Correct Terminology Research Articles

FRANSIZCA-TÜRKÇE HUKUK METINLERI ÖRNEKLERI ARACILIĞIYLA HUKUK ÇEVIRISI EĞITIMI ÜZERINE BIR DEĞERLENDIRME

Although there are too many types of text in the field of it is possible to make a general classification in the field of legal text types in terms of translation: laws, court decisions, texts in books, media news concerning law, commercial contracts, international conventions, different types of records, Declarations (for example, the Universal Declaration of human rights), regulations, circulars, historical legal texts. In the context of legal texts, is an important factor in defense of human rights and freedoms in an individual's community life, and it eliminates the differences and conflicts in the language of the which is spoken by individuals speaking languages and living in communities. In this context, it is necessary to take into consideration some basic issues in training in order to understand the importance and the seriousness of the legal and to prevent incorrect translations. Besides such requirements as being very competent on source and target languages, on the field of having a good world knowledge, is also necessary to ensure the acquisition of correct legal terminology. So, what are the major basic elements that must be taken into consideration in the legal training? What is the importance of the acquisition of a correct legal terminology in working languages to legal and what are the outputs and the contributions that it provides to the translation? The aim of this study is to present a terminology used in the field of by analyzing the examples of French-Turkish legal texts, to reveal the importance of the use of a correct terminology by drawing attention to the terms that are used in meanings depending on the context, by this means to lead to suggestions that will shed light on the legal training in the Translation and Interpreting Departments and that can also ensure the development of expertise areas in this field. Considering the fact that the law translation mistakes may lead to the loss of rights and unjust suffering that are hard to compensate the acquisition of a multilingual terminology and its methodological integration to the legal training have a great importance in addition to the basic requirements such as being competent on the language and field.

MP24-16 UROSYMPHYSEAL FISTULATION - WHAT'S IN A NAME?

You have accessJournal of UrologyTrauma/Reconstruction/Diversion: Ureter (including Pyeloplasty) and Bladder Reconstruction (including fistula), Augmentation, Substitution, Diversion I1 Apr 2017MP24-16 UROSYMPHYSEAL FISTULATION - WHAT'S IN A NAME? Simon Bugeja, Stella Ivaz, Stacey Frost, Mariya Dragova, Daniela E Andrich, and Anthony R Mundy Simon BugejaSimon Bugeja More articles by this author , Stella IvazStella Ivaz More articles by this author , Stacey FrostStacey Frost More articles by this author , Mariya DragovaMariya Dragova More articles by this author , Daniela E AndrichDaniela E Andrich More articles by this author , and Anthony R MundyAnthony R Mundy More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3310AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Urosymphyseal fistulation is a recently described condition which is also referred to in the literature as osteitis pubis or pubic osteomyelitis. The morbidity of this is considerable particularly the pain it generates, which is often uncontrollable and unbearable. The name of the condition reflects our understanding of the nature and cause of the problem and in view of the discrepancy in terminology we have assessed the clinical, biochemical, microbiological and histological evidence in our own group of patients to determine the nature of the condition. METHODS There were 37 patients treated in our centre in the last five years (2012 - 2016 inclusive). We have complete data in 27 of these. Blood studies, imaging and microbiological investigations were performed preoperatively; microbiology and histology specimens were taken at the time of surgery; and there was further imaging and blood studies postoperatively. RESULTS The only imaging investigation that was 100% reliable was MRI scanning. The white blood cell count was normal in 6 patients and the average elevation was to 12.3 x103/μL. The CRP was elevated in every patient up to a level of a mean of 26.5mg/L. There appeared to be no specific correlation between the CRP and the symptoms. Urine culture was positive in only 12 patients (44.4%) with an even spread between coliforms, pseudomonas spp. and candida spp. The tissue culture was positive in 11 (40.7%) of the patients and did not necessarily match the urine culture. Histological assessment showed chronic inflammation in both the symphysis and the adjacent bone in 9 patients. There were external beam radiotherapy-related changes in all of these. There were chronic inflammatory changes in the symphysis alone in 18 patients. There was no evidence of osteomyelitis in any patient. CONCLUSIONS Essentially the characteristic intraoperative finding was of a thick-walled fluid containing cavity within the pubic symphysis which was sometimes related to inflammatory changes in the surrounding bone and sometimes to post-irradiation changes in the bone but never to any acute inflammatory change. Correlating the symptoms, the clinical findings, the surgical findings and the haematological and microbiological findings suggest that the fundamental problem is the urine leak and direct fistulation into (and sometimes through) the pubic symphysis. The more extensive the leak the worse the pain. The urinary and tissue microbiology did not correlate with each other or with the symptoms. The correct terminology for this condition, we believe, is Urosymphyseal Fistulae. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e307-e308 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Simon Bugeja More articles by this author Stella Ivaz More articles by this author Stacey Frost More articles by this author Mariya Dragova More articles by this author Daniela E Andrich More articles by this author Anthony R Mundy More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Динамічні здібності чи динамічні здатності?

