Correct Recall Research Articles

186 Low Frequency, High Complexity: Skill Retention Following Proficiency-Based Transesophageal Echocardiography Simulation Training

Focused transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is now recommended during cardiac arrest in the emergency department. Implementation of TEE in cardiac arrest management requires additional training for a relatively low frequency and high complexity procedure. Thus, focused TEE curricula requires high proficiency retention rates to succeed. Retention rates of newly acquired TEE knowledge and skill after high fidelity simulation in emergency physicians (EMPs) are unknown. This study’s primary objective was to determine retention of TEE proficiency. This is an observational study at an academic medical center of TEE naïve EMP faculty using high fidelity TEE simulation. EMP were trained in TEE using web-based didactics and monthly hands-on sessions with a TEE simulator (HeartWorks®) for 4 months. Skills were assessed monthly via direct observation from a TEE expert until proficiency was achieved. Proficiency was defined as the ability to name, describe, and obtain 8 hands-on TEE images during the monthly examinations. The COVID-19 pandemic created a natural wash-out phase where EMPs did not perform any actual or simulated TEE for 6 months after initial TEE training. Unadvertised assessment of TEE skill occurred at months 7 and 8 after initial TEE training to test skill decay. During the assessment, EMPs had two attempts to recall the name of each TEE view, describe probe manipulation needed to achieve the view, and then obtain each view on the TEE simulator. No memory aids, discussion, or feedback were provided during the assessment. Time to obtain all 8 TEE views on the simulator was measured. This analysis is limited to the three most critical TEE views in cardiac arrest: midesophageal 4 chamber (4Ch), midesophageal long axis (LAX), and transgastric left ventricular short axis (TG). Seven EMP were evaluated individually at both 7 and 8 months after initial training. At month 7, correct name recall of the 3 views (4Ch, LAX, TG) was 71%, 57%, and 86% respectively. Correct probe manipulation description of the 3 views (4Ch, LAX, TG) was 86%, 29% and 29%. On the simulator, all three views were obtained by all participants on the first attempt. The average time to obtain all 8 TEE views was 7.3 minutes and 4.6 minutes during the first and second attempts, respectively. During the 8th month assessment, correct name recall of the 3 views (4Ch, LAX, TG) was 100%, 71%, and 100% respectively. Correct probe manipulation description of the 3 views (4Ch, LAX, TG) were 100%, 71%, and 86%. On the hands-on simulator, the three views (4Ch, LAX, TG) were correctly obtained 100%, 86%, and 100% on the first attempt and all participants obtained all three views correctly on the second attempt. The average time to obtain all 8 TEE views was 5.7 minutes and 4.0 minutes during the first and second attempts respectively. Focused, proficiency-based training on a TEE simulator results in durable skills after 6 months. Hands-on image acquisition skills were retained at a greater rate than the names of each view or probe manipulation recall. Time to obtain TEE views decreases over time as participants continued testing on the TEE simulator. These findings can inform curriculum design as widespread utilization of TEE increases.

Improving Patient Recall of Planned Intervention After Surgical Counseling: The IRIS Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of the study was to determine whether an easy-to-read patient education card given at the preoperative visit can increase patient recall of the planned surgery. This was a randomized controlled trial. Patients scheduled to undergo pelvic reconstructive surgery were recruited during their preoperative visits. All participants received standard surgical counseling, whereas the intervention group also received a 4 × 6 inch card highlighting the anticipated procedure. The primary outcome was correct recall of the planned surgery as measured by a preoperative questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were correct recall of the surgery postoperatively and patient satisfaction with the information provided. One hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled with 64 participants in each arm. One hundred twenty-seven participants were analyzed because 1 patient was lost to follow-up. No difference was found between patient demographics, including types of surgical procedures performed. There was a statistically significant improvement in preoperative recall: 30 of 63 participants (47.6%) in the intervention group answered all questions correctly versus 18 of 64 patients (28.6%) patients in the standard counseling group (P = 0.021). There was no difference in the postoperative scores between the 2 groups: 48.3% (28 of 58) and 52.5% (32 of 61) of the participants answered all questions correctly in the intervention and standard counseling only groups, respectively (P = 0.648). There was no difference in satisfaction scores, with a median score of 20 out of 20 for either group (interquartile range = 19-20). A concise and easy-to-use education card enhanced patient preoperative recall of the proposed surgery. This difference was not sustained postoperatively. High satisfaction with the information provided was reported regardless of counseling method.

