Correct Answers Research Articles

Translation, cross cultural adaptation, and validation of Arabic version of Interview administered version of Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ).

Accurate assessment tools for work rehabilitation are essential in healthcare settings. Adapting the Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ) to Arabic-speaking populations ensures effective evaluation and intervention for individuals with work-related disabilities. To execute a cross-cultural adaptation of interview-administered version Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire -Arabic (WORQ-A) and assess the psychometric properties of WORQ-A in patients with musculoskeletal problems. WORQ is mainly intended to assess the work functioning of persons who are involved in vocational rehabilitation. Psychometric properties were scrutinized in the outpatient rehabilitation center. Test-retest reliability was examined with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha. The usability of WORQ-A was established in 46 patients with musculoskeletal problems. WORQ-A exhibited exceptional internal consistency (0.93) and a great test-retest reliability (0.87). Regarding usability, the ability to understand the questions and answer choices was established as good. Five percent of the participants encountered minor difficulties with certain words, while the majority found it quite straightforward to choose the correct answers. The WORQ-A is an effective, consistent, and very easy to administer questionnaire to assess the work-related functions assumed in our study context and the individualities of the sample.

Undoubtedly unaware of homonymous hemianopia: The contribution of overconfidence to anosognosia of hemianopia

A new functional deficit caused by a stroke can be understood as a situation of uncertainty that has to prompt deficit discovery and subsequent incorporation into an altered self-perception. Anosognosia for visual field deficits is frequent after stroke. For hemiplegia, patients' performance in a riddle test provided evidence that the inability to generate and adjust beliefs in face of uncertainty contributes to anosognosia for hemiplegia. In this prospective study, the same riddles are used in patients with homonymous hemianopia due to a first-ever stroke in the posterior cerebral artery territory and in an age-matched control cohort. The riddles create a situation of uncertainty that is resolved with five successive clues which progressively delimit the target word. After each clue, patients have to guess the target word and rate their confidence in the answer's correctness. Patients were tested once during the hospital stay. According to the Bisiach score for anosognosia, 12 out of 29 patients were unaware of their visual field deficits. All patients with anosognosia for hemianopia had right hemisphere lesions. Patients with and without anosognosia did not differ significantly in global cognitive impairment, mental flexibility or memory function. Importantly, patients with anosognosia showed higher confidence ratings than patients without anosognosia and controls in the first two clues (situations of uncertainty). This was demonstrated by a significant interaction effect in a mixed ANOVA with the factors group (anosognosia, nosognosia, controls) and riddle clues. An exploratory lesion subtraction analysis showed a high proportion of deficit unawareness in patients with lesions in the right fusiform and (para)hippocampal gyri. Our findings suggest that overconfidence in situations of uncertainty might contribute to the appearance of anosognosia for hemianopia. Because this has been demonstrated before in anosognosia for hemiplegia, we suggest that overconfidence is a supra-modal contributor to deficit unawareness.

Development and Validation of a Knowledge Checklist of Cognitive Therapy for Nurses(KCCTN)

This study aimed to develop a Knowledge Checklist of Cognitive Therapy for Nurses (KCCTN) to assess theeffectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy-based training. Sixteen items were collected from the provisional KCCTN; four response choices were created for each item with one correct response. The reliability and validity study results showed that Cronbach’s alpha was 0.63. The intra-class correlation was calculated using the data on the number of correct answers before and after the training of nursing college students, and the reliability was confirmed at r=0.65 (p<0.01). The uncorrelatedness of KCCTN and KBPAC helped establish discriminatory validity. Two-way analysis of variance with the dependent variable being the KCCTN score of the intervention group (nurses, N=30) and control group (nursing students, N=76) implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pre-and post-intervention factors were calculated for hospital nurses. The results showed a significant interaction with a significant improvement in the intervention group.

