Interference Correction Research Articles

Feasibility study of data-driven wall interference correction framework for subsonic wind tunnel

Although the classical method is widely used for wall interference correction in wind tunnel testing, its reliability and accuracy for complex and unconventional geometries are rather limited. Studies on the evaluation of wall interference and the improvement of correction methods are desirable to enhance the reliability and generality for various geometric configurations. This study proposes a wall interference correction framework based on a deep neural network (DNN) ensemble using data obtained from the numerical panel method. The panel method is validated by comparing the results with those of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. An automated process was established to generate a large amount of training data, and 600,000 datasets were generated based on the geometric parameters of the wind tunnel, test model, and angles of attack. The input variables of the DNN were determined through sensitivity analysis of the data. To alleviate the randomness of the initial weights and data distribution in the generation process of the DNN model, 20 DNNs with the same multi-layer perceptron structure were trained, and a DNN ensemble model was constructed using five ensemble members with high predictability. The accuracy of the DNN-ensemble based correction models were evaluated by comparing the correction results for the testing data.

Wind tunnel wall interference correction for transonic airfoils with data-reduced ensemble Kalman filter

The uncertain factors in wind tunnel experiments, especially the interference effects, will cause the flow around the test model to differ from that under the free flow condition. The wind tunnel wall interference effects are challenging to be eliminated, especially in transonic flow regions where classical linear correction methods are ineffective. To address this issue, an efficient wind tunnel wall interference correction framework based on data assimilation is proposed for steady and shock buffet flows around the airfoils in the transonic region in this work. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used to find the combination of inflow conditions, which minimizes the differences between the pressure coefficients measured in the wind tunnel experiment and those estimated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The polynomial chaos expansion method is used to propagate uncertainty in the forecast step of the EnKF in order to improve efficiency. Typical wind tunnel wall interference correction problems are studied, including two steady cases: the transonic flow around the Royal Aircraft Establishment 2822 (RAE2822) and the National Aerospace Laboratory 7301 (NLR7301) airfoils, and one unsteady case: the transonic shock buffet on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration supercritical (phase 2)-0714 (NASA SC(2)-0714) airfoil. It is demonstrated that with the corrected Mach number and angle of attack, the estimated CFD results are in better agreement with the measured experimental data than traditional linear methods and the computational efficiency is improved compared to the original EnKF.

LA-ICP-Q-MS/MS Re[sbnd]Os geochronology: A comparison of N2O and CH4 reaction gases

The ReOs isotope system can directly date sulphide formation, making it useful for ore deposit studies. Recent work has demonstrated that laser ablation inductively coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS/MS) can be used to effectively separate 187Re from 187Os during analysis by reacting Os with CH4 gas, allowing for in situ ReOs age determination of molybdenite. However, the age calculation often requires a significant interference correction of 187ReCH2+ on 187OsCH2+. Here, we demonstrate that N2O gas is a viable alternative reaction gas for in situ ReOs geochronology. In this new method, Os forms a tetra-oxide complex, while Re shows very low reactivity with the N2O reaction gas (∼0.15 %), reducing the isobaric interference correction requirement relative to the CH4 method. We compare results from both reaction gases across a range of molybdenite samples of different ages (spanning ca. 1700–300 Ma), demonstrating that the N2O method achieves greater precision and accuracy for young molybdenite samples (ca. 300 Ma) compared to CH4. In addition, we demonstrate that in situ ReOs is capable of dating high-Re pyrite (i.e., >10 ppm).

