Correct Idea Research Articles

Tadini. Inventor of the artificial lens (author's transl)

Tadini, an Italian by birth, was an itinerant ophthalmologist who lived in the second half of the 18th century. Advertisements in old newspapers testify to the fact that he performed eye operations in many towns in Europe, including Lübeck and Ghent. Tadini had a box containing artificial lenses made of glass, which he showed to Casanova. It is therefore probable that Tadini first conceived the idea of intraocular correction of aphakia. Presumably Casanova conveyed the idea to Casaamata, an ophthalmic surgeon in Dresden. At any rate, Casaamata was the first to actually attempt the correction of aphakia by implanting a lens.

The bakerian lecture, 1974 A view of earth and air

My theme is the Earth and its atmosphere as viewed by an interstellar sightseer who arrives in the solar system, able to see to the limits of present human knowledge but no further, and able to turn the clock back but not forward. This celestial snooper sees a bleeding Sun pouring out its substance as a supersonic ‘solar wind’, within which the magnetic Earth carves out a tadpole-like cavity, the magnetosphere, with a tail stretching millions of kilometres downwind. In the magnetosphere ionized atoms predominate from a height of 60 000 km down to 2000 km; below that are layers where neutral hydrogen, helium, atomic oxygen and nitrogen are dominant in turn. Here, particularly at heights between 100 and 1000 km, analysis of the orbits of artificial satellites has revealed strong winds and huge variations in density (by a factor of up to 100) and temperature (by up to 600 K), largely controlled by the Sun. Looking back on past ideas of the atmosphere, the visitor from space notices how often scientists have forsaken correct ideas in favour of novelty. The shape of the Earth itself has excited curiosity since the stone age, and the saga of its discovery is a microcosm of human endeavour: first seen as a sphere, measured by Eratosthenes; then fashioned by the fertile mind of Newton into a flattened sphere; and now revealed as a slightly pear-shaped spheroid with a potato-shaped equatorial section, a surface on which continents may move like rigid plates over a lake of treacle. The celestial visitor sees scientists measuring the Earth’s figure correct to one metre, and soon, possibly, correct to a few centimetres by means of laser ranging to artificial satellites.

Use Dialectical Materialism to Guide the Development of Water Conservancy Construction On Farmland

Chairman Mao says:"Correct ideas can only come from social practice.""Matter can be transformed into consciousness; consciousness can be transformed into matter." Over the past few years, guided by this Marxist theory of reflection, we have had the first taste of success in the struggle to understand and transform the natural conditions of Heng-shui hsien and to strengthen farmland capital construction.

Parent-Child Concordance with Respect to Sex and Diagnosis in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Psychosis

In the search for an explanation of the aetiology of psychiatric illness, the study of the family as a unit for psychiatric research is becoming increasingly necessary. That family members resemble one another in many respects seems an intuitively correct idea. Children resemble their parents in both physical attributes and temperament; the former is mainly attributed to heredity and the latter to an interaction of heredity and social learning. Previous psychiatric studies of the family have indicated two areas for further investigation: firstly, sex concordance, and secondly diagnostic concordance among psychiatrically ill first degree relatives. The literature relating to these areas is abundant, and the main conclusions are summarized below.

CHINA'S TECHNOLOGICAL LINE DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION

The Developing EconomiesVolume 11, Issue 1 p. 23-38 Free Access CHINA'S TECHNOLOGICAL LINE DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION YOSHIRō HOSHINO, YOSHIRō HOSHINOSearch for more papers by this author YOSHIRō HOSHINO, YOSHIRō HOSHINOSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1973.tb00297.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 Hoshino, Y. Dainiji sangyō kakumei to kagaku gijutsu no hatten” [The second industrial revolution and the development of science and technology], in Iwanami-kōza sekai rekishi [Iwanami course series: world history], No. 23 ( Tokyo : Iwanami shoten, 1969). 2 Hoshino, Y.. Gijutsu kakushin no kompon mondai [Basic problems of technological innovation], 2nd ed. ( Tokyo : Keisō shobō, 1969). 3 Hoshino, Y.. Gijutsu to ningen [ Technology and man] ( Tokyo : Chō kōronsha, 1969). 4 Hoshino, Y.. Introduction to Taketani Mitsuo chosakushō [Collected works of Mitsuo Taketani], Vol. 4 ( Tokyo : Keisō shobō, 1969). 5 Hoshino, Y.. Gijutsu no taikei 2 [Technological system 2], Iwanami-kōza kiso-kōgaku [Iwanami course series: basic engineering], No. 19 ( Tokyo : Iwanami shoten, 1971). 6 Hoshino, Y.. Sengo kagaku gijutsu no shisō” [Thought in postwar science and technology], in Kagaku gijutsu no shisō [Scientific and technological thought], ed. Y. Hoshino ( Tokyo : Chikuma shobō, 1971). 7 Ideological Revolution Promotes Technical Innovation: Report of an Investigation in Peking Vinylon Mill” (Hungch'i, 1970, No. 6), Selections from China Mainland Magazines, No. 684 (1970). 8 Li Ssu-Kuang. Developing Science and Technology with Chairman Mao's Philosophical Thinking,” Peking Review, 1971, No. 1. 9 Mao Tse-Tung. Where Do Correct Ideas Come From?” in Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Tsetung ( Peking : Foreign Languages Press, 1971). 10 The Workers' and People's Liberation Army Men's Mao Tse-tung Thought Propaganda Team in Tsinghua University. “Strive to Build a Socialist University of Science and Engineering,” Peking Review, 1970, No. 31. Volume11, Issue1March 1973Pages 23-38 ReferencesRelatedInformation

PERIPHERY CAMERA FOR LUBRICANT EVALUATION

The detergent quality of the crankcase oil of an I.C. Engine is evaluated by studying the deposits on the piston surface after a test run. The usual method of recording the appearance, texture and location of these deposits is by photography. However, photographing a mere elevation of the piston surface from different angles is not satisfactory. A developed view of the entire piston surface is essential to have a correct idea about the deposits.

Penetration of the liver-fluke, Fasciola hepatica into the snail, Limnaea truncatula.

THE life-history of Fasciola hepatica has been recounted in nearly every text-book of zoology or of parasitology since it was elucidated by R. Leuckart (1881–82) and A. P. Thomas (1881–83). In spite of this and much original work by other investigators our knowledge of (a) the form which penetrates the snail host and (b) the manner of its penetration is misconceived. For example, in the modern account given by G. Lapage1 it is stated that once a snail has been found, the miracidium “applies the papilla at its broadest, anterior end to the soft skin of the snail and, spinning by means of its cilia on its long axis, it drives the papilla into the snail and penetrates the snail's body”. Other writers have introduced something between this sort of statement and the more correct idea, succinctly expressed by Faust2, that penetration “is accomplished by the secretion of digestive enzymes elaborated in the so-called ‘penetration glands’ which discharge the secretion at the anterior end of the miracidium”. It is difficult to prove that ‘digestive secretions’ are produced, or even to demonstrate the cytological effects produced by a penetrating larva which is smaller than some ciliated protozoa. It is here shown, for the first time by means of photomicrographs, that the miracidium creates a perforation in the snail's integument by the loosening, cytolysis and abstraction of epithelial cells, an action which appears to be chemical rather than mechanical and is probably the result of enzyme activity. It will be shown also that, because the miracidium loses its ciliated epithelium and is in other ways transformed before penetration is effected, it is an early sporocyst and not a miracidium which enters the snail.

Clinical aspects of combined psychiatric treatments.

Clinical observations led the author to the following conclusions: 1. Present-day psychiatric treatment methods have no specific, but have, to a certain degree, selective actions. 2. Electroconvulsive treatment relieves all forms of depressions and is able to alleviate emotional pressure. 3. Nonconvulsive electric treatment relieves anxiety and thus makes the patient amenable to productive psychotherapy. 4. Insulin coma treatment acts on an ideational level, thus enabling the patient to correct paranoid ideas. 5. Double electric shock treatment is necessary in highly emotionally disturbed states. 6. Combined treatments are indicated when different mechanisms are at work in creating psychotic symptoms. The author believes that these and similar clinical observations open many avenues to fruitful research, and that proper indications for treatment methods, together with satisfactory management of the hospital environment, would greatly improve our therapeutic results.