Effects of hippocampal interictal discharge timing, duration, and spatial extent on list learning

Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) can impair memory. The properties of IEDs most detrimental to memory, however, are undefined. We studied the impact of temporal and spatial characteristics of IEDs on list learning. Subjects completed a memory task during intracranial EEG recordings including hippocampal depth and temporal neocortical subdural electrodes. Subjects viewed a series of objects, and after a distracting task, recalled the objects from the list. The impacts of IED presence, duration, and propagation to neocortex during encoding of individual stimuli were assessed. The effects of IED total number and duration during maintenance and recall periods on delayed recall performance were also determined. The influence of IEDs during recall was further investigated by comparing the likelihood of IEDs preceding correctly recalled items vs. periods of no verbal response. Across 6 subjects, we analyzed 28 hippocampal and 139 lateral temporal contacts. Recall performance was poor, with a median of 17.2% correct responses (range 10.4–21.9%). Interictal epileptiform discharges during encoding, maintenance, and recall did not significantly impact task performance, and there was no significant difference between the likelihood of IEDs during correct recall vs. periods of no response. No significant effects of discharge duration during encoding, maintenance, or recall were observed. Interictal epileptiform discharges with spread to lateral temporal cortex during encoding did not adversely impact recall. A post hoc analysis refining model assumptions indicated a negative impact of IED count during the maintenance period, but otherwise confirmed the above results. Our findings suggest no major effect of hippocampal IEDs on list learning, but study limitations, such as baseline hippocampal dysfunction, should be considered. The impact of IEDs during the maintenance period may be a focus of future research.

Socially Shared Feelings of Imminent Recall: More Tip-of-the-Tongue States Are Experienced in Small Groups.

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states are typically defined as feelings of imminent recall for known, but temporarily inaccessible target words. However, TOTs are not merely instances of retrieval failures. Clues that increase the subjective likelihood of retrieval success, such as cue familiarity and target-related information, also have been shown to elicit feelings of imminent recall, supporting a metacognitive, inferential etiology of the TOT phenomenon. A survey conducted on our university campus provided anecdotal evidence that TOTs are occasionally shared among people in small groups. Although shared TOTs may suggest the influence of social contagion, we hypothesized that metacognitive appraisal of group recall efficiency could be involved. There should be more instances of remembering in several heads than in one. From this, we conjectured that people remembering together entertain the inference that successful retrieval is more likely in group recall than in a single-person recall situation. Such a metacognitive appraisal may drive a stronger feeling of closeness with the target word and of recall imminence, precipitating one (or more people) into a TOT state. We used general knowledge questions to elicit TOTs. We found that participants reported more TOTs when remembering in small groups than participants remembering alone. Critically, the experimental manipulation selectively increased TOTs without affecting correct recall, suggesting that additional TOTs observed in small groups were triggered independently from the retrieval process. Near one third (31%) of the TOTs in small groups were reported by two or more participants for the same items. However, removing common TOTs from the analyses did not change the basic pattern of results, suggesting that social contagion was not the main factor involved in the observed effect. We argue that beyond social contagion, group recall magnifies the inference that target words will be successfully retrieved, prompting the metacognitive monitoring system to launch more near-retrieval success “warning” (TOT) signals than in a single-person recall situation.