In situ Lu–Hf dating of allanite by LA-ICP-MS/MS: Implications for geochronology

Allanite is a common REE-rich accessory mineral found in various igneous and metamorphic rocks, and can record a variety of geological processes. Therefore, allanite geochronology has the potential to answer a range of important geological questions. Allanite U–Th–Pb geochronology is hampered by common open-system behavior in the system. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of in situ allanite Lu–Hf dating by LA–ICP–MS/MS. A total of nine allanite samples from different rock types (e.g., granite, pegmatite) were investigated. These allanite samples have ages ranging from ca. 2650 to ca.100 Ma, and Lu contents ranging from several to hundreds of μg g−1 levels and relatively high Lu/Hf ratios (> 30). At a mass shift of +82, the isobaric interferences 176Lu and 176Yb have extremely low reaction rates of ∼0.003 % and ∼ 0.0003 %, respectively, indicating the isobaric interference corrections are insignificant for the allanite samples (mean 175Lu/177Hf = ∼814; mean 172Yb/177Hf = ∼719). A two-step calibration strategy was proposed for the 176Lu/176Hf and 177Hf/176Hf ratio corrections using NIST SRM 610 (for instrument drift) and LE2808 (for matrix effect). The nine allanite samples contain common Hf contents (f176Hf) of ∼5 % to >90 %, and the data are plotted in inverse isochron diagrams. Unanchored inverse isochron ages exhibit a large deviation in accuracy (5–10 %), whilst anchored isochron ages have a better accuracy of <5 %. The uncertainty of anchor initial 176Hf/177Hf values was investigated and, in general, was insignificant (< 2.8 %) for samples with f176Hf < 80 %. Our results demonstrate that in situ allanite Lu–Hf dating by LA-ICP-MS/MS is feasible and can yield precise and accurate ages (< 5 %). Lu–Hf geochronometer captures the high-temperature process and may be more resistant during the late thermal event. Thus, it provides an alternative solution for those samples which are suffered by open-system behavior in U-Th-Pb system.

A Protocol for Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) of Monazite for Chemical Th-U-Pb Age Dating

A protocol for the monazite (LREE,Y,Th,U,Si,Ca)PO4 in situ Th-U-Pb dating by electron probe microanalyser (EPMA) involves a suitable reference monazite. Ages of several potential reference monazites were determined by TIMS-U-Pb isotope analysis. The EPMA protocol is based on calibration with REE-orthophosphates and a homogeneous Th-rich reference monazite at beam conditions of 20 kV, 50 nA, and 5 µm for best possible matrix matches and avoidance of dead time bias. EPMA measurement of samples and repeated analysis of the reference monazite are performed at beam conditions of 20 kV, 100 nA, and 5 µm. Analysis of Pb and U on a PETL crystal requires YLg-on-PbMa and ThMz-on-UMb interference corrections. Offline re-calibration of the Th calibration on the Th-rich reference monazite, to match its nominal age, is an essential part of the protocol. EPMA-Th-U-Pb data are checked in ThO2*-PbO coordinates for matching isochrones along regressions forced through zero. Error calculations of monazite age populations are performed by weighted average routines. Depending on the number of analyses and spread in ThO2*-PbO coordinates, minimum errors &lt;10 Ma are possible and realistic for Paleozoic monazite ages. A test of the protocol was performed on two garnet metapelite samples from the Paleozoic metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß (NE-Bavaria, western Bohemian Massif).

Improving Estimates of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Concentration from In Situ Fluorescence Measurements across Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands.

The use of optical proxies is essential to the sustained monitoring of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in estuaries and coastal wetlands, where dynamics occur on subhour time scales. In situ dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence, or FDOM, is now routinely measured along with ancillary water-quality indicators by commercial sondes. However, its reliability as an optical proxy of DOC concentration is often limited by uncertainties caused by in situ interferences and by variability in DOM composition and water matrix (ionic strength, pH) that are typical at the land-ocean interface. Although corrections for in situ interferences already exist, validated strategies to account for changes in the DOM composition and water matrix in these systems are still lacking. The transferability of methods across systems is also poorly known. Here, we used a comprehensive data set of laboratory-based excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and DOC concentration matched to in situ sonde measurements to develop and compare approaches that leverage ancillary water-quality indicators to improve estimates of DOC concentration from FDOM. Our analyses demonstrated the validity of in situ interference correction schemes, the importance of ancillary water-quality indicators to account for DOM composition and water matrix change, and the good transferability of the proposed methods.

Electron microprobe dating of lunar zirconolite

Zirconolite is an accessary mineral occurred in the lunar basaltic and granitic rocks and contains relatively high contents of U, Th, and Pb, which is attractive for age dating. However, very few studies have reported the crystallization ages of lunar zirconolites because of the challenge of dating lunar zirconolites due to their fine-grained size and irregular shape. In this study, we analyzed zirconolites in a granitic clast of the lunar meteorite DEW 12007 using an electron microprobe. MAN (mean atomic number) background, peak interference, and blank corrections were applied to 31 elements including U, Th, and Pb, and REEs, to obtain high-precision and high-accuracy chemical data of the zirconolites. The electron microprobe age of the zirconolites is determined to be 4332 ± 14 Ma (2σ, n = 20), which is consistent with the U–Pb age (4340.9 ± 7.5 Ma; 2σ) of zircon grains from the same clast measured by an ion microprobe. The precision and accuracy achieved in this study represents a notable advance compared to previously reported electron microprobe ages of lunar zirconolites. This suggests that electron microprobe dating may be applicable to extraterrestrial materials, especially for microscopic U-Th-Pb-containing minerals in the samples returned from the Moon and Mars.