The Invention of Printing and the Diffusion of Alchemical and Chemical Knowledge

THE steadily rising demand for texts in the late Middle Ages set the stage for the invention of printing. Once the new art had been firmly established in Europe, roughly around the year 1470, it produced a slowly evolving and yet distinct effect on literacy, on methods of reading, on education and on the entire intellectual life of the period. As part of this impact we find a marked acceleration in the spread of knowledge?as well as of pseudo-knowl edge?in the pure and applied sciences. Classical and mediaeval manu script texts, which had been available primarily in monasteries or private libraries, were sought out; many were reproduced, thus for the first time becoming available to all the literate able to afford the pur chase price. Contemporary authors found a considerably wider audi ence. Technological knowledge as applied to the crafts, until then pre dominantly a matter of oral tradition, became recorded in print. Books in the applied sciences were read avidly throughout large parts of Europe as is evident from the condition of surviving copies and from the frequency of reprintings. effect of early printing on the transmission of knowledge has not received sufficient attention. Klebs,1 Sarton2 and a few others have shown the value of such studies. Following this line of inquiry, a more limited and less erudite study is attempted here for the field of alchemy and chemistry. As has frequently been stated, printers and publishers, even during the earliest period, produced what promised a fair sale. As pioneers in a new art they had to be guided by economic considerations in order to succeed; even so, many failed. If we judge them in terms of their own times, we cannot agree with Sarton: The incunabula do not give a correct idea of the growing science of their own time. general

The Christology of Zeno of Verona by Rev. Martin F. Stepanich (review)

168BOOK REVIEWS The Christology of Zeno of Verona. By Rev. Martin F. Stepanich, O.F.M., S.T.L. The Catholic University of America Studies in Sacred Theology. Second series, No. 9. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1948. Pp. 68. Father Stepanich's dissertation is a worthwhile contribution to the studies of the Fathers. St. Zeno, though he is one of the minor Latin Fathers, nevertheless holds a place of importance among the Latin ancient Christian waters, because his Tractatus are the oldest specimens of sermons of the Latin Church, and because they are written in elegant style. Moreover, he is thought to have influenced the liturgy of the West. But most of all, his doctrine on the nature of the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity, though not quite as clearly voiced in some points as by the great opponents of the Arians, is nevertheless an improvement on his sources, Tertullian, Lactantius, and Novatian. The author begins with an introduction that treats of the life of St. Zeno, of the authenticity and editions of the Tractatus, of the sources and style. The Tractatus are ninety-three sermons. The sixteen of the first book are chiefly on moral topics, the seventy-seven of the second book are doctrinal and exegetical. Most of them are short; some are mere fragments of sketches. Some are short talks given to candidates for baptism. Father Stepanich's dissertation originally contained five chapters: 1) On the Trinity, 2) On the eternal divine coequality of the Son of God, 3) On the generation of the Son, 4) On the Incarnate Christ, 5) On soteriology . Only the third chapter is printed in full; the others are summarized at the end. Thus the third chapter begins rather abruptly. I should like to have seen the summary of the first two chapters printed before the third chapter. A conclusion to the whole book would be appreciated too. The third chapter is by tar the most important section of the dissertation . In it Father Stepanich proceeds in scholarly fashion to exegetize the texts of St. Zeno and evaluate the solutions of other authors in regard to the seeming contradictions of Zeno's Christology. His method rightly includes a comparative study of Zeno's predecessors and contemporaries . Father's own solutions are quite satisfactory. He thinks that Zeno considered the Son as merely conceived from all eternity but born in BOOK REVIEWS169 time through creation and the Incarnation. But I wonder whether it cannot be said that some of the Fathers looked upon birth more from the viewpoint of material births as an external manifestation. For Zeno, then, the manifestation of the Son through creation and the Incarnation would be a more complete birth. But that does not mean that he would deny that the Son was born in some fashion from the Father within the Trinity eternally. He was Son eternally; that obviously implies some kind of birth; a conception is something temporal, not eternal. At any rate Zeno had the correct idea, even though he might have hesitated to speak of the birth of the Son within the Trinity. The expression "incarnate Christ" (pp. V and 62) does not seem too happy. The name "Christ" does not belong to the pre-existent Word. Though Christ as God pre-existed the Incarnation, there never was a nonincarnate Christ. "Christ" is peculiar to the God-Man as such. In the copious footnotes the author betrays genuine scholarship and painstaking consultation of the best literature on the varied subjects that need to be treated in a study of this nature. We can only wish that the other four chapters had been printed in full. You would then want this book still more as part of your collection of patristic studies. DOMINIC J. UNGER, O.F.M. CAP. Capuchin Monastery, Washington, D.C. L'Église Canadienne Glorifie S. Antoine de Padoue. Le Des.1îut Evangelique . Edited by Rev. P. Ferdinand Coiteux, O.F.M. Montreal, Canada: Editions Franciscaines, 1947. When on January 16, 1946 St. Anthony of Padua was declared a Doctor of the Church by the present gloriously reigning Pope Pius XII all nations of the world not...