Impact of Using Authentic Videos on Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning

This study investigated the impact of authentic video use on the vocabulary reservoir of English language learners and aimed to compare the effectiveness of this technique to traditional techniques. The study included 45 students in two language classes with B1 English proficiency levels. The language context took place in a preparatory school at a foundation university in Istanbul. Half of the 45 students were chosen as the control group, and the other half became the experimental group. In the control group, the students were taught target vocabulary merely by the definitions and translations provided by the teacher. The experimental group was taught vocabulary using short excerpts from authentic videos such as different series, movies, and songs. The study lasted seven weeks. A pretest and post-test were given to both participant groups to assess their vocabulary discernment. The results of the quantitative data demonstrated that the experimental group was much more successful in their vocabulary learning process than the control group as the test fort he vocabulary recognition indicated, and each student had significant improvement in their target vocabulary knowledge, proven by the number of correct answers marked in the vocabulary test. In addition to the quantitative data, interviews with 6 open-ended questions, provided a deeper understanding of students' views about authentic video excerpts. Interviews were conducted with 10 students from the experimental group. The results indicated that students had positive attitudes toward the use of authentic video excerpts in the language classroom and expressed support for being more effective in vocabulary building.

Knowledge of Healthcare Workers Regarding Road Traffic Child Safety in South Bačka District, Serbia.

Healthcare workers (HCW) can have an important role in educating parents about child road safety, but research on the topic shows that they usually do not have adequate knowledge. Thus, the aim of our study was to analyze their knowledge in the field of child road safety. The cross-sectional study was conducted among HCW from South Bačka district, Serbia, using a specially created questionnaire for assessing knowledge on road traffic injuries in children. The research involved the participation of 317 healthcare workers (86 physicians and 231 nurses). Healthcare workers from primary healthcare made up almost 70% of all respondents, followed by those from tertiary (21.8%) and secondary (11.3%) level institutions. The average percentage of correct answers on the knowledge test was 74.3% (mean=22.3, SD=4.0). Out of all respondents, HCWs employed in the paediatrics department had a significantly higher percentage of correct answers at 77.7% (mean=23.3, SD=3.4) compared to other health workers at 73% (mean=21.9, SD=4.1) (p=0.002). Association analysis demonstrated that HCW employed at paediatric departments on average scored 1.37 (95% CI: 0.40-2.33, p=0.006) points higher in comparison with other HCW. This research demonstrated an unsatisfactory level of knowledge on child road safety by HCW, and the variability across different question domains, which underlines the need for continuous educations in order to improve their knowledge. Our results may serve in planning additional public health measures and can provide a reference for future studies.

‘If you have a question that doesn’t work, then it’s clearly going to upset candidates’: what gives rise to errors in examination papers?

ABSTRACT This study investigated an under-researched source of measurement error in high-stakes examinations, namely mistakes in examination papers (e.g. multiple-choice questions containing more than one correct answer). Such mistakes (henceforth errors) are important, as they can undermine students’ performance in the examination, while also eroding public confidence in the examination system. In light of this, this study sought to understand what gives rise to such errors. To this end, it drew upon in-depth interviews with 36 assessment professionals with knowledge and experience of the examination paper construction process. Through illuminating the demands of the paper construction process and the characteristics of the people who are involved in it, this investigation identified a number of ‘active’ and ‘latent’ human failures that can lead to errors in examination papers. The article argues that, to minimise the risk of error in examination papers, efforts to ‘adapt’ people to the demands of the paper construction process should be carefully combined with efforts to adapt the paper construction process to people requirements. Apart from contributing new knowledge to the field, the study’s findings have also practical implications: examination providers can use them to optimise their paper construction processes to enhance the quality of their assessment instruments.

