Correct Implementation Research Articles

Anterior Dynamic Versus Posterior Transpedicular Spinal Fusion for Lenke Type 5 Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Comparison of Long-term Results

Background. Despite the active implementation of dynamic correction in case of idiopathic scoliosis, there are no comparative studies of results of posterior and anterior dynamic correction in patients with completed and near-completed growth.
 Aim of the study to compare clinical and radiological results of anterior dynamic correction and conventional posterior transpedicular correction of Lenke type 5 scoliotic defonnities in patients with completed or near-completed growth.
 Methods. Eighty-six patients with Lenke type 5 scoliotic deformities were enrolled in the study. The first group (54 patients) underwent deformity correction via posterior approach using a rigid transpedicular system; the second group (32 patients) using dynamic correction system. Mean patients age was 22.612.8 and 27.310.9 years, respectively. We studied radiological data before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 2 or more years after surgery. Blood loss volume, duration of hospital stay, and duration of narcotic analgesics intake in the early postoperative period were analyzed. Functional results were assessed using SRS-22 questionnaire.
 Results. Preoperative Cobb angle in the first group was 65.5, and 27.5 at the long-term follow-up. Junctional kyphosis of T10-L2 before surgery was 21.0 and 13.2 at the long-term follow-up. Preoperative Cobb angle of the initial curve in the second group was 52.5 and 24.5 at the long-term follow-up. Junctional kyphosis of T10-L2 before surgery was 19.5, and 19.0 at the long-term follow-up. Nash and Moe apical vertebral rotation in the first group before surgery was 1.62 and 0.17 at the last follow-up; in the second group, it was 1.80 and 0.81, respectively. Mean number of fixed levels was 6.41.0 in the first group and 5.61.5 in the second group. Mobility of the thoracolumbar/lumbai curve was higher in the second group, 28.29.1, compared with 36.0 7.2 in the first group. Preoperatively, lumbar lordosis in the second group was 42.5, in the long-tenn period 43.5, and in the first group 43.4 and 44.3, respectively.
 Conclusion. Both posterior rigid and anterior dynamic correction in case of Lenke type 5 idiopathic scoliosis can provide satisfactory radiological results with initially similar thoracolumbar deformities in patients with completed or nearcompleted growth. However, dynamic approach can reduce blood loss, duration of hospital stay, duration of narcotic analgesics intake after surgery, and improve quality of life in the long-term period.

Developing a unit testing framework for control system software implementation of a degassing vacuum pumping station

Research objective is to develop a test automation system for the process algorithm software implementation of the degassing vacuum pumping station control system operation at a coal mine. Relevance. The vacuum pumping station is an essential component of a mine degassing system. Degassing system operation depends on its correct functioning. A programmable logic controller with appropriate software is a key component of the vacuum pumping station automation system. Correct software implementation of the system operation process algorithm is of primary importance. To verify the compliance of the implementation with the requirements, manual testing is commonly used according to a pre-compiled test-plan, which is formed based on the requirements imposed on the system. Manual testing has a number of disadvantages. It is a long process where human errors are likely to occur, and the use of a test bench and/or an assembled control system sample is inevitable. Requirements for the algorithm can be changed in the course of program development, debugging, and initiation, which greatly complicates the testing process. Results. To solve the problem of process algorithm software implementation testing automation, the process control algorithm should be isolated from the software components responsible for the hardware. Access to the process control algorithm should be provided through standard interfaces (for example, OPC UA). Additional process equipment (valves, etc.) used in the automation system should be implemented in the form of emulators with an opportunity to assign their modes of operation. By creating an additional software layer of interaction with a process algorithm and emulator in a programming language with advanced test tools (for example, Python), it is possible to implement test scenarios from a test plan in this language. It will allow testing in automatic mode rather than manually. Conclusions. The proposed approach to process algorithm software implementation testing automation will greatly simplify software development for this type of automation and control systems

