quality treatment in Ayurveda's growing global popularity. A harmonious integration of tradition and safety measures will pave the way for a robust and sustainable future for Ayurveda medicine.

Identifying design criteria for implementing inherent safety in chemical process industries part 1: Design reasoning

AbstractRecurrence of similar accidents is evidenced by past accidents, which show that accidents are not decreasing globally. It is recommended to implement the concept of inherent safety design (ISD) in the chemical process industry as a component of accident prevention strategies. This study aims to identify potential indicators of ISD for each inherent safety (IS) keyword, which will be referred to later as design reasoning (DR), based on 529 selected cases that suggest design changes that enhance the safety of processes, materials, or equipment. The cases were collected from accident cases, IS handbooks, chemical engineering journals, new product brochures, and chemical engineering magazines. The cases have to demonstrate that the new design is safer than the previous design. The design changes were evaluated to extract the corrective action and determine the common strategy employed. This information was then interpreted as DR. The collected DR were subsequently categorized and measured in terms of frequency according to IS keywords. From the statistical analysis, the highest percentage of DR is improve mixing (18%) which accounted from 95 out of 529 cases. The second is loose proximity (15.5%) and the third is fewer equipment (14.9%). For the IS keyword ranking, it can be summarized that: moderation (40%) >minimization (27%) >simplification (21%) >substitution (12%). Results showed that moderation inherent safety is a popular strategy used to implement IS. The findings serve as a valuable reference for designers or engineer attempting to implement ISD in their design task.

Impact of monitoring and evaluation practices on the performance of Health IT projects coordinated from Nairobi, Kenya

This study investigated the impact of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) practices on the performance of Health IT projects coordinated from Nairobi, Kenya. The research problem focused on assessing how M&E planning processes, technical expertise, and stakeholder involvement influence project outcomes. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting quantitative data through structured questionnaires and qualitative insights via semi-structured interviews with project beneficiaries, health IT staff, and key stakeholders. Results revealed that 82 per cent of respondents agreed that comprehensive M&E planning enhances project execution and outcomes. Additionally, 77 per cent emphasised the importance of technical expertise, while only 42 per cent confirmed adequate stakeholder analysis and 46 per cent agreed on the collection of stakeholder feedback. The findings highlighted the necessity of integrating detailed M&E plans into project designs for systematic tracking of progress and timely corrective actions. Technical expertise is crucial for effective M&E, underscoring the need for continuous training and the selection of competent personnel. Recommendations include developing comprehensive M&E plans at the project's inception, investing in continuous skill development through regular training programs, and enhancing stakeholder engagement strategies by conducting comprehensive stakeholder analyses, collecting regular feedback, and involving stakeholders in key decision-making processes.

Analisa Cacat Produk Dan Kerusakan Mold Pada Proses Injection Molding Dan Tindakan Perbaikan Di PT. Patco Elektronik Teknologi

This study examines product defects and mold damage in the injection molding process and corrective actions at PT. Patco Elektronik Teknologi. This type of research is field research with a qualitative approach. Researchers use primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documents related to product defects and mold damage in the injection molding process and corrective actions. The data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing methods. The results of the study show that injection molding has many advantages when compared to other plastic manufacturing methods, but in the process there are various defects in the plastic products produced. Based on the FMEA analysis, a number of product defects occur due to several factors, such as Bending, Gas Mark, Silver, Flash, Under Cut, Crack, Flow Mark, Scratches, Burn Mark, and Short Mold. Gas Mark has the highest risk priority number (RPN) value of 75. The problem of defects due to gas marks occurs in the housing panel components produced by PT. Patco Elektronik Teknologi. The company took corrective action NG Gas Mark on the housing panel product by means of mold maintenance and gas vent making by the mold shop for the cavity and ejector pin parts. After the gas vent making process was carried out, defects due to gas marks were greatly reduced in the housing panel products produced by PT. Patco.

Review of Integrated Management Systems to Re-Engineer Existing Nonconformances Troubleshooting System

Total quality management (TQM) is a strategic philosophy that has adopted kaizen activities which drives the business to carry out activities effectively to yield the best desired output, hence, a profitable organization. The kaizen philosophy acts as a catalyst in productivity rate and integrated management systems (IMS) which results in drastic improvements. When the nonconformity arises within the process, the accuracy of the problem solving determines quality of preventive action, therefore the preventive action should be accompanied by the opportunity of improvement from the raised nonconformance. This research seeks to add more knowledge and upgrade technology of problem-solving models relating to the integrated management systems by examining various troubleshooting models for problem solving and preventive action related to quality nonconformances, safety incidents and engineering breakdowns. Hence, the aim of this research is for troubleshooting model technique enhancement for issues related to process engineering, quality management systems and occupational health and safety by creating a model which analyses kaizen projects from the corrective and preventive action analysis of nonconformances. The proposed troubleshooting model was developed using lean techniques and risk rating tools; it was then applied to the case study company for simulation and the outcomes resulted in the closure of nonconformances and continual improvement of future projects. The proposed model is more advantageous to the manufacturing industries seeking to improve their Corrective Action and Preventive Action (CAPA) systems.