Ціль дослідження – проаналізувати концепції динамічних здібностей для формування коректної термінології.
 Дизайн/Метод/Підхід дослідження. Дана теоретична статя базується на лінгвістичному аналізі ключових наукових робіт з динамічних здібностей.
 Результати. Проаналізовано історичний розвиток динамічних здібностей із моменту запровадження терміну й до сьогодення. У роботі описано головні проблеми концепції, що можуть впливати на її розуміння і, як наслідок, коректний переклад. Розглянуто новітні розвитки теорії і дві пов’язані із цим наукові дискусії. Проаналізовано визначення організаційних здібностей та їх вплив на розуміння динамічних здібностей організації. Наведено основні визначення динамічних здібностей, що відображають різні аспекти наукової дискусії, що точиться навколо концепції.
 Теоретичне значення дослідження. Дане дослідження важливе для розвитку концепції динамічних здібностей в українському науковому сегменті, оскільки в роботі запропоновано підхід для однозначного розуміння термінології цієї концепції.
 Оригінальність/Цінність/Наукова новизна дослідження. У зв’язку із тим, що залежно від розуміння концепції, переклад термінології українською мовою може бути різним, запропоновано термінологію, яка найбільш точно відповідає сучасному її розумінню.
 Тип статті – теоретична.

A Basic Guide to Real Time PCR in Microbial Diagnostics: Definitions, Parameters, and Everything.

Real time PCR (quantitative PCR, qPCR) is now a well-established method for the detection, quantification, and typing of different microbial agents in the areas of clinical and veterinary diagnostics and food safety. Although the concept of PCR is relatively simple, there are specific issues in qPCR that developers and users of this technology must bear in mind. These include the use of correct terminology and definitions, understanding of the principle of PCR, difficulties with interpretation and presentation of data, the limitations of qPCR in different areas of microbial diagnostics and parameters important for the description of qPCR performance. It is not our intention in this review to describe every single aspect of qPCR design, optimization, and validation; however, it is our hope that this basic guide will help to orient beginners and users of qPCR in the use of this powerful technique.