Rare Earth-Carbon Dots Nanocomposite-Modified Glass Nanopipettes: Electro-Optical Detection of Bacterial ppGpp.

As an important alarmone nucleotide, guanosine 3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) can regulate the survival of bacteria under strict environmental conditions. Direct detection of ppGpp in bacteria with high sensitivity and selectivity is crucial for elucidating the role of ppGpp in bacterial stringent response. Herein, the terbium-carbon dots nanocomposite (CDs-Tb) modified glass nanopipet was developed for the recognition of ppGpp. The CDs-Tb in glass nanopipette preserved their fluorescence properties as well as the coordination capacity of Tb3+ toward ppGpp. The addition of ppGpp not only led to the fluorescence response of CDs-Tb but also triggered variations of surface charge inside the glass nanopipet, resulting in the ionic current response. Compared with nucleotides with similar structures, this method displayed good selectivity toward ppGpp. Moreover, the dual signals (fluorescence and ionic current) offered a built-in correction for potential interference. Apart from the high selectivity, the proposed method can determine the concentration of ppGpp from 10-13 to 10-7 M. Taking advantage of the significant analytical performance, we monitored ppGpp in Escherichia coli under different nutritional conditions and studied the relationship between ppGpp and DNA repair, which is helpful for overcoming antibiotic resistance and promoting the development of potential drugs for antibacterial treatment.

An effective moisture interference correction method for maize powder NIR spectra analysis

The detection of maize starch content is of great significance for maize processing industry and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an ideal rapid detection technology. However, the interference of moisture in maize is a bottleneck problem that affects the accuracy of NIRS quantitative analysis. In this study, we proposed methods based on external parameter orthogonalization (EPO) combined with wavelength selection algorithms to bring more accurate analytical results. Two groups of maize starch samples with different moisture content distributions were investigated to compare the predictive performance of NIRS models. The results showed that the model built using EPO combined with the synergy interval partial least squares (EPO-siPLS) algorithm exhibited the superior prediction accuracy, whose RMSEP/RMSEPck is improved by 9.7 % compared with that of siPLS model, 25.3 % compared with that of EPO-PLS, and 45.8 % compared with that of the PLS model. This study provides a more accurate and robust new method for rapid detection of maize starch and offers new insights for its application.

Observation of Anomalous Planar Hall Effect Induced by One-Dimensional Weak Antilocalization.

The confinement of electrons in one-dimensional (1D) space highlights the prominence of the role of electron interactions or correlations, leading to a variety of fascinating physical phenomena. The quasi-1D electron states can exhibit a unique spin texture under spin-orbit interaction (SOI) and thus could generate a robust spin current by forbidden electron backscattering. Direct detection of such 1D spin or SOI information, however, is challenging due to complicated techniques. Here, we identify an anomalous planar Hall effect (APHE) in the magnetotransport of quasi-1D van der Waals (vdW) topological materials as exemplified by Bi4Br4, which arises from the quantum interference correction of 1D weak antilocalization (WAL) to the ordinary planar Hall effect and demonstrates a deviation from the usual sine and cosine curves. The occurrence of 1D WAL is correlated to the line-shape Fermi surface and persistent spin texture of (100) topological surface states of Bi4Br4, as revealed by both our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. By generalizing the observation of APHE to other non-vdW bulk materials, this work provides a possible characteristic of magnetotransport for identifying the spin/SOI information and quantum interference behavior of 1D states in 3D topological material.