Discussion on "Pulverised fuel firing without a pulveriser" at the Yorkshire Section of the Institution

MR. R. J. MITCHELL (who presided): The principal thing I have learned from Commander Tollemache is that the old idea, which I feel sure is somewhat current, that any old trash in the carbonisation of fuel was good enough for pulverising, has not been quite a correct idea. It seems that the same old law that applies in most regions of practical work, namely that the more you pay for a product made in a competitive market, the more you get for your money, largely obtains in this field. Nevertheless, in my mind there is still a doubt. This remarkable technique of fuel preparation seems, by implications from Commander Tollemache's remarks, to be unavailable for low grade fuels, and I would like him to amplify his remarks concerning this phase of the subject. It would be heartening to think that the millions of tons of fuel of quite low commercial value in years gone past may perhaps have a utility when pulverised for such jobs as firing in specially constructed grates such as are employed in large steam generators in power stations.

En senantik initialhandskrift

Summary “A Late Antique Manuscript with Initials” by C. Nordenfalk. In order to gain a correct idea of the origin and characteristics of mediaeval initial ornamentation it is necessary to acquire an intimate knowledge of the principles on which it was practised in the art of book production in late antiquity. Only a small number of Late Antique manuscripts illuminated with initials have been preserved. Attention has been drawn to some of these by E. H. Zimmermann in his Vorkarolingische Miniaturen, Berlin 1916, but many important ones have been overlooked. Perhaps the most important one of all is the MS of Paulus Orosius’ Historiae; adversam paganos in Florence, Biblioteca Laurentiana, Plut. LXV, 1 which the paper here summarized first introduces into art‐historical discussion. The illumination of the MS consists—apart from a large number of initials (figs. 3–6, 8–12, 14–16)—of decorative borders surrounding the colophons (figs. 1–2). A strong Greek influence is discernible in the design of one of these bo...

The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences

DR. BLISS'S book makes a twofold appeal. It is written by a librarian as a guide for librarians, and it also has a philosophical purpose. It criticises, in the latter part of the volume, all the better-known systems of classification of knowledge, and Dr. Bliss maintains that it is necessary for a librarian, as for anyone else dealing with the instruments of knowledge, to have a correct idea of its natural articulations in order to serve and co-operate to the best advantage with others working in various parts of the field. We are therefore inclined to turn first to the later chapters, although the earlier contain an impressive account of the increasing complexity of functional organisation of all kinds in practical life. The need of right organisation of thought to secure right organisation of action is the keynote of the book. It is a serious and very suggestive compendium. The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences. Henry Evelyn Bliss. Pp. xx + 433. (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1929.) 5 dollars.

On the study of the experience of the adult Tatar population

Determining the survival rate of the population and the order of its extinction is one of the main tasks of social and hygienic examination, the sanitary characteristics of a particular region of a particular population group. Without these data, it is difficult to get a correct idea of ​​the sanitary state of the study area. On the other hand, the study of the problem of experiencing is a rather difficult task and requires the use of complex methods. The essence of the method is to compare the numbers of the distribution by age of the deceased with the numbers of the distribution by age of the living and to obtain the probability of survival to the next age period. The probability of survival obtained in this way makes it possible to calculate the order of extinction of a non-existent (hypothetical) generation with age-related mortality equal to the force of mortality for the period of time for which the census took place.