Do not (Just) Think, But (Also) Feel!: Empirical Corroboration of Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis on Foreign Language Lexical Retention

Emotion plays important roles in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes; it does so not only in the form of macro-level emotion (e.g., salient affective states and self-reportable motivational currents) but also in the form of micro-level emotion (e.g., subtle feelings and linguistic attributes that are usually processed subconsciously without special attention). According to the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (EIPH), processing that draws attention to emotional aspects (EmInvProc+) is postulated as a deeper version of semantic processing which has cognitive advantage to facilitate linguistic processing and retention more than non-emotional semantic processing (EmInvProc−). This study empirically investigated whether the EIPH can be experimentally corroborated for learners of a distant foreign language (viz., Japanese learners of English). In the experiment, participants processed visually presented English words that were either positively or negatively valenced under different conditions, followed by the test session in which they engaged in memory tests. Two processing modes were compared (EmInvProc+ vs. EmInvProc−). The dependent variables were correct recall frequency, correct recognition frequency, and correct recognition reaction time. It was revealed that EmInvProc+ was more cognitively facilitatory in making stronger foreign language lexical memory traces than EmInvProc− for all the measures employed in the experiment, regarding both accuracy (correct response frequency) and fluency (correct response reaction time). Therefore, it is implied that EmInvProc+ can be regarded as a sui generis deeper level of processing that is qualitatively distinguishable from mere semantic processing, supporting the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis.

Past and Present Subjective Well-being: the Role of Contrast and Memory

This study is an attempt to analyse the interrelationships between current, past and expected future subjective well-being (SWB) through the intermediating role of memory using the National Income Dynamics Study panel dataset for South Africa. The contribution of this study is in exploring the role of contrast (intertemporal and social) in determining (a) the current levels of SWB and (b) the drivers of recall bias, within a causal framework in the context of a country with low average SWB and high SWB inequality. The results indicate significant presence of hedonic adaptation and reveals past and future contrast as important correlates of current subjective well-being. In addition, a perceived improvement in current happiness from the past is associated with higher levels of current SWB, highlighting the intermediating role of memory. Memory, however, is observed to be biased with only 42% accuracy. Higher levels of current subjective well-being are found to enhance the probability of correct recall of the past. An overall improvement bias is evident among those in the lower segment of the SWB distribution. The results reinforce the hypothesised simultaneous relationships between current SWB, intertemporal contrast and recall behaviour. Furthermore, the differences in our findings from European studies emphasize the relevance of context in driving these relationships.

Post-retrieval Distortions of Self-Referential Negative Memory: Valence Consistency Enhances Gist-Directed False, While Non-negative Interference Generates More Intrusive Updates.

According to the theory of reconsolidation, the contents of an original memory can be updated after reactivation with subsequent new learnings. However, there seems to be a lack of an appropriate behavioral paradigm to study the reconsolidation of explicit self-related memory, which is of great significance to further explore its cognitive neural mechanism in the future. In two separate experiments, we adapted a trial-by-trial interfering paradigm with a self-episodic simulation process and investigated (1) whether it is possible to reconsolidate negative memories under the new behavioral paradigm and (2) how the emotional valence of post-retrieval interference material affects the reconsolidation of negative memories. The results showed that the negative memories under trial-by-trial self-simulation can be degraded and updated via post-retrieval interference processes. Individuals whose original memories were reactivated by initial background cues and who were then presented with new interference situations were less able to recall original scenes and showed more memory intrusions on these scenes than those who had experienced new learning without reactivation or only reactivation without interference. Furthermore, the extent and manner of memory change/updating were greatly influenced by the characteristics of interference information. For memories with negative valences, new learning materials with the same valence produced superior interference effects in the form of lower correct recalls and more integrated false; whereas the neutral interference materials can cause more memory intrusion. Post-retrieval memory distortions of negative self-memory may underlie different functional mechanisms.

Ethical Issues in Intraoperative Neuroscience Research: Assessing Subjects’ Recall of Informed Consent and Motivations for Participation