IntelliView: An AI Based Mock Interview Platform

The IntelliView initiative represents a pioneering endeavor designed to empower novice job seekers through the integration of state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies. This platform employs a sophisticated blend of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and the Deep Face method, introducing a comprehensive framework to redefine interview assessment and augment job application preparation. The primary module facilitates text-based analysis, enabling users to engage with real-time interview questions by entering responses directly into the web interface. Subsequently, advanced algorithms compare users' responses to expected answers, yielding a percentage similarity score and presenting the correct answer. Beyond affording essential interview practice, this feature furnishes constructive feedback, enhancing users' responses and ultimately refining their interview performance. In the second module, IntelliView introduces a dynamic interview environment with video-based analysis. Users respond to inquiries utilizing webcams, enabling the system to meticulously record both verbal responses and facial expressions. Leveraging the Deep Face method, the platform conducts real-time emotion and sentiment analysis, offering users insights into their emotional states throughout interviews. This feedback facilitates the refinement of non-verbal communication skills, empowering candidates to recognize emotional tendencies and adapt interview strategies accordingly. The third module functions as a comprehensive resume builder, employing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to provide diverse templates tailored to individual needs. In summation, IntelliView heralds a transformative paradigm in job application preparation, seamlessly amalgamating technological advancements and human interaction to equip first-time job seekers with the requisite tools for navigating the competitive job market successfully. Key Words: Interview Assessment, DeepFace, NLP, Text- based analysis, Video-based analysis, Resume Builder

Analysis of Difficulty Index, Discrimination Index and Distractor Efficiency in Multiple Choice Questions

Background: The item analysis of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is an essential tool that can provide input on validity and reliability of items. It helps to identify items, which can be revised or discarded, thus building a quality MCQ bank. Aim: The aim of the study to evaluate the quality of MCQs by analyzing DIF, DI and DE and to find out the association of MCQs having good difficulty and discrimination indices with DE. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Maternity and Child Health Nursing at the College of Nursing during the academic year 2023, second semester. Students of level six who took the final exam of one-course second-semester academic year 2023, A total of 152 third-year Bachelor of Nursing. The item analysis explored the difficulty index (DIF I) and discrimination index (DI) with distractor effectiveness (DE). Data was kept confidential and the descriptive and inferential statistics will be computed using SPSS 22.0. Results: A total of 50 MCQs, the majority, that is, 74 (82%) MCQs had a good/acceptable level of difficulty with a mean DIF I of 94.94 ± 6.36 (mean ± SD); this indicates that, on average, the MCQs were relatively easy for the students, as the difficulty index is close to 100. The discrimination index, which assesses the ability of the MCQs to differentiate between high and low-performing students, had a mean of 0.11 and a standard deviation of 0.47. This relatively low mean value suggests that the MCQs had limited discriminatory power, meaning they did not effectively distinguish between students with different levels of performance. 150 (75%) were categorized as functional distractors (FDs). These FDs effectively served their purpose by distracting students from selecting the correct answer, challenging their knowledge and understanding. On the other hand, 50 distractors (25%) were classified as non-functional distractors (NFDs). Conclusion: The categorization of the MCQs based on distractor efficiency highlights the importance of having well-constructed and effective distractors. The presence of functional distractors challenges students' decision-making, while non-functional distractors need to be revised or replaced to improve the overall quality of the MCQs. This finding indicates a potential area for improvement in the construction and selection of MCQs to enhance their ability to differentiate student abilities

ChatGPT and Patients With Heart Failure.

ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a large-scale language processing model, with possibilities for professional patient support in a patient-friendly way. The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT in answering questions about knowledge and management of heart failure (HF). First, we recorded 47 most frequently asked questions by patients about HF. The answers of ChatGPT to these questions were independently assessed by two researchers. ChatGPT was able to render the definition of the disease in a very simple and explanatory way. It listed a number of the most important causes of HF and the most important risk factors for its occurrence. It provided correct answers about the most important diagnostic tests and why they are recommended. In addition, it answered health and dietary questions, such as the daily fluid and the alcohol intake. ChatGPT listed the most important classes of drugs in HF and their mechanism of action. It also answered with arguments to questions about patient's sex life, whether they could work, drive, or travel by plane. The performance of ChatGPT was described as very good as it was able to adequately answer all questions posed to it.

Conformity of ChatGPT recommendations with the AUA/SUFU guideline on postprostatectomy urinary incontinence.