Analysis of Infant and Children Feeding Practices in Subulussalam City

One in three Indonesian children is stunted. The presence of stunting in Indonesia, particularly in the city of Subulusssalam, was consistent with the practice of feeding sick infants and children. The aim of this study analyzed infant and young child feeding practices in the study area Pulo Belen, Sultan Daulat District, Subulusssalam City. Qualitative study design A rapid evaluation procedure with a sample of mothers with children aged 6-18 months and older and health care workers: the head of public health center and nutritionist. Data collection method used focus group discussion and in-depth interview. Data analysis used content analysis to obtain detailed information related to the deployment of PMBA, or MP-ASI. As a result, PMBA practice in Pulo Belen villages of all ages was associated with 7 out of 36 informants who provided complementary feeding early and 1 out of 36 informants who started complementary feeding late, indicated that 4 of 36 people misreported the texture of complementary foods. 7 of 36 respondents did not offer supplements, 4 of 36 respondents gave her MP-ASI immediately, and most of her MP-ASI was given in response to positive. In addition, most information about her maternal FPIC was obtained from health care providers, all of whom supported her correct FPIC practice. The presence of balanced training with MP-ASI demonstration methods and the formation of community groups to support breastfeeding and complementary feeding can support the correct implementation of PMBA in Pulo Belen Village, Subulussalam city.

Development of Independence as an Effort to Improve Welfare for Convicts in Correctional Technical Implementation Units in Indonesia


 The Directorate General of Corrections has the task of guiding and fostering convicts. Prisons and detention centers carry out this task. Self-reliance development is grouped into agribusiness, manufacturing, and service activities. Prisoners who participate in independent development activities are expected to have the provision after being released to find a job or be self-employed. By working, the welfare level of prisoners increases. The method used is qualitative. The research question posed is how is the implementation of fostering independence to increase the welfare of convicts and the obstacles encountered in independent activities and when free convicts want to get a job? This study aims to find out the implementation of self-reliance coaching to increase the welfare of convicts and the obstacles faced by independent activities. The problems convict face when looking for work or entrepreneurship. The results showed that several obstacles were found, such as inadequate infrastructure, non-specific activity budgets, low employee ability for E-commerce, low motivation of prisoners to participate in activities, and when free from prisoners, it is also difficult to get a job. The complexity of the problems faced must be overcome immediately, and it requires the involvement of all parties. One solution to help prisoners who need funds to become self-employed is through productive Zakat.

Variation of Aerosol Optical Properties over Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Based on 10 Years of AERONET Data and MODIS MAIAC AOD Product

Aerosols play an important role in Earth’s climate system, and thus long-time ground- based measurements of aerosol optical properties are useful in understanding this role. Ten years of quality-assured measurements between 2010 and 2020 are used to investigate the aerosol climatology in the Cluj-Napoca area, in North-Western Romania. In this study, we analyze the aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA) and angstrom exponent obtained by the CIMEL sun photometer, part of the aerosol robotic network (AERONET), to extract the seasonality of aerosols in the region and investigate the aerosol climatology of the area. Higher aerosol loads are found during July and August. The angstrom exponent has the lowest values in April and May, and the highest in August. The classification of aerosols using AERONET data is performed to separate dust, biomass burning, polluted urban, marine and continental-dominant aerosol mixtures. In addition, the study presents the validation efforts of the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) dataset against AERONET AOD over a 10-year period.