Quantitative prediction of AFB1 in various types of edible oil based on absorption, scattering and fluorescence signals at dual wavelengths

This study aims to address the challenge of matrix interference of various types of edible oils on intrinsic fluorescence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by developing a novel solution. Considering the fluorescence internal filtering effect, the absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ’s) coefficients at dual wavelengths (excitation: 375 nm, emission: 450 nm) were obtained by using integrating sphere technique, and were used to improve the quantitative prediction results for AFB1 contents in six different kinds of edible oils. A research process of “Monte Carlo (MC) simulation - phantom verification - actual sample validation” was conducted. The MC simulation was used to determine interference rule and correction parameters for fluorescence, the results indicated that the escaped fluorescence flux nonlinearly decreased with the μa, μ’s at emission wavelength (μa,em, μ’s,em) and μa at excitation wavelength (μa,ex), however increased with the μ’s at excitation wavelength (μ’s,ex). And the required optical parameters to eliminate the interference of matrix on fluorescence intensity are: effective attenuation coefficients at excitation and emission wavelengths (μeff,ex, μeff,em) and μ’s,ex. Phantom verification was conducted to explore the feasibility of fluorescence correction based on the identified parameters by MC simulation, and determine the optimal machine learning method. The modelling results showed that least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) model could reach the best performance. Three kinds of edible oil (peanut, rapeseed, corn), each with two brands were used to prepare oil samples with different AFB1 contamination. The LSSVR model for AFB1 based on μeff,ex, μeff,em, μ’s,ex and fluorescence intensity at 450 nm was calibrated, both correlation coefficients for calibration (Rc) and the validation (Rv) sets could reach 1.000, root mean square errors for calibration (RMSEC) and the validation (RMSEV) sets were as low as 0.038 and 0.099 respectively. This study proposed a novel method which is based solely on the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence characteristics at excitation and emission wavelengths to achieve accurate prediction of AFB1 content in different types of vegetable oils.

In situ Fe isotope analysis of Cr-rich iron oxides using pure chromium metal for isobaric interference corrections by femtosecond LA–MC–ICP–MS

Iron oxide minerals, such as hematite and magnetite, are commonly found in a wide range of geological environments. Their Fe isotopic composition acts as a potent geochemical tracer, finding applications across various realms of Earth sciences. However, natural iron oxide minerals often have a high Cr content up to percentile levels, necessitating correction of isobaric interference caused by 54Cr+ on 54Fe+ to ensure accurate and precise in situ Fe isotopic compositions. In this study, a pure chromium metal with homogeneous isotopic compositions was examined within the analysis sequence to obtain the fractionation factor of Cr (βCr) for isobaric interference correction. A femtosecond laser ablation system combined with wet plasma conditions was used to decrease the matrix effect. We synthesized a series of magnetite and hematite samples with simple matrix as well as natural magnetite samples with complex matrix to evaluate the feasibility of Cr interference correction. By employing our proposed correction method, the deviation caused by the isobaric interference of 54Cr+ was effectively eliminated. The corrected δ56Fe values for hematite and magnetite samples, even with a Cr/Fe ratio of as high as 1.27, exhibited good agreement with the reference values within the long-term reproducibility uncertainty of 0.10‰. These results indicate the robustness of Cr interference correction in obtaining accurate Fe isotopic compositions of Cr-rich iron oxides.

Effective correction of dissolved organic carbon interference in nitrate detection using ultraviolet spectroscopy combined with the equivalent concentration offset method.

Nitrate contamination in water sources poses a substantial environmental and health risk. However, accurate detection of nitrate in water, particularly in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) interference, remains a significant analytical challenge. This study investigates a novel approach for the reliable detection of nitrate in water samples with varying levels of DOC interference based on the equivalent concentration offset method. The characteristic wavelengths of DOC were determined based on the first-order derivatives, and a nitrate concentration prediction model based on partial least squares (PLS) was established using the absorption spectra of nitrate solutions. Subsequently, the absorption spectra of the nitrate solutions were subtracted from that of the nitrate-DOC mixed solutions to obtain the difference spectra. These difference spectra were introduced into the nitrate prediction model to calculate the equivalent concentration offset values caused by DOC. Finally, a DOC interference correction model was established based on a binary linear regression between the absorbances at the DOC characteristic wavelengths and the DOC-induced equivalent concentration offset values of nitrate. Additionally, a modeling wavelength selection algorithm based on a sliding window was proposed to ensure the accuracy of the nitrate concentration prediction model and the equivalent concentration offset model. The experimental results demonstrated that by correcting the DOC-induced offsets, the relative error of nitrate prediction was reduced from 94.44% to 3.36%, and the root mean square error of prediction was reduced from 1.6108 mg L-1 to 0.1037 mg L-1, which is a significant correction effect. The proposed method applied to predict nitrate concentrations in samples from two different water sources shows a certain degree of comparability with the standard method. It proves that this method can effectively correct the deviations in nitrate measurements caused by DOC and improve the accuracy of nitrate measurement.