Vocabulaire progressif du français: niveau perfectionnement par Claire Miquel

point de vue lexical, étant donné que ce manuel est conçu pour un cours de débutant. Dans l’ensemble, il est facilement envisageable d’intégrer ce manuel en deuxième année dans un programme de langue du système universitaire nord-américain, ou alors quelques chapitres en première année avec une préparation lexicale préalable. Il pourrait aussi donner lieu à un cours de prononciation de première année, si un apport thématique ou culturel est intégré afin de pousser à la communication et au développement de la maîtrise du français authentique. Colorado State University Frédérique Grim Miquel, Claire. Vocabulaire progressif du français: niveau perfectionnement. Paris: CLE International, 2015. ISBN 978-209-038154-2. Pp. 304. Designed for students at the C1 and C2 levels of the Common European Framework (defined as Proficient Users with C1 having effective operational or advanced proficiency and C2 having mastery proficiency), Miquel’s book is naturally best suited for those who want to prepare in the most efficient manner possible for language proficiency examinations. However, given its flexible format of concise lessons and 675 appropriately-challenging exercises and communicative activities, it allows for use by both an individual striving to be able to recognize implicit meaning and distinguish subtle differences in meaning, particularly within complex structures, or by an instructor of an advanced French-language course at the secondary (AP French Language and Culture or IB) and the post-secondary (as part of a 300-level conversation course) levels. Comprised of forty-two chapters with a clear and logical layout (e.g. lesson on the left-hand page, exercises on the right-hand page), the methodological approach of each lesson is to move in a logical yet engaging fashion from initial concrete meanings to more abstract and/or specific ones. In so doing, a rich and varied vocabulary is presented, frequently with pictorial expressions, proverbs, and sometimes even a bit of argot. In the chapter on la santé, the progression is tenfold : la santé publique, l’état de santé, la maladies des enfants, les petits problèmes, la maladie, quelques accidents de santé, les soins, décrire la douleur, l’accouchement, and quelques expressions imagées. Having served as an interpreter/translator in a medical setting, this reviewer is aware that knowing the correct terminology, especially in emergency situations, is key for the comfort level of the patient when interacting with the physician. This chapter on la santé will prepare users for most medical situations, so that if no interpreter/translator is available, they will not be at a linguistic disadvantage . A warning for the instructor of younger students is that the photograph in this chapter is dedicated to l’accouchement and, although a very tender and tasteful photograph, it is of a child breastfeeding on a bare breast while gazing at her mother. Other features include an audio CD with sixty tracks (75 minutes of listening 282 FRENCH REVIEW 91.2 Reviews 283 comprehension), a lexical index, and a web version of the book. The answer key is available as a separate publication (ISBN 978-2-09-038115-9). Fulbright Specialist (NY) Eileen M. Angelini Ravazzolo, Elisa, Véronique Traverso, Émilie Jouin, et Gérard Vigner. Interactions, dialogues, conversations: l’oral en français langue étrangère. Vanves: Hachette, 2015. ISBN 978-2-01-401601-7. Pp. 224. Balancing theory of discursive practice, conversational analysis, and interactional linguistics with short reflections on actual usage within the teaching of oral Français langue étrangère, this volume defines its intended audience as present and future teachers and all those who“s’intéressent au français langue étrangère”(8). Some of the intended audience (and readers of this journal) may be less drawn by the authors’ efforts at “éclairage et non application” (8), as they seek concrete practical tools and applications adaptable to their own classrooms. Others will be rightfully intrigued by the efforts to separate the often unbreakable pairing of the written with the oral, as well as the deepening of oral practices far beyond standard student- or instructor-generated dialogues. In fact, this work’s strengths...

Contact Hours Versus CEUs: What's the Difference?

The terms contact hour and continuing education unit (CEU) are often used interchangeably. However, they are significantly different. The importance of correct terminology is highlighted in this article. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2016;47(12):529-530.

Development of a novel simulation model for assessment of laparoscopic camera navigation.

Laparoscopic camera navigation is vital to laparoscopic surgery, yet often falls to the most junior member of the surgical team who has limited laparoscopic operating experience. Previously published reports on simulation models fail to address qualitative scoring of movement, method of communication and correct physician location with respect to patient position. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel laparoscopic camera navigation simulation model that addresses these deficiencies. A novel, low-cost laparoscopic camera navigational maze was constructed from pliable foam for use in a standard laparoscopic surgery box trainer. Participants (n=37) completed a camera navigation exercise by following a pre-recorded set of verbal instructions using correct anatomic terminology that is used in the operating room, to simulate an actual operating room experience of receiving verbal cues from senior surgeons. The sample group consisted of participants at various levels of Obstetrics and Gynecology training, representing novice to expert laparoscopists. Each trial was recorded with a multi-channel video camera. Performances were scored by a blinded evaluator for excess gross and fine camera movements as well as overt errors, including camera collisions and failure to follow directions. Our model demonstrated evidence of validity by discriminating performance by level of laparoscopic experience with a statistically significant decrease in number of movements and errors in experts compared to novices. A trend emerged toward improvement with each additional year of training, with reduced variability among performances in more experienced participants. This novel, low-cost box-trainer simulation model for laparoscopic camera navigation offers a mechanism for assessment of laparoscopic camera operation skills. Moreover, this model closely replicates operating room logistics and communication. Given the necessity for improved laparoscopic camera operation education, our model represents a unique, complementary tool to other laparoscopic simulation curricula.