Background An increasing number of studies utilize intracranial electrophysiology in human subjects to advance basic neuroscience knowledge. However, the use of neurosurgical patients as human research subjects raises important ethical considerations, particularly regarding informed consent and undue influence, as well as subjects’ motivations for participation. Yet a thorough empirical examination of these issues in a participant population has been lacking. The present study therefore aimed to empirically investigate ethical concerns regarding informed consent and voluntariness in Parkinson’s disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulator (DBS) placement who participated in an intraoperative neuroscience study. Methods Two semi-structured 30-minute interviews were conducted preoperatively and postoperatively via telephone. Interviews assessed participants’ motivations for participation in the parent intraoperative study, recall of information presented during the informed consent process, and participants’ postoperative reflections on the research study. Results Twenty-two participants (mean age = 60.9) completed preoperative interviews at a mean of 7.8 days following informed consent and a mean of 5.2 days prior to DBS surgery. Twenty participants completed postoperative interviews at a mean of 5 weeks following surgery. All participants cited altruism or advancing medical science as “very important” or “important” in their decision to participate in the study. Only 22.7% (n = 5) correctly recalled one of the two risks of the study. Correct recall of other aspects of the informed consent was poor (36.4% for study purpose; 50.0% for study protocol; 36.4% for study benefits). All correctly understood that the study would not confer a direct therapeutic benefit to them. Conclusion Even though research coordinators were properly trained and the informed consent was administered according to protocol, participants demonstrated poor retention of study information. While intraoperative studies that aim to advance neuroscience knowledge represent a unique opportunity to gain fundamental scientific knowledge, improved standards for the informed consent process can help facilitate their ethical implementation.

The TOMM1 discrepancy index (TDI): A new performance validity test (PVT) that differentiates between invalid cognitive testing and those diagnosed with dementia

There is a need to develop performance validity tests (PVTs) that accurately identify those with severe cognitive decline but also remain sensitive to those suspected of invalid cognitive testing. The TOMM1 Discrepancy Index (TDI) attempts to address both of these issues. Veterans diagnosed with dementia (n = 251) were administered TOMM1 and the MSVT in order to develop the TDI (TOMM1 percent correct minus MSVT Free Recall percent correct). Cut offs based on the dementia sample were then used to identify those in the non-dementia sample (n = 1,226) suspected of invalid test performance (n = 401). Combining TOMM1 and the TDI in the dementia sample greatly reduced the false positive rate (specificity = 0.97) at a cut off of 28 points or less on the TDI. Those suspected of invalid testing were identified at much higher rates (sensitivity = 0.75) compared to the MSVT genuine memory impairment profile (GMIP, sensitivity = 0.49). By utilizing a neurologically plausible pattern of scores across two PVTs, the TDI correctly classified those with dementia and identified a large percentage with invalid test performance. PVTs utilizing a complex pattern of performance may help reduce one’s ability to fabricate cognitive deficits.

Missed Opportunities: The Need to Promote Public Knowledge and Awareness of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes.

Despite a growing body of evidence showing that sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes nudge consumers away from SSBs, we lack an understanding of people’s awareness and perceptions of SSB taxes and whether tax awareness and perceptions differ based on sociodemographic characteristics. We used serial cross-sectional study intercept surveys (n = 2715) in demographically diverse neighborhoods of Berkeley and Oakland in 2015 and 2017, and San Francisco and Richmond in 2017. In the year following successful SSB tax ballot measures, 45% of respondents correctly recalled that an SSB tax had passed in their city. In untaxed cities, 14% of respondents incorrectly thought that a tax had passed. Perceived benefits of SSB taxes to the community and to children’s health were moderate and, like correct recall of an SSB tax, were higher among respondents with higher education levels. Awareness of SSB taxes was low overall, and perceptions about taxes’ benefits varied by educational attainment, reflecting a missed opportunity to educate citizens about how SSB taxes work and their importance. Public health efforts should invest in campaigns that explain the benefits of SSB taxes and provide information about how tax revenues will be invested, both before and after a tax proposal has passed.

Failure Analysis of Static Analysis Software Module Based on Big Data Tendency Prediction

With the continuous development of software, it is inevitable that there will be various unpredictable problems in computer software or programs that will damage the normal operation of the software. In the paper, static analysis software is taken as the research object, the errors or failures caused by the potential defects of the software modules are analyzed, and a software analysis method based on big data tendency prediction is proposed to use the software defects of the stacked noise reduction sparse analyzer to predict. This method can learn features from original defect data, directly and efficiently extract required features of all levels from software defect data by setting different number of hidden layers, sparse regularization parameters, and noise ratio, and then classify and predict the extracted features by combining with big data. Through experimental tests, the performance of the presented method is better than that of the comparison method in correct rate, accuracy rate, recall rate, F1-measurement, AUC value, and running time, which proves that the research results in this paper have more accurate failure prediction effect and can timely eliminate software failures.