Artificial intelligence (AI) shows immense potential in medicine and Chat generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT) has been used for different purposes in the field. However, it may not match the complexity and nuance of certain medical scenarios. This study evaluates the accuracy of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 in providing recommendations regarding the management of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPUI), considering The Incontinence After Prostate Treatment: AUA/SUFU Guideline as the best practice benchmark. A set of questions based on the AUA/SUFU Guideline was prepared. Queries included 10 conceptual questions and 10 case-based questions. All questions were open and entered into the ChatGPT with a recommendation to limit the answer to 200 words, for greater objectivity. Responses were graded as correct (1 point); partially correct (0.5 point), or incorrect (0 point). Performances of versions 3.5 and 4 of ChatGPT were analyzed overall and separately for the conceptual and the case-based questions. ChatGPT 3.5 scored 11.5 out of 20 points (57.5% accuracy), while ChatGPT 4 scored 18 (90.0%; p = 0.031). In the conceptual questions, ChatGPT 3.5 provided accurate answers to six questions along with one partially correct response and three incorrect answers, with a final score of 6.5. In contrast, ChatGPT 4 provided correct answers to eight questions and partially correct answers to two questions, scoring 9.0. In the case-based questions, ChatGPT 3.5 scored 5.0, while ChatGPT 4 scored 9.0. The domains where ChatGPT performed worst were evaluation, treatment options, surgical complications, and special situations. ChatGPT 4 demonstrated superior performance compared to ChatGPT 3.5 in providing recommendations for the management of PPUI, using the AUA/SUFU Guideline as a benchmark. Continuous monitoring is essential for evaluating the development and precision of AI-generated medical information.

The performance of large language models in intercollegiate Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons examination.

Large language models (LLM), such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and Bard utilise deep learning algorithms that have been trained on a massive data set of text and code to generate human-like responses. Several studies have demonstrated satisfactory performance on postgraduate examinations, including the United States Medical Licensing Examination. We aimed to evaluate artificial intelligence performance in Part A of the intercollegiate Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination. The MRCS mock examination from Pastest, a commonly used question bank for examinees, was used to assess the performance of three LLMs: GPT-3.5, GPT 4.0 and Bard. Three hundred mock questions were input into the three LLMs, and the responses provided by the LLMs were recorded and analysed. The pass mark was set at 70%. The overall accuracies for GPT-3.5, GPT 4.0 and Bard were 67.33%, 71.67% and 65.67%, respectively (p = 0.27). The performances of GPT-3.5, GPT 4.0 and Bard in Applied Basic Sciences were 68.89%, 72.78% and 63.33% (p = 0.15), respectively. Furthermore, the three LLMs obtained correct answers in 65.00%, 70.00% and 69.17% of the Principles of Surgery in General questions (p = 0.67). There were no differences in performance in the overall and subcategories among the three LLMs. Our findings demonstrated satisfactory performance for all three LLMs in the MRCS Part A examination, with GPT 4.0 the only LLM that achieved the pass mark set.

(033) Artificial Intelligence ChatGPT and GPT4 Performance on Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction, Sexually Transmitted Infection, and Male Factor Infertility in the 2019 to 2023 American Urological Association Self-Assessment Study Programs