Updates on Precancerous Lesions of the Biliary Tract: Biliary Precancerous Lesion.

Precursor lesions of invasive adenocarcinoma of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) have been increasingly recognized during the past decade because of the results of multiple studies on the carcinogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma, technologic advancements in diagnostic imaging modalities, and an increase in the volume of elective procedures. The two main precursor lesions of cholangiocarcinoma that have evolved are biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. These lesions demonstrate histomorphologic similarities to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas, respectively, whereas mechanisms of carcinogenesis and risk of progressive disease appear distinct. An enhanced understanding of the clinical presentation and pathologic features of precursor lesions of the biliary tract and use of the correct terminology will facilitate efficient communication between surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists and improve quality of patient care.

In this issue ofWeather

We start this month s issue of Weather with the annual review ‘Global and regional climate in 2015’ by John Kennedy, Colin Morice, David Parker and Mike Kendon of the Met Office Hadley Centre. Their account reflects the exceptional warmth of last year, associated with a strong El Niño that reached a peak in December. As usual, there is a careful examination of variability across the globe, the level of significance of the data and particular weather events. Next, we move on to a short reminiscence of a flash-flood event on Ascension Island in 1984. Desert climates, although generally dry, tend to see unusually heavy rainfall events that occur rarely, as shown in Ken Kemp's ‘Historic flash flood on Ascension’. In recent years, the effects of changing climate on people has come to the fore. There may be many reasons for these changes and varying effects, but in the tropics, teleconnections can explain much of the variability, as is shown for an arid climate in ‘Understanding trends and shifts in rainfall in parts of northwestern India based on global climatic indices’ by Priya Narayanan, Ahoke Basistha and Kamna Sachdeva. Clouds have been a permanent fascination to all those involved in the science of the weather, as often reflected on the pages of this journal. In ‘Contrail lobes or mamma? The importance of correct terminology’, David Schultz and Yvette Hancock look at the different formation mechanisms of the apparently similar cloud features: mamma and contrail lobes, proposing that they be distinctively categorized by the WMO.

Morpho-anatomy and ontogeny of the underground system of Chrysolaena simplex (Less.) Dematt. (Asteraceae).

The occurrence of thickened underground systems in Asteraceae is widely reported in the literature. Given the great complexity of underground systems, which may originate from roots, stems, or both, morpho-anatomical analyses are essential to ensure the use of correct terminology. The goals of this study were to describe the morpho-anatomy and ontogeny, investigate the occurrence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the effects of seasonality on the underground system of Chrysolaena simplex (Less.) Dematt. Samples were studied using standard protocols of plant anatomy, scanning electron microscopy, histochemical and phytochemical. The underground system of C. simplex was categorised as a rhizophore which started from cotyledonary node. In adult individuals, with rhizophores completely developed, the primary roots degenerated and adventitious radicular systems are formed. The buds in the subterranean portions promote the rhizophore growing, and form aerial stems when exposed to light. Lipophilic droplets were evident in the parenchymatous cells of the cortex and pith, endodermis and buds. Inulin-type fructans were observed in the stem axis and buds of the rhizophore. The presence of buds, secondary metabolites and the storage of fructans and lipids in the rhizophore can be seen as adaptive traits.