PROLEAD_SW

A decisive contribution to the all-embracing protection of cryptographic software, especially on embedded devices, is the protection against Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) attacks. Masking countermeasures can usually be integrated into the software during the design phase. In theory, this should provide reliable protection against such physical attacks. However, the correct application of masking is a non-trivial task that often causes even experts to make mistakes. In addition to human-caused errors, micro-architectural Central Processing Unit (CPU) effects can lead even a seemingly theoretically correct implementation to fail to satisfy the desired level of security in practice. This originates from different components of< the underlying CPU which complicates the tracing of leakage back to a particular source and hence avoids making general and device-independent statements about its security.PROLEAD has recently been presented at CHES 2022 and has originally been developed as a simulation-based tool to evaluate masked hardware designs. In this work, we adapt PROLEAD for the evaluation of masked software, and enable the transfer of the already known benefits of PROLEAD into the software world. These include (1) evaluation of larger designs compared to the state of the art, e.g. a full Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) masked implementation, and (2) formal verification under our new generic leakage model for CPUs. Concretely, we formalize leakages, observed across different CPU architectures, into a generic abstraction model that includes all these leakages and is therefore independent of a specific CPU design. Our resulting tool PROLEAD_SW allows to provide a formal statement on the security based on the derived generic model. As a concrete result, using PROLEAD_SW we evaluated the security of several publicly available masked software implementations in our new generic leakage model and reveal multiple vulnerabilities.

Type-Checking CRDT Convergence

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are a recent approach for keeping replicated data consistent while guaranteeing the absence of conflicts among replicas. For correct operation, CRDTs rely on a merge function that is commutative, associative and idempotent. Ensuring that such algebraic properties are satisfied by implementations, however, is left to the programmer, resulting in a process that is complex and error-prone. While techniques based on testing, automatic verification of a model, and mechanized or handwritten proofs are available, we lack an approach that is able to verify such properties on concrete CRDT implementations. In this paper, we present Propel, a programming language with a type system that captures the algebraic properties required by a correct CRDT implementation. The Propel type system deduces such properties by case analysis and induction: sum types guide the case analysis and algebraic properties in function types enable induction for free. Propel’s key feature is its capacity to reason about algebraic properties (a) in terms of rewrite rules and (b) to derive the equality or inequality of expressions from the properties. We provide an implementation of Propel as a Scala embedding, we implement several CRDTs, verify them with Propel and compare the verification process with four state-of-the-art verification tools. Our evaluation shows that Propel is able to automatically deduce the properties that are relevant for common CRDT implementations found in open-source libraries even in cases in which competitors timeout.

55‐4: Invited Paper: Monolithic MicroLED Display for AR Applications

In this work, the latest development of monolithic microLED display for Augmented Reality (AR) applications is reported, with the focus on R/G/B monochrome display panels and polychrome projectors from Jade Bird Display Limited (JBD). State‐of‐the‐art Red, Green, and Blue microLED display panel performances are presented. Integration of R/G/B monochrome panels through x‐cube led to the world's smallest full‐color display projector with only 0.4cc in volume, ready to be combined with optical combiner towards smart glasses and AR glasses applications. The implementation of MIPI interface and uniformity correction further enhanced flexibility, functionality, and image quality for faster adoption of this new microLED display technology.

English

In addition to determining the effect of season and breeds on the quality attributes of queen bees, the focus of this study was to assess the current state of the queens sold in Türkiye in terms of the investigated qualities. It was demonstrated that weight features and particular dissection characteristics are influenced by time period in particular. The average diameter of the spermatheca was 1.148 mm in April May, 1.109 mm in July, and 1.115 mm in September. The average overall sperm count obtained in this study is 4.086 million. It is considered that this number is suitable and can be enhanced somewhat by applying elements such as optimal location selection, drone cultivation, and correct and thorough implementation of the production method. In this study, multiple advantages of the queen bees of Yığılca Ecotype over other breeds were not deemed substantial enough to suggest their usage in beekeeping enterprises. To be able to make this suggestion, it was determined that it is important to perform similar research in various years and to assess colony growth in places that migratory beekeepers favor and utilize extensively throughout the winter.