Damn Their Media, Damn the Other Side: Direct and Indirect Effects of Relative Hostile Media Perception on Affective Polarization

ABSTRACT This study examined how relative hostile media perception (i.e. a perceived credibility gap between pro- and counter-attitudinal partisan media outlets) connects to affective polarization. Drawing on theoretical foundations of the corrective action and the self-effects of communication, we tested whether expressive political participation resulting from relative hostile media perceptions exacerbated affective polarization. Findings from a two-wave national survey indicated that relative hostile media perception predicted affective polarization, and this relationship was mediated by expressive political participation. This study supplements the traditional focus on news exposure with a perspective centered on audience perceptions about how partisan media contribute to affective polarization.

Cost of Quality Management: Encouraging Business Leaders to Manage and Invest in Quality Enhancement

The quality management is a complex set of constant activities aimed at improving the quality of products and services, regularly evaluating and monitoring it, preventing defects, limiting and reducing malfunctions, and correcting production defects before and after the sale of goods. Ineffective quality management leads to such problems as product returns, claims, replacement or repair, loss of customer base, damage to brand reputation, etc. This paper aims to analyze advanced strategies, methodologies, methods and tools for effective control of quality management costs, ways and means of their strategic integration into the practice of business quality management, emphasize the importance of optimizing the cost of quality management in enterprises. The proposals developed in this article are demonstrated on the example of the woodwork division of MEKKERA (MDM), a subsidiary of the HASNAOUI Group in Algeria. An approach represented in the article combines qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data collection involved semi-structured interviews with four company managers, processed using NVIVO software. The purpose of these interviews was to understand the reasons that led the company to include the evaluation of the Cost of Quality in its quality objectives for 2023, as well as the perspectives and goals aimed for by the company in this initiative. A Quantitative analysis relied on secondary data from the company’s database: direct quality costs were calculated using the P-A-F and Ferrebœuf models, prevention and detection measures’ effectiveness and production process performance were evaluated; key performance indicators for indirect quality acquisition costs were defined. Findings revealed the company exceeded set thresholds for internal and external failure costs, necessitating improvements. Ishikawa method identified causes, and corrective actions were proposed using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA).

Analysis of an Academic Medical Center’s Corrective Action Plan in Response to Fatal Medication Error Using the Institute for Safe Medication Practices’ Hierarchy of Effectiveness

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are high-alert medications that require special handling, necessitating a robust process that prevents medication error, identifies near misses, and ultimately protects patients from harm. One patient at a large academic medical center (AMC) was given vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocking agent, instead of midazolam, and died as a result. Thus, AMC was tasked by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to make a list of actions to prevent a subsequent incident. When assessing AMC’s corrective action plan in comparison to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices’ hierarchy of effectiveness of risk-reduction strategies, it was revealed that 76% of strategies were of low leverage, 16% were of medium leverage, and 8% were of high leverage. In this context, AMC’s corrective action plan should have integrated more system-based interventions, which include medium- or high-leverage strategies, rather than relying heavily on initiatives dependent on human action. Despite the lack of these systemic tools, CMS granted approval for the plan. Overlooking these systemic tools may amplify patient harm and negatively impact workforce satisfaction and efficiency. Moreover, the absence of a “just culture” also plays a role in patient harm. Therefore, recognizing that medication errors in healthcare are predominantly attributed to human error highlights the importance of fostering a just culture that advocates for system accountability to enhance patient safety.

Application of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Model Assisted by Crossword Media to Increase Interest in Learning in History Learning at XI SMAN 5 Tualang

This research discusses the application of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) model assisted by crossword puzzles to increase learning interest in history learning at XI SMAN 5 Tualang. The aim of this research is to determine the application of the NHT model, teacher and student activities, as well as increasing interest in learning with the help of crossword puzzles to increase interest in learning in class XI history learning at SMAN 5 Tualang. This research uses a Classroom Action Research (PTK) approach where the research takes the form of action in the form of a series of activity cycles for students. By carrying out corrective actions using the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model, teacher activity can be increased with a percentage in cycle I of 52.50% in the quite good category, then increasing in cycle II to 91.25% in the very good category. Furthermore, by carrying out corrective actions by utilizing Numbered Head Together (NHT) it can increase the activities of class XI 5 students at SMA Negeri 5 Tualang. In the first cycle of student activities, the percentage was 51.87% in the good category, then it increased in the second cycle to 88.69% in the very good category. The use of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model can increase students' interest in learning with a percentage in the first cycle of 66.67% with the performance not being successful and increasing in the second cycle by 87.66%. This means that students' interest in learning has reached the success indicator, namely ≥75%