Abstract Introduction Large Language Model (LLM) applications in Medicine are increasing. Chatbots ChatGPT and GPT4 were tested against medical exams. The vetting of these tests as a source of information for both the patient and physician is needed. A credible source of medical information may be used as the gold standard against which the LLM can be tested. Objective We assess the performance of ChatGPT and GPT4 to answer the American Urological Association (AUA) Self-Assessment Study Program (SASP) questions on male sexual dysfunction (MSD), female sexual dysfunction (FSD), sexually transmitted infection (STI), and male factor infertility (MFI). We aim to find out how credible this LLM is as a source of medical advice. Methods Four registered users of the SASP identified the questions using open book mode in tests from 2019 to 2023, spanning their subscriptions. The questions were ranked for difficulty on a five-point Likert scale. OpenAI ChatGPT 3.5 and GPT4 were used to answer the questions. The GPT program was set to turn off chat history. No plug-ins or feedback were permitted. Prompts were generated from question stems masking question ID and adding the phrase "I am a urologist preparing for my board exam. Please answer the following question:" Images were deleted from questions and substituted with a brief description. All questions were answered separately, first using GPT-4 and then ChatGPT. Three consecutive responses were generated for each prompt, and the consensus answer was tallied. Answers were compared between GPT and provided answer key of SASP. Descriptive statistics, chi-Pearson Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were applied. Results We identified 115 questions in the domains of sexual dysfunction, STI, and MFI. Only one question had an associated image. GPT4 performed better than ChatGPT in all domains, providing correct answers of 60% versus 40% (p=0.000). A total of 89.9% of correct answers were three times unanimously regenerated by GPT4 (p=0.007) and 67.4% by ChatGPT (p=0.244). Within each domain, there was no significant difference in the correct answers for each chatbot (Table-1) or test year (p=0.682). The SASP source reference answers were Campbell's Urology only in 38.3 %, AUA guidelines only in 17.4%, AUA core curriculum only in 10.4%, and combinations with other sources in 33.9%. There was no significant association of source reference with the correct answers of GPT4 (p=0.058) or ChatGPT (p=0.451). Only 19.1% were open-access sources, 20% were partially open-access, and 60.9% were restricted to subscribers. The availability of the source did not significantly affect the correct answers of GPT4 (p=0.272) or ChatGPT (p=0.231). Both chatbots' correct answers were associated significantly with easier questions (Table-2). Conclusions The LLM tested has an average accuracy as a source of credible medical information on Sexual dysfunction, STI, and MFI. GPT4 performs better than ChatGPT, especially when there is a unanimous regenerated response. The development of a better model to serve a broader group of physicians and patients will require training of the chatbot on credible urology literature that includes the currently 81% restricted sources. Disclosure No.

(149) Knowledge About HIV and Stigma Towards HIV-Positive People: A Study on the Italian Population

Abstract Introduction The literature shows that an adequate knowledge about HIV enables individuals to understand the risks associated with virus transmission and encourages the adoption of protective behaviors. Moreover, it reduces stigma and discrimination against people living with the virus, fostering an open and supportive environment for early diagnosis and treatment. Thus, HIV awareness plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of the virus, improving public health and enhancing the quality of life for those affected. Objective The objective of our study was to assess the level of knowledge about HIV, particularly concerning transmission, prevention, and testing. We also investigated participants' habits regarding risky behaviors and the use of protection during sexual intercourse. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate how participants' knowledge about HIV influenced their perceived stigma towards HIV-positive individuals. Our hypothesis was that HIV knowledge would be negatively correlated with perceived stigma towards HIV-positive individuals. Methods We recruited a sample of 5256 individuals aged between 14 and 69 (M = 23.99, SD = 6.71) who claimed being HIV-negative, as well as a 54-people sample of participants who reported being HIV-positive, aged between 21 and 70 (M = 43.85, SD = 12.49). Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed their knowledge of HIV, sexual habits related to risky behaviors and transmission prevention, and their level of perceived stigma towards HIV-positive individuals. Results Both groups displayed good overall knowledge about HIV, as 75% of the HIV-negative group gave 25 (78.1%) correct answers or more and 75% of the HIV-positives gave at least 28 (87.5%) correct answers. Nonetheless, results highlighted poor knowledge concerning the modalities of HIV transmission and risky behaviors, as well as a low use of condoms during sexual intercourse, as well as low rate of HIV testing. Significant but weak correlations were observed between HIV knowledge, age and perceived stigma. Conclusions Although our sample demonstrated good overall HIV knowledge, our findings highlighted specific areas that require attention and should be targeted in future awareness campaigns. Perceived stigma showed weak associations with HIV knowledge and participants' age, but further research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing this construct. Disclosure No.