An Exploratory Study about the Effect of COVID-19 on the Intention to Adopt Virtual Reality in the Tourism Sector

During the health crisis caused by COVID-19, virtual reality (VR) proved to be useful for the tourism industry, allowing this industry to continue working despite the restrictions imposed. However, it remains to be seen if the impact of this sanitary crisis in the tourism industry influenced managers’ intention to adopt this technology in the post-pandemic period. To fill this gap, a qualitative methodological approach was adopted, using the MAXQDA20 software and interviews with managers of tourism enterprises. The results show that the willingness to invest in technology, the perception of VR as a business strategy, and the perception of the impact of the pandemic are factors that regulate the intention of companies to adopt VR. In addition, prior experience with VR and the perception of technical support are also important for its adoption. Thus, it was concluded that VR can be a valuable sustainable strategy for tourism companies to address the challenges imposed by the pandemic. However, adopting the technology depends on factors such as financial availability, business strategy, and previous experience with VR. Furthermore, tourism companies must also receive adequate technical support to ensure its correct implementation.

Life Cycle Assessment of aluminum alloys chips recycling through single and multi-step Friction Stir Consolidation processes

Manufacturing scientists have to find new processes enabling energy and resource efficient circular economy strategies. Solid state recycling processes have proved to be environmentally friendly alternatives to recycle aluminum alloys process scraps like chips. In this paper the environmental characterization of a solid state recycling process named Friction Stir Consolidation (FSC) is presented. A full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparative analysis is developed: the environmental performance of new and different variants of FSC processes and remelting based routes are quantified and compared to one another. Also, different scenarios are analysed to provide guidelines for the correct implementation of FSC based recycling processes. Results revealed that: 1/ FSC is an environmentally friendly solution although a correct industrial implementation is needed to reduce non-productive production steps, 2/ the transition towards a wider use of renewable energy sources would amplify the advantage of FSC with respect to conventional remelting route in terms of environmental sustainability.

Assessment of severe aerosol events from NASA MODIS and VIIRS aerosol products for data assimilation and climate continuity

Abstract. While the use and data assimilation (DA) of operational Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol data is commonplace, MODIS is scheduled to sunset in the next year. For data continuity, focus has turned to the development of next-generation aerosol products and sensors such as those associated with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on Suomi NPOESS Preparation Project (S-NPP) and NOAA-20. Like MODIS algorithms, products from these sensors require their own set of extensive error characterization and correction exercises. This is particularly true in the context of monitoring significant aerosol events that tax an algorithm's ability to separate cloud from aerosol and account for multiple scattering related errors exacerbated by uncertainties in aerosol optical properties. To investigate the performance of polar-orbiting satellite algorithms to monitor and characterize significant events, a level 3 (L3) product has been developed using a consistent aggregation methodology for 4 years of observations (2016–2019) that is referred to as the SSEC/NRL L3 product. Included in this product are the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), MODIS Dark Target, Deep Blue, and Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithms. These MODIS “baseline algorithms” are compared to NASA's recently released NASA Deep Blue algorithm for use with VIIRS. Using this new dataset, the relative performance of the algorithms for both land and ocean were investigated with a focus on the relative skill of detecting severe events and accuracy of the retrievals using AERONET. Maps of higher-percentile aerosol optical depth (AOD) regions of the world by product identified those with the highest measured AODs and determined what is high by local standards. While patterns in AOD match across products and median to moderate AOD values match well, there are regionally correlated biases between products based on sampling, algorithm differences, and AOD range – in particular for higher AOD events. Most notable are differences in boreal biomass burning and Saharan dust. Significant percentile biases must be accounted for when data are used in trend studies, data assimilation, or inverse modeling. These biases vary by aerosol regime and are likely due to retrieval assumptions in lower boundary conditions and aerosol optical models.

A Systematic Literature Review on Malware Attacks

Modern malware is very smart and designed to attack the target. Most of these sophisticated malwares are quite persistent and have escape mechanisms. Software that is malicious is bad. Researchers in both academia and industry face significant hurdles as a result of this malware's ability to harm computers without the knowledge of their owners. Given that harmful software refers to any software that exploits computer-based systems with malware in order to compromise data security, privacy, and availability, the aim of this study is to examine the literature that has been produced on malware attacks. This will allow us to carry out an analysis of the literature and see how the research has progressed in terms of quantity, content and means of publication. One cannot understand all aspects of most malware programs as they are so large and sophisticated. The correct implementation and use of anti-malware programs, as well as the education of Internet users about malware attacks, are crucial steps in defending the identity of online shoppers from malware attacks. Some of the shortcomings of screening approaches that need to be corrected for better screening were noted in critical appraisal of the study.