A Study of Raunkaier's Law of Frequence

Numerous investigators in plant ecology have emphasized the importance of an accurate means of expressing the frequence of the different species in a plant association. It has long been recognized that one cannot, by looking at an association or a photograph of it, form an adequate conception as to the abundance of its various members; and it is even harder to convey a correct idea in writing because of the vagueness of such terms as ' rare,' ' occasional,' 'common,' abundant' and the like. Rubel ('20), who gives an excellent summary of the development of plant sociology, calls attention to the fact that these terms are not only indefinite in numerical significance but that they are often used ambiguously, referring either to geographical extent in a region or to sociological extent as a part of a particular formation. Probably the first to use numerical scales was Heer ('35), who designated relative abundance by the numbers one to ten, and degree of association of individuals of a species by the same series of numbers. For example 2: 9 would indicate that the plant is rather rare, but where found occurs in considerable masses. Lecoq ('44) used the same sort of scale for relative abundance, io signifying dominant species, 9 to 6, essential species, 5 to 3, accessory species and 2 to I, accidental species. A similar scale was suggested by Norrlin ('70) and employed by Hult ('8i). The latter was the first to use such a system extensively in evaluating the proportional numbers of species in the association. The numbers on his scale signify as follows:

THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF GASTRIC ACIDITY IN CASES OF RESECTABLE CARCINOMA

The diagnostic value of gastric analysis, and particularly of gastric acidity, has received much comment in medical literature, and the possibility of obtaining a correct idea of the characteristics of the whole gastric content, by means of a single tubing or fractional aspirations and analysis, has been questioned. Nevertheless, a practical working base has been established. Gastric acidity aids in determining the degree of activity of peptic ulcer, and the need for radical or conservative intervention. Experience has taught us that an ulcer cannot be active if there is frank anacidity, and surgical intervention seems most advisable when the gastric acidity is high. Time and further investigation may compel us to change our ideas with regard to gastric analysis. Formerly, anacidity was considered essential to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach. The literature gives varying data as to the frequency with which free hydrochloric acid is found in such

An Ecological Study of Hammock and Piney Woods Insects in Florida*

“No one can have been long engaged in collecting insects without having noticed the remarkable diversity in the products of different years, not only in quantity, but in kinds. Each summer seems to bring its own particular species to the front, so that if a person wishes to get a moderately correct idea of the insects of any locality, it is necessary for him not only to hunt diligently all the season, but every season for a considerable length of time; and if he has from any cause missed one, he may be sure he has missed something which it may be years before he will again have an opportunity of securing, or securing in the same abundance.” The causes of these variations are yet to a great extent an unsolved and puzzling mystery.

Non-Dramatic Pastoral in Europe in the Eighteenth Century

Except incidentally, a treatment of pastoral does not form a considerable part of discussions upon eighteenth-century literature. No doubt this is because the eighteenth century, for all the artificiality and futility that the term connotes, still is for us the period of revolutions; we desire to see in it first of all the beginning of the new order of social ideas; it is only natural that these ideas should be sought in those writings that would appear to be the farthest removed from literary tradition. But it is hardly reasonable to expect by this method to form a correct idea of the time; not only what a priori represents reaction, but also that which continues traditions soon to be entirely abondoned, must be studied, if we would form the right estimate, not only of the period as a whole, but even of those very ideas posited as representative of the trend of the time.

Non-Dramatic Pastoral in Europe in the Eighteenth Century

Except incidentally, a treatment of pastoral does not form a considerable part of discussions upon eighteenth-century literature. No doubt this is because the eighteenth century, for all the artificiality and futility that the term connotes, still is for us the period of revolutions; we desire to see in it first of all the beginning of the new order of social ideas; it is only natural that these ideas should be sought in those writings that would appear to be the farthest removed from literary tradition. But it is hardly reasonable to expect by this method to form a correct idea of the time; not only what a priori represents reaction, but also that which continues traditions soon to be entirely abondoned, must be studied, if we would form the right estimate, not only of the period as a whole, but even of those very ideas posited as representative of the trend of the time.

SOME CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LENTICULAR ASTIGMATISM.

The subject of astigmatism has for its keynote the astigmatism of the lens. This is not only of interest from a scientific standpoint, but it is also of vital importance in the management of cases. It is not sufficient that we know the total astigmatism of an eye, unless we wish to prescribe glasses largely from the anatomic standpoint. In order to obtain a correct idea of the conditions present in each given case, we must separate the comparatively fixed quantity, the corneal astigmatism, from the fluctuating and uncertain one, the astigmatism of the lens. Leaving aside the differences in the corneal surfaces and the eccentricity of the visual axis, both of which quantities are so small as to be negligible from the clinical standpoint, the two broad facts to be determined are the amount of corneal astigmatism and the amount of lens astigmatism. The corneal astigmatism, which is congenital