Respectful communication

No matter where we sit in medicine, whether it's at the bedside, in a consultation room or at the laboratory bench, communication is an essential tool of our trade. We work in increasingly diverse communities of colleagues, staff and patients, in which effective communication relies on much more than simply knowing the correct medical terminology. Doctors are translators. They interpret their own part of the complex world of biomedicine to colleagues from different fields, to their staff and to concerned consumers for whom that world is a foreign land. Navigating the apparently many ‘rules’ of culturally appropriate communication often makes doctors anxious. This session will be an introduction to a simple five step cultural humility framework. It aims to get you thinking about cultural identity and respectful communication and will help you communicate more effectively wherever there is cultural difference. We will touch on some specifics for Indigenous people, but you’ll learn that difference is pretty much everywhere, and the same basic principles can be applied. Come armed with questions, prepared to interact and discuss. Before attending this session, please try to read the following articles:1.Kleinman A, Benson P. Anthropology in the clinic: the problem of cultural competency and how to fix it. PLoS Med 2006; 3(10): e294. http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030294 (open access).2.Salas-Lopez D. A culture of one. Every healthcare encounter is a cultural encounter. Medical Economics 2010; 87(7): 40–1.

An analysis of end-of-life terminology in the carbon fiber reinforced plastic industry

While many studies and reviews into the practices conducted by industry and academia to recycle and remanufacture carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) exist, to date no investigation exists which regards the correctness of the use of the terms recycling and remanufacturing. As such, this paper seeks to analyse the CFRP reuse industry’s attempt to recycle and remanufacture manufacturing waste CFRP and end-of-life (EOL) CFRP with an emphasis on the terminology used to describe these practices. Firstly, this paper presents a justification of the importance of using EOL terminology correctly; outlining the benefits and problems associated with using the correct and incorrect terminology. This paper finds that in the case of CFRP remanufacturing, terminology is being applied incorrectly and in the case of CFRP recycling, particular care should be taken when applying the term recycled to CFRP or stating that CFRP has been recycled. Further, this paper proposes new terminology (in keeping with EU directives) which could be adopted by industry and academia working in this area. This paper also finds that in the case of remanufacture, CFRP is incapable of being remanufactured.

La Terminología Anatómica en Colombia y el uso de epónimos en la enseñanza en Medicina

El objetivo de este trabajo es fundamentar el uso en el campo de la Medicina de un lenguaje anatómico para el ser humano que no se base en epónimos, pues estos no tienen ningún valor descriptivo ni informativo. El uso rutinario de epónimos que emplea una alta proporción de médicos en Colombia para referirse a estructuras anatómicas, posiblemente se deba al desconocimiento de la existencia de una Terminología Anatómica de carácter internacional, la cual propende por una comunicación más clara y precisa entre los profesionales de la salud y facilitar el aprendizaje. Es necesario fomentar en las nuevas generaciones de médicos el uso de la terminología anatómica correcta, lo que redundará más adelante en una mejor comunicación y facilitará el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Improved Handling of Synonymous SNOMED CT Concepts used in HL7 Version 3 by the Example of the Von Willebrand Disease

Background: In the context of synonymous concepts, errors and term duplications in SNOMED CT are likely. This a ects in particular clinical ideas with multiple types of display, like the example of the Von Willebrand disease. Objectives: It is required to ensure a common and correct interpretation of medical terms. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between the clinical ideas of disease, disorder and syndrome in the Von Willebrand context. To perform a critical examination of the associated hierarchical order in SNOMED CT and above that, to follow the given rules of correct terminology binding. Methods: The synonymous concepts problem is ana- lyzed in reference to the Von Willebrand context in the SNOMED CT International Version 31012015. Improve- ments of handling are formulated based on the valid SNOMED CT compositional grammar and the SNOMED CT Editorial Guidelines. Terminology binding is examined regarding the prerequisites given in the Using SNOMED CT in HL7 Version 3 Implementation Guide, Release 1.5 Results: Many Von Willebrand concepts in SNOMED CT are not fully de ned but primitive, which means that their de ning characteristics are not sucient to distigu- ish synonymous meanings. Improved handling of synony- mous concepts is proposed by the installation of a broader grouper concept and an adaption of the SNOMED CT hi- erarchical structure to avoid misinterpretations and dupli- cations. Conclusions: The terminology binding between the SNOMED CT semantics in the Von Willebrand context and HL7 V3 seems technically well described. It has been shown, that the problematic handling of synonymous terms is assigned to hierarchical structure problems out of SNOMED CT.