Estimation of Respiratory Disease Burden Attributed to Particulate Matter from Biomass Burning in Northern Thailand Using 1-km Resolution MAIAC-AOD

The upper northern Thailand suffers from air pollution due to open burning, which has been known for a long time. It was also found that different respiratory diseases were attributed to air pollution, especially particulate matter. This study estimated the health impacts attributed to PM10 between 2014 and 2016 using the burden of disease in terms of the disability adjusted life year (DALYs). The spatial correlation was evaluated based on applicable remote sensing data using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. The average measured PM10 concentrations for the summer and annual periods between 2014 and 2016 were 73 and 89 µg m-3, respectively, exceeded the national standard (50 µg m-3). In the months of March and April, when PM10 concentrations were at their highest, the maximum values of the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC-AOD), 2.70 and 3.48, were recorded. There was a strong correlation between the MAIAC-AOD and the ground-based AOD measurements (AERONET stations), with R of 0.8468, 0.8396, and 0.8334 between 2014–2016. The correlation coefficients for the 3,208 co-located gridded of PM10 emissions vs. measured PM10, measured PM10 vs. MAIAC-AOD, and MAIAC-AOD vs. PM10 emissions were 0.6656, 0.6446, and 0.5580, respectively. The spatial correlation between the interpolated measured PM10 and 1-km MAIAC-AOD was 0.5979, 0.3741, and 0.7584 as an outcome of GWR. The total DALYs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributable to PM10 in 2014–2016 were 115,930 years per 100,000 population, with the relative risk of COPD related to PM10 at a 95% confidence interval of 1.2045–1.2107.

Requirements‐related fault prevention during the transformation from formal specifications to programs

AbstractSoftware faults are costly to find and remove from programs. It is better to avoid inserting the faults in the first place. The authors identify requirements‐related faults that can arise during the transformation of formal specifications into programs, analyse each to discover its causes, and propose corresponding fault prevention methods. The approach works by analysing a specification, decomposing it into specification fragments with different levels like components, determining the correct implementation order among the components, and enabling automated code generation for the components and other low‐level specification fragments. The approach seeks to reduce the faults in programs significantly by guiding programmers to work effectively and productively. The authors evaluate the approach's performance experimentally and compare it to the performance of a fault‐prevention method with industry applications.

Strategies to Bridge Equitable Implementation of Telehealth.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid scaling of telehealth limited the extent to which proactive planning for equitable implementation was possible. The deployment of telehealth will persist in the postpandemic era, given patient preferences, advances in technologies, growing acceptance of telehealth, and the potential to overcome barriers to serve populations with limited access to high-quality in-person care. However, aspects and unintended consequences of telehealth may leave some groups underserved or unserved, and corrective implementation plans that address equitable access will be needed. The purposes of this paper are to (1) describe equitable implementation in telehealth and (2) integrate an equity lens into actionable equitable implementation.

Reducing EFL Learners’ Speaking Anxiety through Selective Error Correction and Group Work

This quantitative study aimed to examine the level of speaking anxiety experienced by second-year high-school Acehnese EFL learners in their oral performance in L2 classroom and to investigate the attempt to lower their anxiety through the implementation of selective error correction and group work. The Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) was used as a means to survey and evaluate the learners’ speaking anxiety, and their oral performance was assessed through speaking performance rubric as adopted from Ismailia (2021) before and after the learners’ exposure to selective error correction and group work. The findings showed that a high level of speaking anxiety was found in the majority of the learners, and that the use of selective error correction and group work for the treatment of speaking anxiety overall resulted in the learners’ improved performance in their oral task. The findings highlighted the needs to create a positive and supportive educational environment that stimulates learners to freely experiment with L2 and to establish close-knit learning communities that promote authentic interactions in L2 and provide opportunities to be more engaged in oral language use.

