Correct Response Ratio Research Articles

Neurotransmitter release from the medial hyperstriatum ventrale of the chick forebrain accompanying filial imprinting behavior, measured by in vivo microdialysis.

The imprinting behavior of chicks was quantified as a preference score (correct response ratio) achieved in a running wheel apparatus. A total of 249 chicks were exposed to an imprinting stimulus and tested for stimulus-approaching behavior. The chicks were then classified as good learners (imprinted), poor learners (non-imprinted) and a gray-zone group, those were 46%, 31% and 23% of the total chicks respectively. Using the classified chicks, the acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate releases from the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (MHV) of the chick forebrains were determined by in vivo microdialysis. The non-imprinted chicks were used as yoked controls. Increases of ACh and glutamate released were observed in the imprinted chicks during exposure to the imprinting stimulus, whereas there were no changes in the release of these neurotransmitters in the non-imprinted chicks during the imprinting exposure. These results might be indicated that cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses which are newly formed as functioning synapses with imprinting stimulus in the MHV are involved in the performance of imprinting behavior.

Categorical Perception of Illusory Contour Defined Shapes

Categorical perception (CP) is the phenomenon when people are better able to distinguish between stimuli of different categories than between stimuli of the same category and it appears for innate and learned stimuli of various sensory modalities. We tested if CP occurs also for illusory contour stimuli. First, in an ABX paradigm the shape discrimination capacity of subjects was tested for convex (‘fat’) or concave (‘thin’) Kanizsa-square-like shapes (cf Rubin, 1996 Perception25 Supplement, 3; pre-category-learning test). The proportion of correct responses and response latency were measured. Second, subjects were instructed that every stimulus belongs to either the ‘fat’ or the ‘thin’ category, and they were trained to categorise the individual stimuli using a 2AFC paradigm with corrective feedback until 90% of correct responses. Third, we measured the shape discrimination capacity of subjects, by repeating the first ABX paradigm (post-category-learning test). Comparison of the ratio of correct responses in the post/pre discrimination tests showed that discrimination of illusory shapes of different categories is enhanced but discrimination of members of the same category is made more difficult by category training. In a second experiment, by increasing the physical differences between the extreme ‘fat’ and extreme ‘thin’ stimuli (increased range of the opening-angle of the Kanizsa-square inducer pacmen), we made the categorisation task easier for the subjects and tested if discrimination capacity is altered by the modified difficulty of the categorisation task. We discuss the effect of difficulty on CP and the relation of illusory CP to that of real luminance contour stimuli.

Scoring Procedure, Performance Factors, and Magnitude of Sex Differences in Spatial Performance

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the influence of procedural factors on the magnitude of sex differences in a test of spatial ability. Two hundred and seven females and 155 males were administered the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) under timed and untimed conditions. Four different scoring procedures were used: total score, ratio of correct responses to the number of items attempted, score out of 24, and score out of 48. Significant sex differences were obtained in the timed condition but not in the untimed condition. Results also revealed that the magnitude of sex differences was reduced when a ratio score was used. Analysis of the pattern of responses provided insights into the causes of sex differences on the MRT. Results are interpreted in terms of their implications for research on sex differences in spatial ability.

Dietary α-linolenate/linoleate balance influences learning and memory in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)

The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8) is a model of age-related deterioration of memory and learning ability. A semipurified diet supplemented either with safflower oil (rich in linoleate) or with perilla oil (rich in α-linolenate) was fed to SAMP8 mouse dams and their pups. The offspring (males from several mothers) at 28 weeks of age were used for behavioral tests. The proportions of n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids in brain phospholipids reflected the n-3/n-6 balance of the diets. The learning and memory abilities of the two dietary groups were tested with the Sidman active avoidance task and the light and dark discrimination learning test. The group given perilla oil showed much greater improvement in learning in the Sidman active avoidance task than did the group fed safflower oil. In the light and dark discrimination learning test, the total number of responses to positive and negative stimuli was lower in those fed perilla oil, and their responses to positive stimuli were higher than to negative stimuli after the 10th session. Consequently, the correct response ratios of discrimination were higher in the perilla oil group than in the safflower oil group. In the open field test, the total amount of locomotor activity during 5 min was lower in the perilla oil group at 7 months of age than in the group fed safflower oil. Observations of the circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity (SMA) indicated that the mice in the safflower oil group tended to be more active than those in the perilla oil group in both light and dark periods, and SMA counts in the safflower group were significantly higher in the second half of the light period than in the first half. These results indicate that in the SAMP8 mouse, the dietary α-linolenate/linoleate balance affects the n-3/n-6 ratio of brain phospholipid acyl chains and this may influence learning, memory and behavior.