A compressibility account of the color-sharing bonus in working memory.

It has been established that objects sharing color in a visual display can boost working memory. The capacity to encode singletons particularly benefits from the repetition of colors encoded as perceptual groups. We manipulated the algorithmic complexity of visual displays to test whether compressibility of information could account for the color-sharing bonus. This study used a free recall working memory task in which the participants were shown displays of 2 to 8 color items. We examined the influence of set size, complexity, number of same-color clusters and amount of color redundancy. The results showed that the probability of correct recall of the pattern and the proportion of similarity between the pattern and the response decreased with an increase of each manipulated variable, except for color redundancy in terms of probability of correct recall. The model performance of complexity did not differ from that of clusters, but complexity was found more accurate than either set size or color redundancy. The results also showed that similar items were more often recalled adjacently, and complexity correlated strongly with the number of extra color repetitions in the response, suggesting that more complex patterns encouraged the use of information compression. Moreover, color repetitions were more often recalled first and the probability of correct recall for singletons and sub-patterns could be predicted by the compressibility measure. We discuss the potential advantage of using compressibility measures to capture the effects of regularities in visual patterns, in particular to refine analysis of the color-sharing bonus.

Assessing the capacity for mental manipulation in patients with statically-determined mild cognitive impairment using digital technology

Aims: Prior research employing a standard backward digit span test has been successful in operationally defining neurocognitive constructs associated with the Fuster’s model of executive attention. The current research sought to test if similar behavior could be obtained using a cross-modal mental manipulation test. Methods: Memory clinic patients were studied. Using Jak-Bondi criteria, 24 patients were classified with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 33 memory clinic patients did not meet criteria for MCI (i.e. non-MCI). All patients were assessed with the digital version of the WRAML-2 Symbolic Working Memory Test-Part 1, a cross-modal mental manipulation task where patients hear digits, but respond by touching digits from lowest to highest on an answer key. Only 4 and 5-span trials were analyzed. Using an iPad, all test stimuli were played; and, all responses were obtained with a touch key. Only correct trials were analyzed. Average time to complete trials and latency for each digit was recorded. Results: Groups did not differ when average time to complete 4-span trials was calculated. MCI patients displayed slower latency, or required more time to re-order the 1st and 3rd digits. Regression analyses, primarily involving initial and latter response latencies, were associated with better, but different underlying neuropsychological abilities. Almost no 5-span analyses were significant. Conclusions: This cross-modal test paradigm found no difference for total average time. MCI patients generated slower 1st and 3rd response latency, suggesting differences in time allocation to achieve correct serial order recall. Moreover, different neuropsychological abilities were associated with different time-based test components. These data extend prior findings using a standard backward digit span test. Differences in time epochs are consistent with constructs underlying the model of executive attention and help explain mental manipulation deficits in MCI. These latency measures could constitute neurocognitive biomarkers that track emergent disease.

Effect of Video Discharge Instructions for Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial

We measure the effect of video discharge instructions on postconcussion symptoms in patients with mild traumatic brain injury in the emergency department. A multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted in which patients with mild traumatic brain injury were randomly assigned to either intervention (verbal, written, and video discharge information) or control (verbal and written discharge information only). All patients were interviewed 1 week and 3 months from randomization. Primary outcome measure was the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were correct recall, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score, health-related quality of life (12-Item Short Form Health Survey), return visits, and patient satisfaction. A total of 2,883 patients were assessed for eligibility, of whom 381 were included in the control group and 390 in the video intervention group. Difference in mean total Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire score between the 2 groups was 0.2 at 1 week and 0.3 at 3 months after traumatic brain injury (estimated effect -0.7; 95% confidence interval -2.1 to 0.7). There was also no difference in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score, recall, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey score, return visits, and patient satisfaction between the control and intervention group. Severity of postconcussion symptoms in patients with mild traumatic brain injury did not improve by adding video information to standard care. Also, there was no difference in recall, health-related quality of life, return visits, and patient satisfaction between the control and intervention groups.