Gamma-ray spectra of post-irradiated uranium salt for total mass accounting with sodium-22 tracer

In order to meet the safeguard requirements for Nuclear Material Control and Accountability (MC&A) in liquid-fueled molten salt reactors, fuel salt transportation, and fuel cycle processes, it is important to develop effective methods for measuring and monitoring the mass of molten fuel salt or coolant salt. This paper seeks to validate the radioactive tracer dilution (RTD) method used for determining the mass of irradiated uranium-bearing molten salt. Small scale testing was conducted for this method by irradiating 6.065 g of MgCl–KCl–UCl3 salt mixture with 1.21 mg of 235U at The Ohio State University, resulting in a neutron fluence of 4.0 × 1016 n/cm2. Gamma spectra were acquired over the course of a 42-day period starting in March 2023 to assess fission products and activity levels of the 22Na tracer that was added before irradiation. No additional interference peaks were observed to overlap with the 1274.54 keV energy peak from 22Na, aside from the known 154Eu peaks, which can be corrected based on prior studies. By placing a thin piece of lead between the source and detector, deadtime was effectively reduced while still allowing observation of the higher-energy peaks, most notably around the 154Eu peak at 1004.76 keV used for interference correction. Overall, the uranium salt irradiation techniques applied in this experiment demonstrate the potential of the RTD method to effectively measure small irradiated samples for large scale molten fuel salt applications.

Direct accurate Eu anomaly analysis in very high Ba/Eu silicate samples by triple-quadrupole ICP-MS in MS/MS mass shift mode

The concentration of Eu relative to neighbouring rare earth elements (REE) is an important tool in petrology and geobiology. In most sample matrices, precise and accurate middle REE concentration data can be obtained by direct ICP-MS analysis with careful correction of interferences (chiefly, BaO+ on Eu+ and NdO+ on Gd+). However, geologically interesting samples, including sediments from mid-ocean-ridge and other hydrothermal settings, certain limestones, Precambrian cherts, and some alkali-feldspars have such high Ba/Eu ratios that signals on both Eu isotopes are dominated by BaO. This necessitates high resolution mass spectrometry, highly accurate oxide-correction in these matrices, or requires the separation of the REE from the Ba-rich matrix prior to ICP-MS analysis. Here we report experiments with a triple-quadrupole ICP-MS where Eu was analysed as the mass shifted EuO+ after reaction with N2O or O2 for analysis of Palaeoarchaean cherts. Results were compared to conventional REE analysis with a generic oxide correction as well as individual sample oxide correction. It was found that the triple-quadrupole ICP-MS method with N2O reaction and the conventional ICP-MS analysis with individual sample oxide correction yielded indistinguishable middle REE data for samples with Ba/Eu of up to 125,000. The other two methods overestimated the Eu concentration in samples with Ba/Eu > 10,000, leading to spuriously high positive Eu anomalies, which could be misinterpreted as dominant high-temperature hydrothermal venting into the ancient ocean, for which there is currently no convincing evidence. The triple-quadrupole ICP-MS method with N2O reaction offers a fast, low-blank and high-sensitivity solution to REE analysis of high Ba/Eu geological matrices. Based on the insight from these experiments, we propose criteria with which legacy Eu anomaly data can be assessed for accuracy and inclusion into deep time secular trend studies.

MI-Poser

Inside-out tracking of human body poses using wearable sensors holds significant potential for AR/VR applications, such as remote communication through 3D avatars with expressive body language. Current inside-out systems often rely on vision-based methods utilizing handheld controllers or incorporating densely distributed body-worn IMU sensors. The former limits hands-free and occlusion-robust interactions, while the latter is plagued by inadequate accuracy and jittering. We introduce a novel body tracking system, MI-Poser, which employs AR glasses and two wrist-worn electromagnetic field (EMF) sensors to achieve high-fidelity upper-body pose estimation while mitigating metal interference. Our lightweight system demonstrates a minimal error (6.6 cm mean joint position error) with real-world data collected from 10 participants. It remains robust against various upper-body movements and operates efficiently at 60 Hz. Furthermore, by incorporating an IMU sensor co-located with the EMF sensor, MI-Poser presents solutions to counteract the effects of metal interference, which inherently disrupts the EMF signal during tracking. Our evaluation effectively showcases the successful detection and correction of interference using our EMF-IMU fusion approach across environments with diverse metal profiles. Ultimately, MI-Poser offers a practical pose tracking system, particularly suited for body-centric AR applications.