Education and Screening on Non-Communicable Diseases in Simokerto District, Surabaya, Indonesia

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the leading causes of death in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries facing the problem of both communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Non-communicable diseases are usually asymptomatic and do not show certain clinical signs, so most people are not aware of the dangers of non-communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the health problems in society that has increased every year, and is the largest contributor to the incidence of death in Indonesia. Non-communicable diseases can be triggered by a lack of physical activity, smoking, ineffective diet, stress, which can lead to increased pressure, increased blood sugar, and increased blood fat. The purpose of this community service is to increase community knowledge and carry out health screening on non-communicable diseases in residents in RT 01 and RT 02 RW 04 Tambakrejo Village, Simokerto District, Surabaya City. The method of the community service are lectures on hypertension and diabetes mellitus followed by discussion and questions and answers. Furthermore, a demonstration on health screening in non-communicable diseases was conducted. To determine the benefits of this activity, the participants' knowledge was tested using questions in the pre-test and post-test sessions. Assessment of the participants' knowledge by counting the correct answers to the questions on the test sheet.There is an 80% increase in knowledge of residents about the management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The results of the screening identification obtained data that the body mass index of the community is as follows 45.2% of people with obese conditions; 41% of residents have grade 1 hypertension with blood pressure between 140- 159/90-99 mmHg; the results of random blood sugar checks are normal (79%); uric acid checks on residents have normal results (82%); and cholesterol levels in the body range normal, namely 52 people (71%). It is important to support residents' activities in improving healthy living behaviour through joint exercises.. It is expected that the cadres will maintain the performance that has been achieved, and form working groups in their respective neighbourhoods to share the health information in improving the level of health..

미술과 토의·토론의 목적과 방법: 스튜디오 크리틱 개념과 방법의 도입을 제안하며

This study explores the significance and implementation of discussion·debate in the art curriculum. To this end, it was reviewed and classified as the national curriculum of the other subjects and the past art subjects. Studio critique was proposed in consideration of the current curriculum's emphasis and the char-acteristics of art. Subsequently, a lecture focused on studio critique was conducted and an analysis was conducted to understand the aspects and effects through reflection notes. As a result, the early studio cri-tique involved taking turns to speak, finding the correct answer, and facing the obstacles between think-ing-image-language. The later studio critique was changed to being the protagonist, holding on to thoughts and refining them, getting to know oneself, and enjoying unpredictable situations. Based on these findings, it is noted that studio critique provides a unique learning experience that distinguishes it from discussions on other subjects. To promote studio critique, it was proposed to prepare procedures for constructive stu-dio critique, secure enough time, have a common language, and share and empathize with the purpose of studio critique.

Second Language Arabic Knowledge Useful for Learning Hebrew Vocabulary

Arabic and Hebrew belong to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, and thus, they are semantically and phonetically similar in many lexical aspects. This study examined the benefits of Malaysian university students having prior knowledge of Arabic while learning Hebrew. A two-page questionnaire was administered to two groups of 30 and 40 students at advanced and fundamental Arabic proficiency levels, respectively. Page 1 contained a checklist with Yes/No columns about 30 Hebrew words to examine the participants’ prior knowledge. If participants answered yes, they were asked to write the meaning of the word in English or Malay. They then answered multiple-choice questions about the 30 Hebrew words on Page 2. Arabic counterparts were not shown on the questionnaire to prevent cuing the participants. The first group of participants, 30 Malaysian students with advanced Arabic proficiency, learned an average of 23.07 Hebrew words. The vocabulary items most correctly identified by Group 1 were ‘olam “world” (30 correct answers), katavti “I wrote” (28), mavet “death” (28), melekh “king” (27), moakh “brain” (27), shabat “Saturday” (27), shen “tooth” (27), shamayim “sky” (26), shana “year” (26), ahavti “I loved” (26), and ozen “ear” (26). The second group, 40 Malaysian students with basic Arabic knowledge, acquired 12.83 words on average. The scores of the two groups differed with statistical significance at the 5% level (p < 0.001, df = 68, t = 14.26). From these results, it appears that Arabic lexical knowledge significantly facilitates Malaysian students’ acquisition of Hebrew vocabulary.