Using a False Memory Paradigm to Understand the Cognitive Effects of Meditation

Some previous research has determined that mindfulness meditation improves cognitive abilities, whereas other research has observed impairments in cognitive processes after mindfulness meditation. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of mindfulness (guided body scan), mind-wandering, and breathing-focused meditation on susceptibility to false memories. Participants studied 6 Deese-Roediger-McDermott word lists and completed a recall test after each list. They then received one of the three meditation interventions and then studied 6 more DRM word lists, again with a recall test after each. Twenty-four hours later, participants completed a recognition test. Our results suggest that the meditation intervention reduced delayed correct and false recognition, but had no effect on immediate correct or false recall. Despite following a similar procedure, we failed to replicate findings of previous research. Potential explanations for this discrepancy are discussed, including adoption of a conservative response strategy and possible mood influence of the presented list items.

The Effects of Divided Attention on Memory for Road Signs

We examined incidental learning of road signs under divided attention in a simulated naturalistic environment. We tested whether word-based versus symbol-based road signs were differentially maintained in working memory by dividing attention during encoding and measuring the effect on long-term memory. Participants in a lab watched a video from the point of view of a car driving the streets of a small town. Participants were instructed to indicate whether passing road signs in the video were on the left or right side of the street while either singing the Star-Spangled Banner (phonological divided attention) or describing familiar locations (visuospatial divided attention). For purposes of analysis, road signs were categorized as word signs if they contained words (e.g., a STOP sign) or as symbol signs if they contained illustrations or symbols (e.g., a pedestrian crosswalk sign). A surprise free recall test of the road signs indicated greater recall for word signs than symbol signs, and greater recall of signs for the phonological divided attention group than the visuospatial divided attention group. Critically, the proportion of correct recall of symbol signs was significantly lower for the visuospatial divided attention group than the phonological divided attention group, p = .02, d = 0.63, but recall for word signs was not significantly different between phonological and visuospatial groups, p = .09, d = 0.44. Results supported the hypothesis that visuospatial information—but not phonological information—is stored in working memory in a simulated naturalistic environment that involved incidental learning.

Recall bias during adolescence: Gender differences and associations with depressive symptoms

BackgroundThere is a sharp increase in depression in females in mid-adolescence, but we do not understand why. Cognitive theories suggest that people with depression have negative biases in recalling self-referential information. We tested whether recall biases were more negative in girls in early and mid-adolescence and were associated with depressive symptoms. Methods315 young and 263 mid-adolescents (11-12 and 13-15 years) completed a surprise test, assessing recall of social evaluation about the self (self-referential) or another person (other-referential). The short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire measured depressive symptoms. We tested the effects of condition (self-referential/other-referential), valence (positive/negative), gender, and age group on correct recall (hits) and associations with depressive symptoms. ResultsThere was no evidence for gender or age differences in positive or negative self-referential recall. Self-referential positive hits were negatively associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted coefficient=-0.38, 95% CI=-0.69–0.08, p=0.01). Self-referential negative hits were positively associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted coefficient=0.45, 95% CI=0.15-0.75, p=0.003), and this association was stronger in females (adjusted interaction p=0.04). LimitationsThe reliability and validity of the recall task are unknown. We cannot provide evidence of a causal effect of recall on depressive symptoms in this cross-sectional study. ConclusionsAdolescents who recalled more self-referential negative and fewer self-referential positive words had more severe depressive symptoms. Females did not demonstrate more recall biases, but the association between self-referential negative hits and depressive symptoms was stronger in females. Negative self-referential recall may be a risk factor for depressive symptoms and is a good candidate for longitudinal studies.

"Retrieval potentiates new learning: A theoretical and meta-analytic review": Correction to Chan, Meissner, and Davis (2018).