Impact of Atmospheric Correction on Classification and Quantification of Seagrass Density from WorldView-2 Imagery.

Mapping the seagrass distribution and density in the underwater landscape can improve global Blue Carbon estimates. However, atmospheric absorption and scattering introduce errors in space-based sensors' retrieval of sea surface reflectance, affecting seagrass presence, density, and above-ground carbon () estimates. This study assessed atmospheric correction's impact on mapping seagrass using WorldView-2 satellite imagery from Saint Joseph Bay, Saint George Sound, and Keaton Beach in Florida, USA. Coincident in situ measurements of water-leaving radiance (), optical properties, and seagrass leaf area index (LAI) were collected. Seagrass classification and the retrieval of LAI were compared after empirical line height (ELH) and dark-object subtraction (DOS) methods were used for atmospheric correction. DOS left residual brightness in the blue and green bands but had minimal impact on the seagrass classification accuracy. However, the brighter reflectance values reduced LAI retrievals by up to 50% compared to ELH-corrected images and ground-based observations. This study offers a potential correction for LAI underestimation due to incomplete atmospheric correction, enhancing the retrieval of seagrass density and above-ground Blue Carbon from WorldView-2 imagery without in situ observations for accurate atmospheric interference correction.

Advances in Wall Interference Corrections for Two-Dimensional Lifting Bodies

A novel approach to correcting the effects of wall interference has been developed for low-speed closed-wall wind tunnels using a nonlinear least-squares optimization process independent of the model geometry. Potential flow singularities are used to represent the test object, and the method of images is used to represent the tunnel walls. Trust-region reflective optimization enables the locations and strengths of singularities to be determined iteratively with only wall pressure measurements as independent inputs. Results are obtained from a range of two-dimensional and three-dimensional airfoil test cases using both computational fluid dynamics simulations and wind tunnel experiments, including a NACA 0012 with deployed spoiler, a NACA 0015, a NACA 4415, and a McDonnell Douglas 30P30N high-lift configuration. The nonlinear least-squares wall-correction method is shown to demonstrate a considerable improvement over the conventional two-variable technique.

Weak Localization of Light in a Magneto-Active Medium

The interference contribution to the optical conductance (total transmittance) of a sample of a disordered Faraday medium is calculated. The suppression of wave interference in a magnetic field is shown to be due to helicity-flip scattering events. The magnetic field does not destroy the interference of waves with a given helicity, but suppresses it if the helicity changes along different parts of the wave trajectory. This leads to a decrease in the interference contribution to the conductance with increasing the magnetic field. A similar phenomenon, negative magnetoresistance, is known as a consequence of weak localization of electrons in metals with impurities. It is found that, as the magnetic field increases, the change in the interference correction to the optical conductance tends to a certain limiting value, which depends on the ratio of the transport mean free path to the helicity-flip scattering mean free path. We also discuss the possibility of controlling the transition to the regime of strong “Anderson” localization in the quasi-one-dimensional case by means of the field.

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations in mesoscopic devices.

We investigate the thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) in mesoscopic devices for all universal symmetry classes of Wigner-Dyson and Dirac (chiral). The observables of interest include the TUR (MS), which is defined in terms of the ratio between the mean noise and mean conductance, as well as a new TUR (R) proposed in this article, which is based on the ensemble mean of the noise-to-conductance ratio. A detailed study is made on the quantum interference corrections associated with the TURs. We also analyze the influence of orbital and sublattice/chiral degrees of freedom for the validity of the observables in these chaotic mesoscopic billiards. Our investigation is based on the concatenation between the Landauer-Büttiker theory, the Mahaux-Wendeinmüller theory, and the TURs. We simulate the universal mesoscopic chaotic quantum dots using the random-matrix theory and compare our numerical results with the pertinent experimental data. The results were obtained for a different number of channels and tunneling rates that vary from the opaque to the ideal regime and, in all cases, demonstrate a clear phenomenological distinction between the TURs. In particular, the opaque regime engenders remarkable differences between the observables, even in the semiclassical regime, which characterizes a clear violation of the central limit theorem. Furthermore, we show that the phenomenology of the quantum interference corrections is strikingly robust, surprisingly exhibiting an order of magnitude greater than the supposedly leading semiclassical term for the TUR (R).