LGBTI+ inclusion in companies in Nuevo León, Mexico: impact on employee motivation

Mexico continues to be a country where discrimination prevails and where lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, travesties and intersexual (LGBTTTI) employees do not feel comfortable openly expressing their sexual orientation and/or gender identity in and outside their working areas. This phenomenon accentuates in the northern state of Nuevo Leon. This study documents the variations in degree of implementation of policies and strategies to prevent discrimination and promote labor inclusion of these minorities among large employers in Nuevo León México, and ponders the correlation between the correct implementation of this policies with an increment of motivation within the LGBTTTI. The resulting Pearson correlation between inclusion and motivation variables were found to be 0.242 (p > 0.005) and therefore considered as not significant. The evaluation of every element of motivation, resulted in an only element with a significant correlation (recognition) of 0.307 (p< 0.005), indicating that LGBTTTI employees may perceive themselves as less recognized in companies with lower degree of inclusion policies and programs. The results show that there is much to do in terms of LGBTTTI inclusion in organizations located in the study area, since no single organization was perceived by employees to have more than 65 out of 100 points of the inclusion scale proposed, considering the policies and programs for LGBTTTI diversity and inclusion

OC-002 CREATING THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO MAKE HERNIA RESEARCH A REALITY

Abstract Background Research at hernia surgery centers is growing around the United States but what does it takes to make this research possible? The aim of this study is to shed light on the process of creating and maintaining a hernia research program and addressing quality improvement initiatives. Methods To create a hernia research program certain pieces are required within an institution, an administration that supports research and phyisicians with research expertise and sufficient patient volume, research staff including: managers, fellows, research residents, advanced practice providers (APPs), nurses, statisticians, data abstractors, Instituitional Review Board (IRB), legal and contracting, and finance staff. Following IRB approval, data was collected in a prospective institutional outcomes database. The prospective database was designed longinatudally to track patient demographic, diagnosis, comorbidities, operative and patient outcomes from index procedure through 20+ years of follow-up. Data from the database can then be queried and analyzed to answer meaningful research and quality improvement questions. Results The results of of the aforementioned infrasctructure are more than 400 peer-reviewed publications accepted to more than 150 journals and over 900 abstract submissions accepted to more than 100 national and international conferences over a 22-year period from 2000–2022. The byproduct of data collection and manuscript writing results in constant quality improvement, academic advancement, teaching for residents and attendings, and driving national and international standards of care. Conclusion With thoughtful planning and correct implementation a hernia research program can be developed and produce decades of quality improvement and research to advance patient care.

Development of an expendable current profiler and simulation of passive sources

A common approach to ocean current measurement is to use a motion-induced electric field; this is the basic principle of the expendable current profiler (XCP). However, existing studies into XCPs have not explored indoor simulations of the ocean current environment or the implementation of attitude correction in the hardware. The accuracy of XCPs can be verified via indoor experiments and is affected by the sinking attitude. Therefore, in this study, we develop an XCP to measure ocean information in real time, and we correct the data for different XCP sinking attitudes. Furthermore, we design electromagnetic-induction-based laboratory measurements of simulated dynamic ocean currents. The signals collected by the XCP are linearly related to the copper-plated-power-supply signal. The processed data are compared and the feasibility of extracting ocean current signals via electrodes is verified through laboratory simulations of XCPs. Furthermore, we performed marine experiments in the South China Sea; the results indicate that the system is stable and easy to use. We implemented an expendable conductivity-temperature-depth system at the same location; the curve trends measured by the two probes were consistent, and the maximum error was found to be 0.5 °C. We expect this work to improve the quality of ocean current measurements and subsequent monitoring capabilities.