Reports an error in "Retrieval potentiates new learning: A theoretical and meta-analytic review" by Jason C. K. Chan, Christian A. Meissner and Sara D. Davis (Psychological Bulletin, 2018[Nov], Vol 144[11], 1111-1146). In the article, the Appendix and Supplemental Materials contained errors. Specifically, some of the data were mis-sorted, so that the effect sizes for some studies were misattributed to other studies, with most of the errors occurring in the intrusion data. These errors were confined to the table presented in the article's Appendix and Supplemental Materials, and they were not present in the data file from which the authors conducted all analyses. A corrected version of the Supplemental Materials has been provided online. Corrected studies have been highlighted in this table. Further, a column with the heading "Updated" has been added. Any data that have been updated are marked with a "Y" in this column. In addition, the authors have published an updated, correct data file on the Open Science Framework with the DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/7WUFC and accessible via the URL: https://osf.io/7wufc. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2018-48082-001.) A growing body of research has shown that retrieval can enhance future learning of new materials. In the present report, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on this finding, which we term test-potentiated new learning. Our primary objectives were to (a) produce an integrative review of the existing theoretical explanations, (b) summarize the extant empirical data with a meta-analysis, (c) evaluate the existing accounts with the meta-analytic results, and (d) highlight areas that deserve further investigations. Here, we identified four nonexclusive classes of theoretical accounts, including resource accounts, metacognitive accounts, context accounts, and integration accounts. Our quantitative review of the literature showed that testing reliably potentiates the future learning of new materials by increasing correct recall or by reducing erroneous intrusions, and several factors have a powerful impact on whether testing potentiates or impairs new learning. Results of a metaregression analysis provide considerable support for the integration account. Lastly, we discuss areas of under-investigation and possible directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Metastable hybridization-based DNA information storage to allow rapid and permanent erasure

The potential of DNA as an information storage medium is rapidly growing due to advances in DNA synthesis and sequencing. However, the chemical stability of DNA challenges the complete erasure of information encoded in DNA sequences. Here, we encode information in a DNA information solution, a mixture of true message- and false message-encoded oligonucleotides, and enables rapid and permanent erasure of information. True messages are differentiated by their hybridization to a "truth marker” oligonucleotide, and only true messages can be read; binding of the truth marker can be effectively randomized even with a brief exposure to the elevated temperature. We show 8 separate bitmap images can be stably encoded and read after storage at 25 °C for 65 days with an average of over 99% correct information recall, which extrapolates to a half-life of over 15 years at 25 °C. Heating to 95 °C for 5 minutes, however, permanently erases the message.

PNS56 Effect of the Recall Period for Estimating Inpatient out-of-Pocket Expenditures: Validation Study in Vietnam

This study investigates the effect of the recall period on the accuracy of recall of the out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) and timing of inpatient transactions in Vietnam using household surveys and hospital records. 1229 households were identified using hospitalization records and interviewed with either a 12-month or a 6-month recall period. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess the agreement between household and provider OOPs for the whole sample, and by amount of provider OOPs (low- ≤ USD 8.8; high - > USD 8.8). Multinomial regression was performed to assess the effect of the recall period on whether a transaction was recalled correctly in expenditure and time. Households reported higher OOPs than hospital overall. No evidence of an effect of recall period on OOPs in the whole sample, but there was an interaction between recall period and the level of provider OOPs. For the low OOPs, there was substantial variability in the ratio of household to provider OOPs. For the high OOPs, the mean ratio for the 12-month period was 1.13 (95% limits of agreement 0.03, 37.5) and for the 6-month was 1.7 (0.09, 33.7); p=0.009. About 60% of transactions were reported in the correct recall period. Overall, and for the low OOPs, there was no evidence of an effect by recall period, whereas for the high OOPs, transactions of the 6-month period were 5.9 (95% CI 2.7, 13.2) times more likely to be forward telescoped and less likely to be forgotten (RR 0.5, 0.3-0.9). The study provides evidence of the drivers of higher mean OOPs in the 6-month compared to the 12-month recall period. The 12-month suffered less from over-reported amounts or forward telescoping, but had a higher risk of forgetting. Impact of recall period on how accurately a transaction was reported differed by OOP amounts.