Tsunami hazard perception and knowledge of alert: early findings in five municipalities along the French Mediterranean coastlines

Abstract. Along the French Mediterranean coastlines, most of the studies dealing with tsunamis have focused on hazards, evacuations, or effects of awareness actions, as opposed to hazard perception and knowledge of alert declared locally by the population. To bridge this gap, in this study, data collection yielded 750 responses coming from 150 people living and/or working in the tsunami evacuation zones of five municipalities (e.g., Bandol, Bastia, Cannes, Six-Fours-les-Plages, Sanary-sur-Mer). Early findings confirmed the tendency to underestimate tsunami hazard and a misunderstanding of the alert process. Interestingly, age or location of respondents explained differences between the five surveyed municipalities – more so than gender and residency status. Discrepancies are also observed when we compare the rate of correct answers for similar questions addressed in other areas in the NEAMTWS (North-eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning System) region, thus confirming local effects. More surprisingly, the respondents who well perceive the tsunami hazard are not those who have a good knowledge of alerts, and the awareness actions do not really impact the tsunami knowledge we evaluated. Also, the results of this study could help local authorities to develop future tsunami awareness actions and to determine more suitable strategies to be applied in the short term at local scales.

Physicians' Adherence to Clinical Guidelines on the Chronic Heart Failure Diagnosis and Treatment: Changes Over 2 Years of the Document's Existence

To study how physicians' commitment to the basic provisions of clinical guidelines (CGs) for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) has changed over the two years of the document existence. An anonymous survey was performed for 263 physicians (204 cardiologists, 46 internists and 13 other specialists) who were trained in advanced training programs in 2022. The questionnaire included questions regarding self-assessment of the respondents' professional knowledge, their attitude to the role of CGs in everyday practice and ideas about methods for treatment of CHF. Respondents gave 60.6 % correct answers to questions related to the treatment of CHF. More than 70% correct answers were given by 42.7% of cardiologists and 17.4% of internists. Compared to 2020, the proportion of cardiologists who gave more than 70 % correct answers increased significantly (p<0.05). CGs were considered mandatory by 26.2% and important or sometimes useful by 71.5% of respondents. Cardiologists considered CGs mandatory more frequently than internists (29.9 and 15.2 %, respectively; p=0.04). The mean number of correct answers was greater in the subgroup of respondents who considered CGs mandatory (p<0.001). More than 70% correct answers were given by only 43.8% of cardiologists, who considered themselves fully informed and able to advise colleagues on complex issues of diagnosis and treatment of CHF, and 40.6% of physicians who considered their knowledge acceptable for managing patients with CHF. The majority of physician consider CGs an important methodological document but only a little more than 25 % are aware that CGs are mandatory. Cardiologists are better informed than internists about the principal provisions of National Clinical Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF, but the average level of physician knowledge remains low.

Improving intuitiveness in geoscience hazard maps: a web-based experiment supporting governmental map development

ABSTRACT Changing societal needs means that new or existing maps need to be continuously developed. It is important that these maps are interpreted in the right way, to avoid misinterpretations and bad decision-making. The map design choices are based upon experience and cartographic theory, and in the end, are a product of expert opinions. This in-house research project aims to test and communicate the impact of these design choices to support the development processes for two Norwegian geoscience maps: Possibility of marine clay and the national Radon susceptibility map. Interviews were conducted with the map owners and based on known challenges with the maps, a web-based experiment was set up to measure intuitiveness for a series of map alternatives. A total of 450 participants, from novices to experts, took part in the experiment. By analyzing and visualizing amounts of correct answers, confidence in the map reading tasks and uncertainties, it was possible to conclude about map intuitiveness and how accessible the map is expected to be. The results show that including an experiment like this can improve cartographic work processes, support map design choices with empirical evidence, and that seemingly small improvements in design significantly improve the participant scores.

Evaluation of Medium-Sized Language Models in German and English Language

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention, but the definition of “large” lacks clarity. This paper focuses on medium-sized language models (MLMs), defined as having at least six billion parameters but less than 100 billion. The study evaluates MLMs regarding zero-shot generative question answering, which requires models to provide elaborate answers without external document retrieval. The paper introduces an own test dataset and presents results from human evaluation. Results show that combining the best answers from different MLMs yielded an overall correct answer rate of 82.7% which is better than the 60.9% of ChatGPT. The best MLM achieved 71.8% and has 33B parameters, which highlights the importance of using appropriate training data for fine-tuning rather than solely relying on the number of parameters. More fine-grained feedback should be used to further improve the quality of answers. The open source community is quickly closing the gap to the best commercial models.