Reinforcement effects of Boschniakia rossica on discrimination learning in cholinergic lesions of rats

The dried herb or stem of Boschniakia rossica (Boschniakiae Herba) has been used as an antisenile agent in the Jilin Province of China. To elucidate the effects of Boschniakiae Herba on decreased learning ability and memory weakness, a 50% ethanol extract of Boschniakiae Herba was administered to rats whose nucleus basalis of Meynert had been destroyed by the injection of ibotenic acid. This administration showed a significant improvement in the decrease of the ratio of correct responses caused by destruction of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. These results suggest that B. rossica would be therapeutic in senility.

Effects of bifemelane on discrimination learning of serotonergic-dysfunction rats

To investigate the effect of bifemelane hydrochloride on learning achievements of serotonin-deficient rats, animals were fed with trytophan-deficient diets and operant type discrimination learning tests were performed. In general, serotonin-deficient rats show hyperactivity. In this study, total number of responses in reverse learning experiments was lower in rats that received 50 mg/kg bifemelane compared to the other serotonin-deficient groups. The ratio of correct responses to the total number of responses revealed low learning achievements in the control and low-dose groups, whereas the ratio in the high-dose group was nearly the same as in normal rats in the final few sessions of both the primary and reverse learning experiments. Throughout this study, the high-dose group showed a better improvement in learning achievement than the low-dose group. Therefore, bifemelane has certain effects on learning achievement from a) the functional activation of the serotonergic nervous system and b) changes in neurotransmitter levels in the brain (e.g., acetylcholine, noradrenaline) and overall energy metabolism.

Effect of amino acid supplementation to a low-protein diet on brain neurotransmitters and memory-learning ability of rats

The supplementation of methionine and threonine to a 10% soy protein isolate diet caused sharp decreases in the concentrations of brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) (e.g., in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, locus coeruleus and brain stem). The serum tryptophan ratio (i.e., the ratio of the serum concentration of tryptophan to the sum of the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and methionine) significantly decreased. The changes in catecholamines were small on the supplementation of amino acids to the soy protein diet. In the brightness-discrimination learning test, the number of total responses (R +, correct; R −, incorrect) of rats fed the amino acid-supplemented diet increased as compared with that of rats fed the nonsupplemented diet. The correct response ratio in the primary learning test did not change, but in the reverse learning test, the response ratio of rats fed the amino acid-supplemented diet increased. Therefore, it may be considered that the learning ability is correlated with the nutritional state.

Sex differences in visual-spatial ability: The role of performance factors

Two studies were designed to explore the role of performance factors as sources of the frequently noted higher male scores on visual-spatial ability tests. In the first study, the mental rotations test (MRT) was administered to male and female college students of equally high quantitative ability (based on SAT math scores). Although males had significantly more correct responses on the test than did females, their advantage was eliminated when the ratio of correct responses to items attempted was used as the dependent measure. In the second study, the same test was administered to new groups of male and female college students. In this sample, the males had significantly higher SAT math scores. The MRT was administered under standard, timed conditions and under untimed conditions. Both raw and ratio scores were calculated. With SAT math score as the covariate, analyses of covariance indicated that males demonstrated higher performance in the timed, raw-score condition but not in the untimed or in the ratio-score conditions. The theoretical and social policy implications of these studies are discussed.