Users’ Quality Expectations in Conference Interpreting

This paper is part of an unpublished doctoral thesis on “Conference Interpreting in Malaysia”. Expectations of users were explored by an on-site questionnaire-based survey study in Malaysian conference interpreting setting. The relative importance of various linguistic and non-linguistic criteria for quality was obtained through quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. A reliable sample of 256 interpreting “users” (Cronbach alpha coefficient=0.81) were collected from five international conferences in Malaysia. Analysis of the results revealed that users attached high value to the linguistic criteria of sense-consistency with original message (94.1%), logical cohesion (91.1%), fluency of delivery (91%), correct terminology (89.8%), correct grammar (82.8%), completeness of interpretation (80.2%), synchronicity (73%), and style (70.5%) rating the criteria very important or important. The parameters of pleasant voice (60.9%), lively intonation (60.4%), and native accent (57.3%) were considered desirable, but not essential as they received the least importance by the users. Findings from the open-ended questions showed that users consider “wide range of topics” and “broadening one’s horizons” as the most interesting aspects of conference interpreting. Users indicated that they were willing to listen to the interpretation even if they understood it. These suggest that interpreters are seen as a professional source of knowledge from users’ perspectives. While stressing on the linguistic aspects and the importance of output-related quality criteria, the researcher calls for taking further notice of situational particularities and background variables, pragmatic communication issues, and contextual features with a more extensive view of the profession, in addition to the methodological issues that have always been argued in interpreting quality research.

Streamlining patient consultations for sleep disorders with a knowledge-based CDSS

ObjectivesThis paper examines the workflow of sleep physicians during a patient consultation and how an innovative clinical decision support system (CDSS) provides efficiency and effectiveness gains. MethodsThe CDSS tools consisted of two input applications for patient data, with a knowledge based decision support system developed participatively with physicians and an international panel. An argument tree approach was used to produce diagnostic explanations and an evidence-based report for the physician using medically correct and shared terminology. A usability evaluation using a qualitative approach was carried out to ensure that the CDSS met the physicians׳ information needs, as well as the wider needs of a Sleep Investigation Unit. ResultsThe physicians found the CDSS both useful and usable with clear applications in triage and diagnostic decision-making, and in patient education. ConclusionThe CDSS both reduces the time and number of visits needed for consultations, and helps focus consultation on better individual patient care through informed explanation of diagnostic and treatment decisions.

YouTube Videos and the Rip Current Hazard: Swimming in a Sea of (Mis)information

Rip currents are strong, narrow, offshore flows found on many global beaches and contribute to hundreds of drownings and tens of thousands of rescues each year. Yet despite long-standing educational efforts, public understanding of rip currents is poor. YouTube represents a new visual-based social media platform with the potential to educate a large and global audience about the rip current hazard. This study analyzed the content of 256 rip current–related YouTube videos with over 5 million total views as of March 2, 2015 finding that the accuracy of informa- tion disseminated about rip currents on YouTube is mixed and of varying quality. Existing videos are good at emphasizing correct rip current terminology, visual imagery, and a range of escape strategies, but greater emphasis in future videos must be placed on rip current avoidance, particularly through promoting the need to swim near lifeguards and how to spot rip currents.