シーン概念における全体‐部分の階層構造

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the part-whole hierarchical organization of scene concepts. In each experiment, 16 subjects viewed a sentence “A is in B” and decided whether the scene A was a part of the scene B. The words used in Experiment 2 were less ambiguous than those used in Experiment 1. The ratio of correct responses and the reaction times from both of the experiments revealed that the part-whole hierarchy of scene concepts were different from concrete-abstract hierarchies of biological or object concepts in the following two respects. (1) The subjects' judgments did not necessarily follow a general principle of transitivity. That is, even if global-middle, and middle-local relationships were accepted, the relationship between global and local concepts was not always accepted, (2) The higher (more global) the level of concepts, the more fuzzy was the relationship between the concepts in hierarchy. These results were discussed in terms of the inherent concreteness of our knowledge about scenes.

Effect of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on brain lipid compositions and learning ability of rats.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control, Wistar/Kyoto (WKY) rats through two generations were fed a semipurified diet supplemented either with safflower oil (rich in linoleate) or with perilla oil (rich in alpha-linolenate). The cerebral lipid contents and phospholipid compositions did not differ between the two dietary groups of SHR rats. There were also no differences in the unsaturated/saturated ratios of individual phospholipids or the proportions of plasma-logens. However, the proportions of (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids were significantly different. Decreases in the proportions of docosahexaenoate [22:6 (n-3)] in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in the safflower oil group were compensated for with increases in the proportions of docosatetraenoic [22:4 (n-6)] and docosapentaenoic [22:5 (n-6)] acids as compared with the perilla oil group. These differences in phospholipid acyl chains were much smaller than the difference in the proportions of linoleate and alpha-linolenate of the diets. In a brightness-discrimination learning test, the total number of responses to the positive and negative stimuli were less in the groups fed perilla oil. However, the alpha-linolenate-deficient group took longer to decrease the frequency of R- responses and therefore longer to learn the discrimination. Consequently, the correct response ratios were higher in the perilla oil groups than in the safflower oil groups. Thus, the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance influenced the (n-3)/(n-6) balance of polyenoic fatty acids differently among brain phospholipids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Spatial rotation in the elderly: performance factors.

Male and female adults age 64 to 76 were tested on several measures of spatial rotation ability. Memory for the test stimulus was an important factor in the performance of those who generally performed at a high level and not for those performing poorly. Changing the test format to reduce test-taking mechanical barriers resulted in an increase in the absolute number of correct responses but not in the ratio of correct responses to the number of items attempted. Practice on some measures led to better performance on subsequent tasks.

What's Going On

Computer a tireless tutor for students in minimum competency project. The Hampton City Schools Mathematics Department has initiated a project in which selected junior high school students are involved with a Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) prog ram keyed to the Virginia Minimum Competency for Graduation Test. Approximately 75 students in each junior high school are receiving individualized classroom instruction, which includes approximate ly 25 minutes of CAI instruction weekly. The program allows the student who achieves success to advance to the next higher level and provides for review of pr e requisite material at a lower level for the unsuccessful student. The computer records for each student the CAI time and the ratio of correct responses to items attempted. For informat ion contact Charlotte Remaley, Supervisor of Mathematics, Hampton City Schools, 1300 Thomas Street, Hampton, VA 23669.

Brightness discrimination learning in a Skinner box in prenatally X-irradiated rats

Male MP 1 albino rats were exposed to X-irradiation in utero at a single dose of 200 R on Day 17 of gestation. The light-dark discrimination training in a Skinner box was continued until the animals attained a learning criterion of 0.80 correct response ratio for 3 consecutive days. Although during the unreinforced baseline sessions the total number of bar pressings in the irradiated animals was superior to that in the controls, performance between the control and the irradiated animals did not differ significantly in (a) the number of training days required to attain the learning criterion, (b) the total number of days on which the animals produced a correct response ratio more than 0.80, and (c) the number of consecutive days during which the correct response ratio was more than 0.75. The results obtained suggest that the irradiated animals were able to discriminate in brightness cues as well, or nearly as well, as the controls. The cortical-subcortical system mediating brightness discrimination in the irradiated animals was discussed.