WS18.1 Towards a better understanding of survival data in CF

Objective Although it is undeniable that survival of CF patients has greatly improved, the terminology used in that field is complex and often confusing for patients/families, but also for clinicians. Understanding the difference between the various indicators is however essential to provide suitable information. This work aimed to improve understanding of CF survival data. Methods First, we listed and defined the survival indicators used in CF, and explained their estimating methods. Then, we reviewed survival data currently presented by registries. Results Beyond median age at death, the main survival indicators are: 1.Median predicted survival age, the age up to which 50% of patients should live. It is estimated transversely by analysing the mortality structure of the current CF population. 2.Median survival, the age at which 50% of the patients of a given cohort have died. It requires the longitudinal follow-up of a birth cohort (e.g. cohort 1980–84) and thus time. Review of CF registry reports shows that survival data are heterogeneous. Most registries present the median age at death (range: 13.4 to 38.0 y). The US, UK and Canadian registries determine the median predicted survival age (estimated at 41.1, 43.5 and 49.7 y, respectively), whereas the French registry presents survival probabilities by 5-year cohorts (with yet insufficient follow-up to estimate median survival). Conclusion This work helps to better interpret survival data and to use the correct terminology. It shows that survival data presented by registries are not consensual and present substantial differences, which may be in part explained by discrepancies in populations included in registries.

Russian as Native, Non-native, one of Natives and Foreign Languages: Questions of Terminology and Measurement of Levels of Proficiency

The 21st century has brought globalization of people’s lives and education. Dramatic economical, political and natural cataclysms has made our planet’s population mobile and that concerns not only highly developed countries but also so called the third world countries. While moving and changing their places of residence people bring with them their native language, their culture, knowledge and experience. They also bring to their new county of residence their own perception about communication, both an inner communication and an intercultural one. Bulat Okudzhava said in one of his poems, “To understand each other is a sacred science”, and today this approach to communication becomes a vital necessity in everyday life, in the sphere of science and education, in real space as well as in the virtual one. While people actively learn foreign languages with approved status, minor languages become suppressed in spite of the fact that the population - bearers of these minor languages are quite numerous and these bearers should be taken into consideration. But this problem is likely to be referred to politics. In the frames of practical educational activities we deal with various problems. One of them quite often causes obstacles not only in organizing of the methodically correct educational process but also in its monitoring process. Its impact on marking the final results, on achieving targeted competences all these are the subjects of correct terminology. To be more precise – correlation of terminology that is accepted in Russian Federation and in the world (in the first place in Europe, the USA, Israel).

Medical Jargon - An Overview

They do certainly give very strange and new-fangled names to diseases — Plato (427-347BC) Patient's Ears remorseless he assails, Murthers with Jargon where his Med'cine fails - Sir Samuel Garth (1661-1719) That's all very well, gentlemen, but only laymen called it Jargon. The correct medical term is Correct Medical Terminology. We doctors can't go around calling Familial Dysbetalipoproteinaemia touch of the nasties, now can we? Any more than we'd call Erysipelothrix rhuziopathia little bug. So just moderate your language, Sam; and as for you, Plato — run along and play with your friends. Precision is vital to good communication, and medical men use jargon only to define exactly what they mean. Or do they? Occasionally, perhaps, there may be the tiniest hint of Jargon For Jargon's Sake — our profession has few other status symbols left nowadays, and sometimes it is regrettably necessary to subdue an uppity patient by blinding him with science. But under normal circumstances the use of jargon purely to impress people is limited to students and paramedical personnel, showing off their phraseology like a lance-corporal's stripe. Tyro jargoneers hold forth only to the awe-struck laity, since they remain uncomfortably aware that one slip will reveal their bluff and cause cruel hilarity to the initiated. In one hospital where I worked nobody had the kindness to correct a pleasant old nurse who for years referred to urea and electric lights. (Another fond memory of nursing jargon: a successful enema is always said to have been given with good — a merciful phrase which spares passers-by the details — and I remember a nurse exclaiming after an incontinent patient developed diarrhoea, There was result everywhere!)